存储是每个计算机系统的基本需求 .Red Hat Linux 提供了一些强大的工具 , 它们能在大量的场景中管理多种类型的存储设备
本地存储设备的区别
fdisk -l #列出磁盘分区信息，系统中真实存在的硬盘，但是不一定能够识别
cat /proc/partitions #系统识别也不一定能用
blkid #列出系统中可以使用的设备id，能够识别，也能够使用的
df #查看系统中正在使用的设备信息，系统正在挂载的设备fdisk -l
cat /proc/partitions
blkid
df
设备的挂载和卸载
1.设备名称
/dev/xdx ##/dev/hd0 /dev/hd1 /dev/sda /dev/sdb /dec/sda1 /dev/sda2
/dev/sr0 ##光驱
/dev/mapper/* ##虚拟设备
/sda ##系统第一块串口硬盘，a代表第一块
/cdrom，/dev/sr0 ##代表光驱
/hd0 ##系统闭口硬盘2.设备的挂载
mount 设备 挂载点 #挂载
umount /mnt #卸载挂载到/mnt下，可能会挂载到别的目录下
umount /dev/sdb1 #卸载u盘挂载
注意：在/mnt/目录下卸载不了
mount -o ro /dev/sdb1 /mnt/ #只读挂载
mount -o remount,rw /dev/sdb1 | /mnt/ #重新读写挂载
mount #查看挂载信息
注意：两个设备挂载到同一个目录上，第二个会将第一个覆盖，一般情况下不能挂载在同一个目录下
3.解决设备正忙的情况
解决方法1:
fuser -kvm /mnt
umount /mnt
解决方法2：
lsof /mnt/
kill -9 进程号
umount /mnt
磁盘分区
1.硬盘0磁道1扇区的512个字节中记录的信息如下：
512 = 446 +64 +2 字节
mbr mot 55aa
mbr 主引导记录
mpt 主分区标
55aa 硬盘有效标识注意：
mpt 硬盘分区标 64字节
一块硬盘上最多可以划分4个主分区，每个分五占16个字节，记录分区
硬盘的分区：主分区、扩展分区、逻辑分区
主分区；用主分区表记录的分区
扩展分区：主分区表记录的容器，不能直接使用
逻辑分区：容器中的分区分区表记录容器信息，容器自己记录容器分区
2.分区步骤
第一步：fdisk -l
[root@localhost Desktop]# fdisk -l
Disk /dev/vda: 10.7 GB, 10737418240 bytes, 20971520 sectors
Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk label type: dos
Disk identifier: 0x00013f3e
Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System
/dev/vda1 * 2048 20970332 10484142+ 83 Linux
Disk /dev/vdb: 10.7 GB, 10737418240 bytes, 20971520 sectors
Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
第二步：fdisk /dev/ 进入分区界面
command (m for help): m
Command action
a toggle a bootable flag
b edit bsd disklabel
c toggle the dos compatibility flag
d delete a partition ##删除
g create a new empty GPT partition table
G create an IRIX (SGI) partition table
l list known partition types ##查询分区id
m print this menu ##查询帮助
n add a new partition ##新建
o create a new empty DOS partition table
p print the partition table ##显示分区
q quit without saving changes ##退出
s create a new empty Sun disklabel
t change a partition's system id ##修改分区id
u change display/entry units
v verify the partition table
w write table to disk and exit ##保存分区标信息到硬盘
x extra functionality (experts only)
第三步：建立主分区
[root@localhost Desktop]# fdisk /dev/vdb
Welcome to fdisk (util-linux 2.23.2).
Changes will remain in memory only, until you decide to write them.
Be careful before using the write command.
Device does not contain a recognized partition table
Building a new DOS disklabel with disk identifier 0x312c67f3.
Command (m for help): n ##新建分区
Partition type:
p primary (0 primary, 0 extended, 4 free) ##主分区
e extended ##扩展分区
Select (default p):
Using default response p ##选择默认
Partition number (1-4, default 1):
First sector (2048-20971519, default 2048):
Using default value 2048
Last sector, +sectors or +size{K,M,G} (2048-20971519, default 20971519): +100M ##100M
Partition 1 of type Linux and of size 100 MiB is set
Command (m for help): p ##查看分区
Disk /dev/vdb: 10.7 GB, 10737418240 bytes, 20971520 sectors
Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk label type: dos
Disk identifier: 0x312c67f3
Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System
/dev/vdb1 2048 206847 102400 83 Linux
Command (m for help): wq ##保存并退出
The partition table has been altered!
Calling ioctl() to re-read partition table.
Syncing disks.
