【雅思写作】第一章：写作基础

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【雅思写作】第一章：写作基础

标签（空格分隔）：【雅思写作】

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第一章：写作基础

1.1句子翻译练习

写出没有错误的句子(error-free sentences)很重要。因此语法学习很重要，可以分为两部分：句子结构和语法错误。

• 句子结构

1. 学习词性，例如动词、名词、形容词等词性，搞清楚这些词都是作什么成分的。
2. 学习单句和从句。

例句讲解：

• 主+谓+宾。
  翻译：汽车和飞机的尾气导致空气污染。
  答案：The emissions from vehicles and planes can cause air pollution.
  ![image.png-24.9kB][1]

• 主+谓+宾+宾补
  翻译：现代科技让富人更加容易积累财富。
  答案：Modern technology has allowed rich people to accumulate wealth more easily.
  ![image.png-30.2kB][2]

• 主+谓+间宾+直宾
  翻译：电脑科技可以给人们相互交流的机会。
  答案：Computer techonology gives people opportunities to communicate with each others.
  ![1.PNG-22.4kB][3]

• 主语 + 被动语态
  翻译：那些重犯需要被送到监狱服刑。
  答案：Those serious offenders shoud be sent to prison.
  ![1.PNG-20.3kB][4]

• 主语 + 不及物动词
  翻译：学费一直在上涨。
  答案：The tuition fee has been rising.
  ![image.png-18.4kB][5]

• 主+系+表
  翻译：长时间工作已经成为公司里的惯例。
  答案：Working long hours has been become the norm in companies.
  ![1.PNG-18.6kB][6]

• there be句型
  翻译：有很多应聘者竞争有限的职位。
  答案：There are many job applicants competing for limited positions.
  ![image.png-25.9kB][7]

• it 充当形式主语或者宾语
  翻译：创造幸福、繁荣的社会将会是很难的。
  答案：It would be dificult to create a happy,prosperous society.
  ![1.PNG-18.4kB][8]

• 状语从句
  翻译：一些国家的人如果犯罪将会面临长期服刑。
  答案：People in some countires have to face a long prison term if they commit crimes.
  ![image.png-33.5kB][9]

• 名词性从句
  翻译：一些人认为眼里的乘法可以减少犯罪。
  答案：Some people argue that harsh punishments can help deter crime.
  ![image.png-40.1kB][10]

• 定语从句
  翻译：减税对于那些生活拮据的人有好处。
  答案：Tax reductions are beneficial to those who live on a tight buget.
  ![image.png-40.4kB][11]
  [1]: http://static.zybuluo.com/vsym/qfzo4w2fo1itf2ljt2brv6qr/image.png
  [2]: http://static.zybuluo.com/vsym/fsfetggcxq9ye13ysgaye952/image.png
  [3]: http://static.zybuluo.com/vsym/qnulg1r6ak7n4rlpn0f4rlo9/1.PNG
  [4]: http://static.zybuluo.com/vsym/qq3to69or50tq77lpagj4jn6/1.PNG
  [5]: http://static.zybuluo.com/vsym/edk5hctzpx54k072pu2qmkjd/image.png
  [6]: http://static.zybuluo.com/vsym/6iuy89ehv45106ijsnwufrij/1.PNG
  [7]: http://static.zybuluo.com/vsym/e1p4gotyvskhqrgkwkczq1ya/image.png
  [8]: http://static.zybuluo.com/vsym/oxrkn5m2im1hmdipt00udhhv/1.PNG
  [9]: http://static.zybuluo.com/vsym/s3bqywgkecwiffnziw6g9ieo/image.png
  [10]: http://static.zybuluo.com/vsym/ydnnldm6e9so849kgwbvedjk/image.png
  [11]: http://static.zybuluo.com/vsym/w3hftvlmrmdod38b7kzp3rxr/image.png

• 以上便是 8 中最常见的单句和3中常见的从句。总结如下：

1. 单句：

• 主+谓+宾
• 主+谓+宾+宾补
• 主+谓+间宾+直宾
• 主+被动语态
• 主+不及物动词
• 主+系+表
• there be举行
• 以 it 作形式主语或者宾语的句子

2. 从句：

• 状语从句
• 名词性从句
• 定语从句

1.1.1 简单的主谓宾结构

• 翻译

1. 经常做运动会提高人的自信。
   错误的答案：Exercise regularly can rise one’s confidence.
   错误1： 句子中 exercise 如果是动词，应该使用其动名词形式，如果是名词，不能用副词修饰。
   错误2：rise是不及物动词。
   正确答案：Regular exercise can increase one’s self-confidence.
   句子结构：主语 + 及物动词 + 宾语

2. 教学质量对学生成绩有很大影响。
   错误答案：Teacjomh qualities are important to students improve academic performace.
   错误1：quality 表示质量的时候是不可数名词。
   错误2：to是介词，后面不能加句子。
   正确答案：The quality of teaching can make a huge difference to students’ academic performance.
   句子结构：主语 + 谓语 + 宾语

3. 家长和老师应该努力去减少小孩看电视的时间
   错误答案：Parents and teachers should do their efforts to curb the time of watching TV on children.
   错误1：make an effort to 是固定表达。
   错误2：curb一般指一直某种行为，后面不接time.
   错误3：watching TV on children 行不通。
   正确的答案：Parents and teachers should make an efforts to limit children’s screen time.
   句子结构：主语 + 及物动词(make) + 宾语(effort)

