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When we make the inner class static. This is commonly called a nested class. An ordinary inner class implicitly keeps a reference to the object of the enclosing class that created it. This is not the case for a static inner class.
A nested class means:
- We don’t need an outer-class object to create an object of a nested class.
- We can’t access a non- static outer-class object from an object of a nested class.
The difference between ordinary inner classes and nested classes.
- Fields and methods in ordinary inner classes can only be at the outer level of a class, so ordinary inner classes cannot have static data, static fields, or nested classes. However, nested classes can have all these.
- An ordinary (non- static) inner class can create a link to the outer-class object using a special this reference. A nested class does not have a special this reference, which makes it analogous to a static method.
- A nested class can be part of an interface.
// innerclasses/Parcel11.java
// (c)2017 MindView LLC: see Copyright.txt
// We make no guarantees that this code is fit for any purpose.
// Visit http://OnJava8.com for more book information.
// Nested classes (static inner classes)
public class Parcel11 {
private static class ParcelContents implements Contents {
private int i = 11;
@Override
public int value() {
System.out.println("ParcelContents i :" + i);
return i;
}
}
protected static final class ParcelDestination implements Destination {
private String label;
private ParcelDestination(String whereTo) {
System.out.println("ParcelDestination whereTo:" + whereTo);
label = whereTo;
}
@Override
public String readLabel() {
return label;
}
// Nested classes can contain other static elements:
public static void f() {}
static int x = 10;
static class AnotherLevel {
public static void f() {}
static int x = 10;
}
}
public static Destination destination(String s) {
return new ParcelDestination(s);
}
public static Contents contents() {
return new ParcelContents();
}
public static void main(String[] args) {
Contents c = contents();
Destination d = destination("Tasmania");
c.value();
}
}
/*
My Output:
ParcelDestination whereTo:Tasmania
ParcelContents i :11
*/
references:
1. On Java 8 - Bruce Eckel
2. https://github.com/wangbingfeng/OnJava8-Examples/blob/master/innerclasses/Parcel11.java