版权声明： https://blog.csdn.net/Dorothy_Xue/article/details/84386633
安装pycocotools：
下载好安装包到本地（链接：https://github.com/cocodataset/cocoapi），进入cocoapi-master/PythonAPI/文件夹下执行make编译：
$ cd cocoapi-master/
$ cd PythonAPI/
$ make报错：
python setup.py build_ext --inplace
running build_ext
cythoning pycocotools/_mask.pyx to pycocotools/_mask.c
/home/dorothy/ZX/project/p1/venv1-p1/lib/python3.5/site-packages/Cython/Compiler/Main.py:367: FutureWarning: Cython directive 'language_level' not set, using 2 for now (Py2). This will change in a later release! File: /home/dorothy/ZX/project/p1/venv1-p1/bin/cocoapi-master/PythonAPI/pycocotools/_mask.pyx
tree = Parsing.p_module(s, pxd, full_module_name)
building 'pycocotools._mask' extension
creating build
creating build/common
creating build/temp.linux-x86_64-3.5
creating build/temp.linux-x86_64-3.5/pycocotools
x86_64-linux-gnu-gcc -pthread -DNDEBUG -g -fwrapv -O2 -Wall -Wstrict-prototypes -g -fstack-protector-strong -Wformat -Werror=format-security -Wdate-time -D_FORTIFY_SOURCE=2 -fPIC -I/home/dorothy/ZX/project/p1/venv1-p1/lib/python3.5/site-packages/numpy/core/include -I../common -I/home/dorothy/ZX/project/p1/venv1-p1/include -I/usr/include/python3.5m -c ../common/maskApi.c -o build/temp.linux-x86_64-3.5/../common/maskApi.o -Wno-cpp -Wno-unused-function -std=c99
../common/maskApi.c: In function ‘rleToBbox’:
../common/maskApi.c:141:31: warning: ‘xp’ may be used uninitialized in this function [-Wmaybe-uninitialized]
if(j%2==0) xp=x; else if(xp<x) { ys=0; ye=h-1; }
^
x86_64-linux-gnu-gcc -pthread -DNDEBUG -g -fwrapv -O2 -Wall -Wstrict-prototypes -g -fstack-protector-strong -Wformat -Werror=format-security -Wdate-time -D_FORTIFY_SOURCE=2 -fPIC -I/home/dorothy/ZX/project/p1/venv1-p1/lib/python3.5/site-packages/numpy/core/include -I../common -I/home/dorothy/ZX/project/p1/venv1-p1/include -I/usr/include/python3.5m -c pycocotools/_mask.c -o build/temp.linux-x86_64-3.5/pycocotools/_mask.o -Wno-cpp -Wno-unused-function -std=c99
pycocotools/_mask.c:4:20: fatal error: Python.h: 没有那个文件或目录
compilation terminated.
error: command 'x86_64-linux-gnu-gcc' failed with exit status 1
Makefile:3: recipe for target 'all' failed
make: *** [all] Error 1
pycocotools/_mask.c:4:20: fatal error: Python.h: 没有那个文件或目录
解决：（python3.5）
1. 安装python3-dev
$ sudo apt-get install python3-dev
正在读取软件包列表... 完成
正在分析软件包的依赖关系树
正在读取状态信息... 完成
下列软件包是自动安装的并且现在不需要了：
libcublas7.5 libcudart7.5 libcufft7.5 libcufftw7.5 libcurand7.5 libcusolver7.5 libcusparse7.5 libdrm-dev libgl1-mesa-dev libnppc7.5 libnppi7.5 libnpps7.5 libnvblas7.5 libnvrtc7.5 libnvtoolsext1
libnvvm3 libpthread-stubs0-dev libthrust-dev libvdpau-dev libx11-dev libx11-doc libx11-xcb-dev libxau-dev libxcb-dri2-0-dev libxcb-dri3-dev libxcb-glx0-dev libxcb-present-dev libxcb-randr0-dev
libxcb-render0-dev libxcb-shape0-dev libxcb-sync-dev libxcb-xfixes0-dev libxcb1-dev libxdamage-dev libxdmcp-dev libxext-dev libxfixes-dev libxshmfence-dev libxxf86vm-dev mesa-common-dev opencl-headers
x11proto-core-dev x11proto-damage-dev x11proto-dri2-dev x11proto-fixes-dev x11proto-gl-dev x11proto-input-dev x11proto-kb-dev x11proto-xext-dev x11proto-xf86vidmode-dev xorg-sgml-doctools xtrans-dev
使用'sudo apt autoremove'来卸载它(它们)。
将会同时安装下列软件：
libpython3-dev libpython3.5-dev python3.5-dev
下列【新】软件包将被安装：
libpython3-dev libpython3.5-dev python3-dev python3.5-dev
升级了 0 个软件包，新安装了 4 个软件包，要卸载 0 个软件包，有 176 个软件包未被升级。
需要下载 37.7 MB 的归档。
解压缩后会消耗 54.0 MB 的额外空间。
您希望继续执行吗？ [Y/n] y
获取:1 http://cn.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu xenial-updates/main amd64 libpython3.5-dev amd64 3.5.2-2ubuntu0~16.04.5 [37.3 MB]
获取:2 http://cn.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu xenial/main amd64 libpython3-dev amd64 3.5.1-3 [6,926 B]
获取:3 http://cn.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu xenial-updates/main amd64 python3.5-dev amd64 3.5.2-2ubuntu0~16.04.5 [413 kB]
获取:4 http://cn.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu xenial/main amd64 python3-dev amd64 3.5.1-3 [1,186 B]
已下载 37.7 MB，耗时 2分 54秒 (216 kB/s)
正在选中未选择的软件包 libpython3.5-dev:amd64。
(正在读取数据库 ... 系统当前共安装有 256230 个文件和目录。)
正准备解包 .../libpython3.5-dev_3.5.2-2ubuntu0~16.04.5_amd64.deb ...