4. 经济的下滑导致失业率的上升。
   错误的答案：Economic slowdown made the climbing unemployment rate.
   错误1：描述事实，不能用过去式。
   错误2：如果是强调一个过程，句子前面加定冠词好一点。
   正确的答案：The economic slowdown has led to a climbing unemployment rate.
   句子结构：主语+及物动词+宾语

5. 经济的发展需要年轻的劳动者。
   错误的答案：The economic development requires a great number of fresh working forces.
   错误1：没有 working force 这个表达。
   正确的句子：A country’s economic development relies on a supply of young workers.
   句子结构：主语 + 及物动词 + 宾语

6. 工作量大的人没有时间去休息。
   错误的答案：People do with heavy workload cannot have adequate times to rest and recharge batteries.
   错误1：do 的功能不想，本句中已经有谓语。
   错误2：time 是不可数名词。
   错误3：cannot 表示不可能，而这里应该使用 do not 表示没有。
   正确的句子：People with a heavy workload do not have adequate time to rest.
   句子结构：主语 + 及物动词 + 宾语

7. 在中国，很多学生晚上都要上自习。
   错误的句子：Large number of students in China have to study at night.
   错误：a large number of 是固定搭配。
   正确的句子：A lagre number of students in China have to do self-study at night.
   句子结构：主语 + 及物动词 + 宾语

8. 文化遗产因为城市的发展而受到威胁。
   错误的句子：The development of cities have pose a threat on heritage sites.
   错误1：have pose 动词的形式错误，而且主谓不一致。
   错误2：pose a thrat to 是固定搭配。
   正确的句子：The development of cites has posed a threat to heritage sites.
   句子结构：主语(development) + 及物动词(pose) + 宾语(threat)

9. 我们不能忽视面对面的交流。
   错误句子：It cannot be ignored by people to have some face-to-face communication.
   错误1：it 指代不清楚。
   错误2：to have face-to-face communication 不正确，不定时一般表示没有发生但是有可能发生的事情。
   正确的句子：We shuld not ignore face-to-face communication.
   句子结构：主语 + 及物动词 + 宾语(communication)

10. 有些公众服务很难做到收支平衡。
    错误句子：Some public services have problems in break even.
    错误：break 是动词。而此处 in 是介词，后面应该加动名词。
    正确的句子：Some public services have problems in breaking even.
    句子结构：主语 + 及物动词 + 宾语（problems)

11. 我们需要考虑社会和经济环境。
    错误句子：We have to consider about social and economic context.
    错误：consider是及物动词，后面不需要加介词
    正确的句子：We have to consider the social and economic context.
    句子结构：主语 + 及物动词 + 宾语(context)

12. 密度种植对生物多样性造成了威胁。
    错误句子：Intensivce farming poses a threat to stemming the lose of bio-diversity.
    错误1：pose a threat to stemming the loss of bio-diversity，太过于啰嗦。
    错误2：lose 是动词，而 of 前后一般加名词
    正确的句子：Intensive farming can pose a threat to bio-diversity.
    句子结构：主语 + 及物动词 + 宾语

13. 平等接受教育能帮助解决学生成绩不好的问题。
    错误句子：Equal access to education can overcome educational underachievement.
    错误：overcome educational underachievement 搭配不好。
    正确的句子：Equal access to education can help tackle educational underachievement.
    句子结构：主语 + 及物动词 + 宾语

14. 接触不同的文化可以促进创新。
    错误句子：Contacting with a wide varity of cultures can promote the creativity of native culture.
    错误1：contacting with 为中式英文。
    错误2：native culture 搭配别扭。
    正确的句子：Exposure to different culture can encourage creativity.
    句子结构：主语 + 及物动词 + 宾语

15. 政府应该重视社会福利，尤其是医疗服务。
    错误句子：The government should give a priority to social welfare, especially the healthcare.
    错误1：give priority to 不应该带 a.
    错误2： healthcare 是不可数名词，不用加定冠词。
    正确的句子：The government should give priority to welfare services, especially healthcare.
    句子结构：主语 + 及物动词 + 宾语。

16. 教育或许决定了人的工作机会。
    错误句子：Education may do hold the key to one’s job prospects.
    错误：may 和 do 不能连用。
    正确句子：Education may hold the key to one’s job prospects.
    句子结构：主语 + 及物动词(hold) + 宾语

17. 使用化石燃料可能对环境造成破坏。
    错误句子：Use foosil fuels can cause damage to the environment problem.
    错误1：use 是动词，不能作主语。
    错误2：cause damage to 已经表示出对环境的破坏，不需要再次使用 problem.
    正确的句子：The use of fossil fuels can cause damage to the environment.
    句子结构： 主语 + 及物动词 + 宾语

18. 建造住宅楼有助于解决城市的拥挤问题。
    错误句子：Building apartment blocks contribute to slove crowed problem in cities.
    错误1：building 是动名词，主谓不一致。
    错误2：contribute to 后面要加名词，而不是动词原形。
    错误3： 没有crowed problem 这个表达。
    正确的句子：Building apartment blocks helps slove overcrowding in cities.
    句子结构：主语 + 及物动词 + 宾语

19. 贫穷的人可以通过努力工作来提高社会地位。
    错误句子：People at disadvantage are likely to improve their social status by working hard,studying hard.
    错误1：没有 at disadvantage 这个表达。
    错误2： working hard 和 studying hard 之间缺少连词。
    正确的句子：People from disadvantage backgrounds can improve their socail status by working hard.
    句子结构： 主语 + 及物动词 + 宾语

20. 因为全球化，人们需要和来自不同背景的人一起工作。
    错误句子：Becasue of the globalisation, people should work with others who comes from different backgrounds.
    错误1：the globalisation 中 the 比较多余。
    错误2：who comes from 没有必要使用定语从句。
    正确的句子：Becasue of globalisation, people need to work with those from diverse backgrounds.
    注：这里 those 就是 “其他人”的意思，不能说 those people ，这样会导致主语重复。
    句子结构：主语 + 及物动词 + 宾语

21. 我们需要采取措施去解决一些棘手的问题。
    错误句子：We must take some measurement to tackle thorny problems.
    错误：measurement 的意思是 “测量”。
    正确的句子：We need to take action to slove some thorny problems.
    句子结构：主语 + 及物动词 + 宾语

22. 媒体通过夸大受害者的伤痛去吸引观众。
    错误句子：Medias exaggerate the hurt of victims to attract public attentions.
    错误1：media 本事就是复数形式，不需要加 s.
    错误2：hurt 是动词，而 of 前后一般加名词。
    错误3：ateetion 是不可数名词。
    正确的句子：The media attract public attention by sensationalizing victim’s surrering.
    句子结构：主语 + 及物动词 + 宾语

1.1.2 主语 + 及物动词 + 宾语 + 宾语补足语

23. 基因工程让人们培养新品种农作物。
    错误句子：Genetic engineering allows people to nurture new specices crops.
    错误： species crops 语序有问题。
    正确句子：Genetic engineering allows people to nurture new crop varieties.
    句子结构：主语 + 及物动词 + 宾语 + 宾语补足语

24. 经常运动使得人们保持健康的心态。
    错误句子：Doing exercises regularly helps people maintain a healthy state of mind.
    错误：doing exercise 一般是不可数。
    正确的句子：Doing exercise regularly helps people maintain a healthy state of mind.
    句子结构：主语 + 及物动词 + 宾语 + 宾补（to maintain 省略了 to）

25. 不健康的生活方式让人们处于生病的危险之中。
    错误句子： Unheathly lifestyle is likely to make people at risk of illness.
    错误1：make somebody do something 或者 make somebody + 的形容词 是更常见的用法。
    错误2： lifestyle 是可数名词，需要加冠词或者用复数形式。
    正确的句子：An unhealthy lifestyle may put people at risk of illness.
    句子结构： 主语 + 及物动词 + 宾语 + 宾语补足语

26. 奖学金可以鼓励更多的学生去学习研究生课程。
    错误句子：Scholarship could be regarded as something to inspire more students to take postgraduate curriculum.
    错误1：scholarship 是一个可数名词，需要用复数形式或者加冠词。
    错误2：regarded as something 过于啰嗦。
    错误3：curriculum 不是course 的替换词，curriculum 的意识是“课程大纲”。
    正确的句子：Government grants could encourage more students to take postgraduate courses.
    句子结构： 主语 + 及物动词 + 宾语 + 宾语补足语

27. 社区改造为罪犯提供了获得职业技能的机会。
    错误句子：Repalcing the long sentence by working for the locals privode offenders with transferable skills.
    错误：主句别扭，两种事物没有替换性。
    正确的句子：Community service provides offenders with opportunities to acquire transferable skills.
    句子结构：主语 + 及物动词 + 宾语 + 宾语补足语

28. 法律应该为醉驾定为刑事犯罪。
    错误句子：The government should introduce a law which is drunk driving a crimial offence.
    错误：定语从句还原后是“a law is drunk driving”，显然不正确。
    正确的句子：Legislation should make drink driving a criminal offence.
    句子结构：主语 + 及物动词 + 宾语 + 宾语补足语

29. 乡村地区给人们提供了远离现代生活的压力和噪音的机会。
    错误句子：Rural area provides people with opportunity to escape pressure and noise of modern life.
    错误1：rural area 是可数名词，前面缺冠词，或者用复数形式。
    错误2：opportunity 用复数形式更好。
    正确的句子：Rural areas provide with opportunities to escape pressure and noise of modern life.
    句子结构：主语 + 及物动词 + 宾语 + 宾语补足语

30. 人口老龄化使国家提高法定退休年龄。
    错误句子：Compulsory retirement age will be abolished,and the reason is attributed to population aging and urban.
    错误1：age 是可数名词，前面要加冠词。
    错误2：reason is attributed to 搭配不当。
    正确的句子：The ageing population has prompted countries to raise the statutory retirement age.
    句子结构： 主语 + 及物动词 + 宾语 + 宾语补足语

1.1.3 主语 + 及物动词 + 间接宾语 + 直接宾语

31. 政府应该给一些城市提供资金去保护历史建筑。
    错误句子：Many areas now pay attention to protect histoic buildings.
    错误：pay attention to 其中 to 是一个介词，后面不能加动词。
    正确的句子：Government should offer some cities funds to preserve historic buildings.
    句子结构：主语 + 及物动词 + 间接宾语 + 直接宾语

1.1.4 被动语态

1. 学校应该允许老师强制捣蛋的小孩离开教室。
   错误句子：Schools should allow teachers to make the child with disruptive behaviours go out of classrooms.
   错误：children with disruptive behaviours 啰嗦。
   正确的句子：Teachers should be permitted to use force to remove disruptvie children from the classroom.
   主动语态下：Schools should permit teachers to use force to remove disruptive children from the classroom.
   句子结构：主语 + 及物动词 + 宾语 + 宾语补足语

2. 农村的失业问题在某种程度可以通过城乡转移来解决。
   错误句子：Unemployment in rural areas can address by rural-to-urban shift.
   错误1：被动语态中缺少过去分词。
   错误2：shift 是可数名词，前面要加冠词。
   正确的句子：Unemployment in rural areas can addressed partially by the rural-to-urban shift.