正在解包 libpython3.5-dev:amd64 (3.5.2-2ubuntu0~16.04.5) ...
正在选中未选择的软件包 libpython3-dev:amd64。
正准备解包 .../libpython3-dev_3.5.1-3_amd64.deb ...
正在解包 libpython3-dev:amd64 (3.5.1-3) ...
正在选中未选择的软件包 python3.5-dev。
正准备解包 .../python3.5-dev_3.5.2-2ubuntu0~16.04.5_amd64.deb ...
正在解包 python3.5-dev (3.5.2-2ubuntu0~16.04.5) ...
正在选中未选择的软件包 python3-dev。
正准备解包 .../python3-dev_3.5.1-3_amd64.deb ...
正在解包 python3-dev (3.5.1-3) ...
正在处理用于 man-db (2.7.5-1) 的触发器 ...
正在设置 libpython3.5-dev:amd64 (3.5.2-2ubuntu0~16.04.5) ...
正在设置 libpython3-dev:amd64 (3.5.1-3) ...
正在设置 python3.5-dev (3.5.2-2ubuntu0~16.04.5) ...
正在设置 python3-dev (3.5.1-3) ...
2. 编译
$ make
python3 setup.py build_ext --inplace
running build_ext
skipping 'pycocotools/_mask.c' Cython extension (up-to-date)
building 'pycocotools._mask' extension
x86_64-linux-gnu-gcc -pthread -DNDEBUG -g -fwrapv -O2 -Wall -Wstrict-prototypes -g -fstack-protector-strong -Wformat -Werror=format-security -Wdate-time -D_FORTIFY_SOURCE=2 -fPIC -I/home/dorothy/ZX/project/p1/venv1-p1/lib/python3.5/site-packages/numpy/core/include -I../common -I/home/dorothy/ZX/project/p1/venv1-p1/include -I/usr/include/python3.5m -c ../common/maskApi.c -o build/temp.linux-x86_64-3.5/../common/maskApi.o -Wno-cpp -Wno-unused-function -std=c99
../common/maskApi.c: In function ‘rleToBbox’:
../common/maskApi.c:141:31: warning: ‘xp’ may be used uninitialized in this function [-Wmaybe-uninitialized]
if(j%2==0) xp=x; else if(xp<x) { ys=0; ye=h-1; }
^
x86_64-linux-gnu-gcc -pthread -DNDEBUG -g -fwrapv -O2 -Wall -Wstrict-prototypes -g -fstack-protector-strong -Wformat -Werror=format-security -Wdate-time -D_FORTIFY_SOURCE=2 -fPIC -I/home/dorothy/ZX/project/p1/venv1-p1/lib/python3.5/site-packages/numpy/core/include -I../common -I/home/dorothy/ZX/project/p1/venv1-p1/include -I/usr/include/python3.5m -c pycocotools/_mask.c -o build/temp.linux-x86_64-3.5/pycocotools/_mask.o -Wno-cpp -Wno-unused-function -std=c99
creating build/lib.linux-x86_64-3.5
creating build/lib.linux-x86_64-3.5/pycocotools
x86_64-linux-gnu-gcc -pthread -shared -Wl,-O1 -Wl,-Bsymbolic-functions -Wl,-Bsymbolic-functions -Wl,-z,relro -Wl,-Bsymbolic-functions -Wl,-z,relro -g -fstack-protector-strong -Wformat -Werror=format-security -Wdate-time -D_FORTIFY_SOURCE=2 build/temp.linux-x86_64-3.5/../common/maskApi.o build/temp.linux-x86_64-3.5/pycocotools/_mask.o -o build/lib.linux-x86_64-3.5/pycocotools/_mask.cpython-35m-x86_64-linux-gnu.so
copying build/lib.linux-x86_64-3.5/pycocotools/_mask.cpython-35m-x86_64-linux-gnu.so -> pycocotools
rm -rf build