3. 高层建筑有时候被认为是城市里的碍眼之物。
   错误句子：Occasionally, high-rise buildings are tend to be regarded as the eyesore of a city.
   错误1：occasionally 表示“偶尔的”.
   错误2：be + to 是错误的。
   正确的句子：High-rise buildings are sometimes regarded as eyesores of the city.
   句子结构：被动语态

4. 太空科技的投资应当获得政府的支持。
   错误句子：The investment on space technology should be supported by government.
   错误1：investment in 是固定搭配。
   错误2：应该用 the governemnt.
   正确的句子：The investment in space technology should be supported by government.
   句子结构：主语 + 及物动词 + 宾语

5. 历史文物因为它的重要性而被保存。
   错误句子：Antique heritages should be completely preserved due to its historical importance.
   错误1：没有 antique heritages 这个表达。
   错误2：heritage 没有复数形式。
   错误3：如果是复数形式，后面不能用its.
   正确的句子：Historic relics should be preserved fo r thier historical significance.
   句子结构：主语 + 及物动词 + 宾语

6. 学校活动要能让孩子体会到成就感，提升他们的幸福感。
   错误句子：The main purpose of the school activities which can give the children’s sense of accomplishment is to promote the student’s well being.
   错误1：主语中添加了一个定语从句，太长。
   错误2：翻译意思错误。
   正确的句子：Sports and other school activities can be designed to give children a sense of accomplishment and to promote their well-being.
   句子结构：主语 + 及物动词 + 宾语

7. 一些员工被鼓励去打破常规。
   错误句子：Employee can breakthrough the obsoleted rules.
   错误1： breakthrough 是一个名词，没有动词含义。
   错误2：没有 obsoleted 这个单词。只有 obsolete.
   错误3：employee 应该用复数。
   正确的句子：Some employees are encouraged to break the mould.
   句子结构：主语 + 及物动词 + 宾语 + 宾语补足语

8. 因为堵车，上下班的时间变得更长了。
   错误句子：Commuter time was prolonged beacuse of traffic congestion.
   错误1：commuter time 不是固定词伙。
   错误2：was 时态错误。
   正确的句子：Commuting time has been prolonged because of traffic congestion.
   句子结构：主语 + 及物动词 + 宾语

9. 电脑技能可以运用到学习和生活中。
   错误句子：Computering applying in their academic study as well as their career life.
   错误1：applying 谓语不完整。
   错误2：career life 不恰当
   正确的句子：Computer skills can be applied in their studies as well as their working lives.
   句子结构：主语 + 及物动词 + 宾语

10. 大部分的环境破坏都可以归咎于人类活动。
    错误句子：The most of environmental degradation is contributed to human activites.
    错误1：the most 后面一般加形容词，构成最高级。
    错误2：contribute to 一般用于主动语态，而且和 attributed to 意思相反。
    正确的句子：Most of environment degradation is attributed to human activies.
    句子结构：被动语态

11. 许多孩子每天接触暴力内容。
    错误的句子：Many children are expose to violent contents in every day.
    错误1：content 作为 “内容” 是不可以名词。
    错误2：expose 是及物动词，“be + do” 这个结构错误。
    错误3：every day 本身可以充当状语，不用加介词 in.
    正确的句子：Many children are exposed to violent content every day.
    句子结构：主语 + 及物动词 + 宾语补足语
    主动语态：Something expose children to violent content.

12. 家庭环境被认为对小孩成长的影响最重要。
    错误句子：Family environment is widely thought to be the most important influence on children development.
    错误：children development 没有使用所有格。
    正确的句子：The family envirnment is widely thought to be the most important influence on children’s development.
    句子结构：主语 + 及物动词的被动语态 + 宾语补足语

13. 随着越来越多的年轻人参加志愿者工作，社区的凝聚力会加强。
    错误句子：With more young people join the volunteer works, community’s cohesion will be enhanced.
    错误1：with 是介词，后面不能加句子。
    错误2：work 在这里是不可数名词，不能使用复数形式。
    正确的句子：With increasing number of young people participating in volunteer work, community cohesion will be enchanced.
    句子结构： 主语 + 及物动词的被动语态

14. 移民有时候被认为是对社会团结的一个威胁。
    错误句子：Immigrants sometimes was recognised as a threat to the social cohesion.
    错误1：句子的时态错误。
    错误2：主谓不一致。
    错误3： cohesion 是不可数名词，不需要用the 去特指。
    正确的句子：Immigrants are sometimes recognised as a threat to social cohesion.
    句子结构：主语 + 及物动词 + 宾语 + 宾语补足语。这句话是被动语态。

1.1.5 主语 + 不及物动词

1. 没有受过高等教育的年轻人只能找到低技术的工作。
   错误句子：Young people without tertiary education qualifications normally have low-skiiled job.
   错误1：have low-skilled jobs 中 have 语气比较弱，表示不出“只能找到”的意思。
   正确的句子：Young people without tertiary education qualification normally end up working low-skilled job.
   句子结构：主语 + 不及物动词 + 状语

2. 一些人不支持转基因食品。
   错误句子：People hold the objection to the proliferation of genetically modified food.
   错误：hold the objection to 表达不恰当，而且很罗嗦。
   正确的句子：Some people disapprove of genetically modified food.
   句子结构：主语 + 不及物动词(disapprove)

3. 旅游景点竭力满足游客的需要和品味。
   错误句子：Tourist spots devote to fulfilling tourists’ needs and tastes.
   错误1：devote 是及物动词，后面需要加宾语。
   错误2：fulfil tastes 不是惯用词伙。
   正确的句子：Tourist spots endeavor to cater tourists’ needs and tastes.
   句子结构：主语 + 不及物动词；to do 形式

4. 在竞争激烈的社会，有工作的成年人关心职业发展。
   错误句子：In the highly competitive society, working adults are usually focusing on career advancement.
   错误1：应该 a 而不是 the.
   错误2：进行时的使用不恰当。
   正确的句子：In a highly competitive society, working adults usually focus on career advancement.
   句子结构：主语 + 不及物动词

5. 审美观是因文化而异的。
   错误句子：Perception of beauty is differed from culture to culture.
   错误：differ 是不及物动词，没有被动语态。
   正确的句子：Perception of beauty differs from culture to culture.
   句子结构：主语 + 不及物动词

6. 因为费用的下降，航空业最近几十年发展得很快。
   错误句子：The airline has sharp development in recent years, with the cost decline.
   错误1：时间状语是 in recent decades 时，句子一般用现在完成时。
   错误2：has sharp development 比较别扭。
   错误3：with 是介词，后面不能加句子。
   正确的句子：Because of low-cost carriers,the aviation industy has developed at an astouding pace over the past dacades.
   句子结构：主语 + 不及物动词

7. 动物实验有时候不能检验出药物的不良作用。
   错误句子：Animal experiment is occasionally unable to examine drugs side effects.
   错误1：animal experiment 是可数名词，应该用复数。
   错误2：occasionally 翻译为"偶尔"。
   错误3: drugs side effects 没有使用所有格。
   正确的句子：Animal experiments sometimes fail to detect the undesirable side effects of drugs.
   句子结构：主语 + 不及物动词 + 状语

8. 非法捕杀导致某些动物的灭亡。
   错误句子：Hunting ilegally leads to the extinct of species.
   错误：extinct 是形容词，而lead to 后面要加名词。
   正确的句子：Some animals have died out beacuse of illegal hunting.
   句子结构：主语 + 不及物动词 + 状语

9. 电脑对人的交流技能的影响随年龄而变化。
   错误句子：The impact on people’s communication skill from computer, varies between ages.
   错误1：skill 是可数名词，应该用复数形式。
   错误2：varies between ages 表达不恰当。
   错误3：the impact … from computer 表达不恰当。
   正确的句子：The impact of computers on copmmnuication skills varies across ages.
   句子结构：主语 + 不及物动词

###1.1.6 主系表结构

1. 很多女孩都不愿意在男人居多的行业里找工作。
   错误句子：A number of girls are not willing to hunting jobs in man-dominated world.
   错误1：willing to do something.
   错误2：a number of 使用不恰当。
   错误3：定冠词不恰当，因为这个世界上男人多的行业不可能只有一个。
   正确的句子：Many girls are not willing to seek employment in a male-dominated world.
   句子结构：主语 + 系动词 + 表语

2. 学校的主要功能是给下一代灌输知识。
   错误句子：The main function of school is impart knowledge to the next generation.
   错误1： school是可数名词，前面要加冠词或者使用其复数形式。
   错误2：is + do 结构错误。
   正确的句子：THe main function of schools is to impart knowledge to the next generation.
   句子结构：主语 + 系动词 + 表语

3. 艺术不属于学校的主科。
   错误句子：Arts is not regarded as a core curriculum at school.
   错误1：主谓不一致。
   错误2：curriculum 是所有课程的总称。
   正确的句子：The arts are not core subject areas at schools.
   句子结构：主语 + 系动词 + 表语

4. 因为不够明朗的政治前景，很多公司不可能招聘新的职员。
   错误句子：Because of unclear/ambiguous economic outlook, many companies are unlikely to recruit new employments.
   错误1：ambiguous 一般不修饰 outlook.
   错误2：employments 用词不当，应该是 employees.
   正确的句子：Because of the uncertainty about the economic outlook, many companies are unlikely to recruit new employees.
   句子结构： 主语 + 系动词 + 表语

5. 空运可能产生很多温室气体。
   错误句子：Air freight is likely to exhaust a large number of greenhouse gases.
   错误1：exhaust 作动词时，没有“排放”的意思。
   错误2：a large number of 很少形容 gases, goods 强调总量，而不是个数的东西。
   正确的句子：Air freight is likely to create enormous greenhouse gases.
   句子结构：主语 + 系动词 + 表语

6. 孩子很有可能由行为的问题。
   错误句子：The children are likely to meet behaviour problems.
   错误1：meet problems 搭配不正确。
   错误2：behavioural problems 是固定搭配。
   正确的句子：Some children are likely to have behavioural problems.
   句子结构：主语 + 系动词 + 表语(likely)

7. 人口的扩大是大量垃圾产生的原因。
   错误句子：Population expansion consitutes the main reason of enormous garbages.
   错误1： reason for 是固定搭配。
   错误2： garbage 和 waste 都是不可数名词。
   正确的句子：THe rapid poupulation expansion is the main reason for the huge accumulation of waste.
   句子结构：主语 + 系动词 + 表语 (reason)

8. 严厉的惩罚是减少犯罪的有效手段。
   错误句子：Stiff sentence is an effective method to decrease crime rates.
   错误1：主谓不一致。
   错误2：decrease crime rates 表达不恰当。
   正确的句子：Imposing stiff punishment is an effective method the reduce crime.
   句子结构：主语 + 系动词 + 表语 + 不定式

9. 我们的环境还是很糟糕。
   错误句子：Our environment still be in a dire state.
   错误：没有谓语动词。
   正确的句子：Our environment is still be in a dire state.
   句子结构： 主语 + 系动词 + 表语（介词短语in a dire state 充当）

10. 因为失业率高涨，大学生感到有压力而努力学习。
    错误句子：Undergraduates are forced to study under pressure due to severe situation of unempolyment rate is ascending currently.
    错误1： due to 是介词，后面要加名词。
    错误2： ascend 不正确。
    正确的句子：Undergraduates feel under increasing pressure to study hard, because of the soaring unemployment rate.
    句子结构：主语 + 系动词(feel) + 表语

11. 种族歧视仍然很严重。
    错误句子： People find it hard to overcome the racial discrimination against some social groups.
    错误：这个句子比较大的问题是 people 和 后面的social groups 是相同的，既充当句子的主语，又充当介词的宾语。
    正确的句子：Racial discrimination remains a serious problem.
    句子结构：主语 + 系动词 + 表语

12. 死记硬背乘法表并不是提高算术能力的最好方式。
    错误句子：Learning time tables by rote are not the best way that improves arthmetic abilibity.
    错误1：动名词作主语，谓语动词应该用单数 is.
    错误2：way that… 繁琐。
    正确的句子：Learning the times table by rote is not the best way to improve numeracy.
    句子结构：主语 + 系动词 + 表语

13. 贫困国家的首要问题是满足人们的基本生活需求。
    错误句子：Deprived countires concern how to satisfy citizen’s requirements of surivive.
    错误1：concern 类似于 worry 或者 invovle ，这里不恰当。
    错误2：requirements 语义理解错误。
    错误3：of 后面需要加名词，而 survive 是动词。
    正确的句子：The top priority for deprived countries is to satisfy citizen’s basic needs.
    句子结构：主语 + 系动词 + 表语

14. 转基因食品对健康的影响仍然未知。
    错误句子：The impact that genetic food has on our health still remains unknown.
    错误1：在定语从句中，最好规避这种先行词充当从句宾语的情况，读起来比较别扭。
    错误2：remains 已经包含 still的意思。
    错误3：genetic food 表达不是很好。
    正确的句子：The health effect of GE food remains unclear to be known.
    句子结构：主语 + 系动词 + 表语

15. 网络购物已经成为很多人生活中很普通的一部分。
    错误句子：It has become an important part for most people to shop online in daily life.
    错误：part of daily life 是固定的说法。
    正确的句子：Online shopping has become a normal part of people’s everyday life.
    句子结构：主语 + 系动词 + 表语

16. 在一个消费社会里，人们不在满足于生活必需品。
    错误句子：In a throw-away society, people are not satisfed with bare necessities any more.
    错误1：throw-away society 词伙不正确。
    错误2：not … any more 一般是形容量的东西，而 no longer 强调动作的持续性。
    正确的句子：In the consumer society, bare necessities are not bale to satisfy people’s needs.

17. 人们不健康的生活方式是他们倾向于依赖科技的结果。
    错误句子：Unhealthy lifestyle is the result of trend to rely on sience and technology.
    错误1： unhealthy lifestyle 是可数名词，需要加冠词。
    错误2： trend toward doing somthing 和 tendency to do something 是常用搭配。
    正确的句子：People’s unhealthy lifestyle is the result of their tendency to rely heavily on technology.
    句子结构：主语 + 系动词 + 表语; of 是定语

18. 贫穷是社区罪犯增多的原因。
    错误句子：The reason which cause increasingly number of community crimes in society is poverty.
    错误1：reason which cause 从句的主谓不一致，并且搭配不好。
    错误2：increasingly number 副词不能修饰名词。
    错误3：过于啰嗦。
    正确的句子：Poverty is responsible for the crime wave in many communites.
    句子结构：主语 + 系动词 + 表语（responsible）

19. 电子汽车的发明是我们维护环境所作的努力的其中一部分。
    错误句子：The invention of electic vehicles is a part of our efforts aiming at preserving the environment.
    错误1：“其中一部分” 一般表达是 part of.
    错误2：effort to do something 在这里更为通顺。
    正确的句子：The invention of electric vehicles is part of our effort to sustain the environment.
    句子结构： 主语 + 系动词 + 表语

1.1.7 it 作形式主语或者宾语的句子

1. 送贵重的礼物是中国的习惯。
   错误句子：It is very common for Chinese to send lavish gifts to other.
   错误：other 是形容词，充当定语，这需要一个名词性的代词充当介词to的宾语。
   正确的句子：It is very common for CHinese people to exchange lavish gifts.
   句子结构：主语 + 系动词 + 表语
   其他翻译：Exchanging lavish gifts is a tradition in China.

2. 未来几十年，我们很难保护胡植物多样性。
   错误句子：We will find it difficult for us to protect the biodiversity of vegetation in the coming decades.
   错误1：we …for us 重复。
   错误2：biodiverrsity of vegatation 略显重复。
   正确的句子：We will find it difficult to preserve biodiversity in the coming dacades.
   句子结构：主语 + 谓语 + 宾语

3. 随着年龄增长，很难和朋友和家人保持联系。
   错误句子：As the growing age, people is hard to connect with their families and friends frequently.
   错误1：没有 as the growing age 这个表达。
   错误2：people is 主谓不一致。
   错误3：hard 在这里使用不恰当，因为人没有难易之分。
   错误4：connect frequently 搭配不恰当。
   正确的句子：With age, people find it difficult to maintain contact with family and friends.
   句子结构：主语 + 谓语 + 宾语(it) + 宾语补足语(difficult)
   注意:contact 作动词时是及物动词，不能加介词。

4. 免费上大学使得家境不好的学生有同等的上学机会。
   错误的句子：Free tution fees make it possible for students from less well-off background have equal access to tertiary education.
   错误1：make it possible for somebody to do something 是惯用搭配，to 不能省略。
   错误2：background 应该使用复数形式。
   正确的句子：Free university education makes it possible for students from less well-off backgrounds to have equal access to tertiary education.
   注意1：access 是不可以数名词，access to something 是习惯搭配；access 也可以作为及物动词，但是一般没有access education 这个用法。
   注意2：tertiary education = university education.
   句子结构：主语 + 谓语 + 宾语 + 宾语补足语(possible)

5. 很多人觉得自己有必要赶时尚。
   错误句子：Many people think that they are necessary to chase after fashion.
   错误1：对于人而言，没有necessary 一说。
   错误2：chase 在这里作及物动词比较好。
   正确的句子：Many people consider it necessary to follow fashion.
   句子结构：主语 + 及物动词 + 形式宾语 + 宾语补足语

6. 经费削减让很多年轻人很难接受大学教育。
   错误句子：Cutting the budget of the education pose a threat to the opportunities of the young people who want to take part in the higher education.
   错误1：动名词 Cutting 作为主语，但是谓语动词没有使用单数形式。
   错误2：pose a threat to the opportunities 搭配不恰当。
   错误3：定语从句使用过于累赘。
   正确的句子：Budget cuts make it difficult for many young people to teceive a college education.
   句子结构：主语 + 及物动词 + 宾语 + 宾语补足语

7. 有时候，很难去评估人类行为的环境代价。
   错误句子：Sometimes, it is difficult to evalute the environmental cost of people’s behaviros.
   错误1：environmental cost 这里使用单数形式即可。
   错误2：应该使用英式拼写 behgaviours.
   错误3：behaviours 在这里不如使用 activities 好，因为behaviour 指的是人的瞬息的动作，activities 一般指动作持续时间比较长。
   正确的句子：Sometimes, it s difficult to evaluate the environmental cost of human activities.
   句子结构：主语 + 系动词 + 表语

1.1.8 There be 句型

1. 在大城市有一些贫困的社区。
   错误句子：In large-scale cities have some deprived communities.
   错误：in large-scale cities 是宾语短语，不能充当主语。
   正确的句子： There are some economically deprived communities in large cities.
   句子结构：There be 句型

2. 按照能力分班和学生的成绩没有明显的联系。
   错误句子：There is no clear link between selection in terms of students’ ability and their academic performance.
   错误：in terms of 是一个被中国学生用烂的短语，有时候显得过于啰嗦。
   正确的句子：There is no clear link between grouping students bu ability and their levels of attainment.
   句子结构：There be 句型。

1.1.9 并列句

1. 体育课可以租金身心健康，增强自信。
   错误句子： The PE class not only imporve students physical conditions but also boosts their confidence.
   错误1：not only…but also 一般用于连接两个并列、联系不密切的事物，而不是具有因果关系的事物。
   错误2：students 要用所有格。
   正确的句子：The PE class improves students’ physical condition and boosts their confidence.
   句子结构：两个并列句都是主语 + 及物动词 + 宾语

2. 竞争激烈，一些城市处于弱势，因为缺少资源，比如天然气和化石燃料。
   错误句子：Countires competition are intensively and lack of resources such as the natural gas and foosil oil.
   错误1：主谓不一致。
   错误2：intensively 是副词，不能充当表语。
   错误3：第一个 and 后面没有接句子。
   正确的句子：The competition is intense and some countires are at a disadvantage because of the lack of resources such as natural gas and fossil fuels.
   句子结构：两个并列举结构相同，都是主语 + 系动词 + 表语。

3. 在发展中国家开设新的分公司可以降低生产成本，产生巨大的利润。
   错误句子：Opening new branches in developing countries can reduce the cost of production and earn huge profits.
   错误：opening new branches 不可能是earn 的主语。
   正确的句子：Opening new branches in developing countires can reduce the cost of production and generate huge profits.
   句子结构：两个并列句结构相同，都是主语 + 谓语 + 宾语。

4. 生活方式的轻微变化也能产生巨大的变化，并且可以减少我们日常活动对环境的影响。
   错误句子：The slightly lifestyle changes make a huge difference and alleviate impacts cause by our daily activities on the environment.
   错误1：slightly 是副词，不能修饰 lifestyle.
   错误2：减少影响不能用 alleviate.
   错误3：impacts caused by 是中式英语。
   正确的句子：Small lifestyle changes can make a huge difference and reduce the environmental impact of our daily activities.
   句子结构：两个并列句结构相同，都是主语 + 谓语 + 宾语。

1.2 常见语法错误的总结

1.2.1 冠词的语法错误

冠词分为 不定冠词( a, an) 和 定冠词( the).
可数名词之前一般要加冠词或者不定冠词；可数名词如果使用定冠词，要么表示一类东西，要么表示特指。否则的话，就要变成复数形式。另一种可能性是使用所有格的形式。
不可数名词没有约束。

1. Computer is a machine for collecting, processing and presenting informattion.
   错误：computer 是可数名词，要加冠词。
   纠正：The computer is a machine for collecting, processing and presenting information.
   翻译：电脑是一台用来收集、处理和发布信息的机器。

2. Government should provide students from low-income families with more support.
   错误：government 一般用作可数名词，需要加冠词，或者用复数。
   改正：The government should provide students from low-income families with more support.
   翻译：政府应该给低收入家庭的学生提供更多帮助。

不可数名词一般不用定冠词，除非特指。可数名词复数一般也不用定冠词，除非特指。

1. The education is important to one’s job prospects.
   错误：education 是不可数名词，如果出现冠词，表示特指。
   改正：Education is important to one’s job prospects.
   翻译：教育对一个人的工作前景很重要。

2. The parents tend to prefer boarding schools to days schools.
   错误：因为是泛指所有父母，所以不应该加定冠词。
   改正：Parents tend to prefer boarding schools to day schools.
   翻译：父母倾向于喜欢寄宿学校而不是走读学校。

有一些形容词前面常加定冠词，比如说 only, main, same , top.

1. People with same experience should be paid same.
   错误：same 之间需要加 the.
   纠正：People with the same exprience should be paid the smae.
   翻译：经验相同的人应该工资相同。

序数词和形容词最高级前要加定冠词。

1. Tourism has become the top earner of foreign currency for many countries since the late twentieth century.
   错误：twentieth 前面需要加 the.
   纠正：Tourism has become the top earner of forein currency for many countries since the late twentieth century.
   翻译： 自从 20世纪后期开始，旅游业已经陈伟很多国家赚取外汇的主要手段。

2. The cigarette is most common method of smoking tobacco.
   错误：most common 是形容词最高形式，需要加 the.
   纠正：The cigarette is the most common method of smoking tobacco.
   翻译：纸烟是吸食烟草的最普遍方式。

有一些词从元音字母开头，却要用不定冠词 a， 例如 unique, university, union, European. 而一些词虽然以辅音字母开头，却要使用不定冠词 an, 如 hour, honour.

1. An university is an institution where students study for degress.
   错误：university 前面不能加 an.
   改正：A university is an institution where students study for degress.
   翻译：大学是学生通过学习获得学位的地方。

1.2.2 名词的单复数问题

一些词或短语后面一般要加可数名词复数形式，如 few, a few, a varitey, various, other, numerous, a number of, different, one of, many, several, these.

1. Smoking cessation is one of the likely factor that contribute to the development of obesity.
   错误：one of 的后面要加名词的复数形式。
   改正：Smoking cessation is one of the likely factors that contribute to the development of obesity.
   翻译：停止抽烟是可能导致肥胖症的一个因素。

有一些名词后面可能要加可数名词的单数形式，如 any other, another, each, neither, either.

1. Many teenagers begin smoking habits due to peer pressure but not for any ohter reasons.
   错误：any other 后不可以加名词的复数形式。
   改正：Many teenagers begin smoking due to peere pressure but not for any other reason.
   翻译：许多青少年吸烟是处于同伴的压力，而不是其他原因。

有些词或短语后面一般要加不可数名词，如 a little, little, less, much, enormous, a large amount of.

1. Little progresses have been made towards tackling poverty.
   错误：little 后面不能加可数名词的复数形式。
   改正：Little progress have been made towards tackling poverty.
   翻译：在解决贫困问题上，目前的进展甚微。

不可数名词没有复数形式，如 information, knowledge, evidence, behaviour, news, research, waste, pollution.

1. There are evidences that rules can lead to children’s anti-social behaviour.
   错误：evidence 是不可数名词，没有复数形式。
   改正：There are evidence that rules can lead to children’s anti-social behaviour.
   翻译：有证据表明，规则会导致小孩的反社会行为。

有些可数名词的复数形式变化不规则，不仅仅加 s 或者 es，如 child, datum, phenoenon, means, medium, species

1. The datas are a valuable asset to the company.
   错误：data 本身已经是复数形式。
   改正：The data are a valuable asset to the company.
   翻译：数据对公司来说是一项宝贵的财产。

注意代词的单复数形式，代词 he, she, it, one, anybody, everybody, somebody, nobody 都是单数形式，而代词 they 是复数形式

1. Anybody who does not save money for their retirement will have to accept a lower standard of living in later years.
   错误：anybody 是单数，而后面的代词是 their.
   改正：Anybody who does not save money for his retirement will have to accept a lower standard of living in later years.
   翻译：任何不能为退休提前存钱的人都要接受晚年比较低的生活标准。

1.2.3 主谓不一致

动名词和不定式作主语时，谓语动词一定是单数形式

1. Raising standards of literacy are the government’s prioirty.
   错误：句子的主语是 raising standards, 而不是 standards.
   改正：Raising standards of literacy is the government’s priority.
   翻译：提高文化素质是政府的首要任务。

2. To rear a child is challenging to any parent.
   翻译：独立抚养一个小孩对任何父母都是有挑战性的。

不可数名词作主语时，谓语动词一定是单数形式；如果主语是 “…of…” 的词组，谓语应该与"of" 之前的名词的形式保持一致。

1. The adequacy of financial resources is crucial to the operation of a not-for-profit organisation.
   翻译：资金的充足对于非营利机构的运作时至关重要的。

当主语后面跟 with, together with, coupled with, combined with, as well as, like 时谓语动词的形式随着主语变化。

1. Overworking, combined with a poor diet, leads to physical degeneration.
   翻译：工作过度，连同不良的饮食，会导致体质下降。

当一些代词(anybody, anything, everybody, everything, nobody, nothing, somebody, something, each, every, none) 后面的谓语动词一定是单数形式。

1. Even if somebody fall sick, everything goes on as usual.
   翻译：即使有人病了，一切还是照常进行。

there be 句型中谓语动词的形式跟随着后面的名词变化。

1. There are a number of countries which perform poorly in containing pollution.
   翻译：有不少国家在控制污染的表现上很差。

由 what, whether, how, that, where 引导的主语从句中，谓语动词常用单数形式。

1. How we cope with massive techonological change int the 21st century is an intersting issue.
   翻译：我们如何处理21世纪的大规模技术变化是一个有趣的问题。

1.2.4 情态动词的使用错误

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