第四步：格式化分区 mkfs.xfs /dev/vdb1
[root@localhost Desktop]# mkfs.xfs /dev/vdb1
meta-data=/dev/vdb1 isize=256 agcount=4, agsize=6400 blks
= sectsz=512 attr=2, projid32bit=1
= crc=0
data = bsize=4096 blocks=25600, imaxpct=25
= sunit=0 swidth=0 blks
naming =version 2 bsize=4096 ascii-ci=0 ftype=0
log =internal log bsize=4096 blocks=853, version=2
= sectsz=512 sunit=0 blks, lazy-count=1
realtime =none extsz=4096 blocks=0, rtextents=0查看可用设备，此时/dev/vdb1为可用设备
[root@localhost Desktop]# blkid
/dev/vda1: UUID="9bf6b9f7-92ad-441b-848e-0257cbb883d1" TYPE="xfs"
/dev/vdb1: UUID="0168a321-bdd9-4ef5-b476-83de5ecd8b63" TYPE="xfs"
第五步：挂载,设备挂载之后才能使用
[root@localhost Desktop]# mount /dev/vdb1 /mnt/
[root@localhost Desktop]# df
Filesystem 1K-blocks Used Available Use% Mounted on
/dev/vda1 10473900 3165192 7308708 31% /
devtmpfs 469344 0 469344 0% /dev
tmpfs 484932 140 484792 1% /dev/shm
tmpfs 484932 12736 472196 3% /run
tmpfs 484932 0 484932 0% /sys/fs/cgroup
/dev/vdb1 98988 5280 93708 6% /mnt[root@localhost Desktop]# fdisk /dev/vdb
Welcome to fdisk (util-linux 2.23.2).
Changes will remain in memory only, until you decide to write them.
Be careful before using the write command.
Command (m for help): n ####继续添加分区
Partition type:
p primary (1 primary, 0 extended, 3 free)
e extended
Select (default p): p
Partition number (2-4, default 2):
First sector (206848-20971519, default 206848):
Using default value 206848
Last sector, +sectors or +size{K,M,G} (206848-20971519, default 20971519): +100M
Partition 2 of type Linux and of size 100 MiB is set
Command (m for help): p
Disk /dev/vdb: 10.7 GB, 10737418240 bytes, 20971520 sectors
Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk label type: dos
Disk identifier: 0x312c67f3
Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System
/dev/vdb1 2048 206847 102400 83 Linux
/dev/vdb2 206848 411647 102400 83 Linux
Command (m for help): n
Partition type:
p primary (2 primary, 0 extended, 2 free)
e extended
Select (default p): p
Partition number (3,4, default 3):
First sector (411648-20971519, default 411648):
Using default value 411648
Last sector, +sectors or +size{K,M,G} (411648-20971519, default 20971519): +100M
Partition 3 of type Linux and of size 100 MiB is set
Command (m for help): p
Disk /dev/vdb: 10.7 GB, 10737418240 bytes, 20971520 sectors
Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk label type: dos
Disk identifier: 0x312c67f3
Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System
/dev/vdb1 2048 206847 102400 83 Linux
/dev/vdb2 206848 411647 102400 83 Linux
/dev/vdb3 411648 616447 102400 83 Linux
Command (m for help): n
Partition type:
p primary (3 primary, 0 extended, 1 free)
e extended
Select (default e): ####当添加到第四个分区，默认分区为扩展分区e
Using default response e
Selected partition 4
First sector (616448-20971519, default 616448):
Using default value 616448
Last sector, +sectors or +size{K,M,G} (616448-20971519, default 20971519):
Using default value 20971519
Partition 4 of type Extended and of size 9.7 GiB is set
Command (m for help): p
Disk /dev/vdb: 10.7 GB, 10737418240 bytes, 20971520 sectors
Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk label type: dos
Disk identifier: 0x312c67f3
Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System
/dev/vdb1 2048 206847 102400 83 Linux
/dev/vdb2 206848 411647 102400 83 Linux
/dev/vdb3 411648 616447 102400 83 Linux
/dev/vdb4 616448 20971519 10177536 5 Extended
Command (m for help): wq
The partition table has been altered!
Calling ioctl() to re-read partition table.
注意：
1.若添加完成一个分区之后继续添加，会出现warning ,此时可以手动同步分区partprobe
WARNING: Re-reading the partition table failed with error 16: Device or resource busy.
The kernel still uses the old table. The new table will be used at
the next reboot or after you run partprobe(8) or kpartx(8)
Syncing disks.手动同步分区标
[root@localhost Desktop]# partprobe
[root@localhost Desktop]# cat /proc/partitions
major minor #blocks name
253 0 10485760 vda
253 1 10484142 vda1
253 16 10485760 vdb
253 17 102400 vdb1
253 18 102400 vdb2
253 19 102400 vdb3
253 20 1 vdb4
2.当系统已经有三个主分区时，添加扩展分区
添加扩展分区后，不能对扩展分区进行格式化，要对扩展分区中的逻辑分区进行格式化
[root@localhost Desktop]# fdisk /dev/vdb
Welcome to fdisk (util-linux 2.23.2).
Changes will remain in memory only, until you decide to write them.
Be careful before using the write command.
Command (m for help): n
All primary partitions are in use
Adding logical partition 5
First sector (618496-20971519, default 618496):
Using default value 618496
Last sector, +sectors or +size{K,M,G} (618496-20971519, default 20971519): +100M
Partition 5 of type Linux and of size 100 MiB is set
Command (m for help): p
Disk /dev/vdb: 10.7 GB, 10737418240 bytes, 20971520 sectors
Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk label type: dos
Disk identifier: 0x312c67f3
Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System
/dev/vdb1 2048 206847 102400 83 Linux
/dev/vdb2 206848 411647 102400 83 Linux
/dev/vdb3 411648 616447 102400 83 Linux
/dev/vdb4 616448 20971519 10177536 5 Extended ##把剩下的空间全给扩展分区
/dev/vdb5 618496 823295 102400 83 Linux
Command (m for help): wq
The partition table has been altered!
Calling ioctl() to re-read partition table.
WARNING: Re-reading the partition table failed with error 16: Device or resource busy.
The kernel still uses the old table. The new table will be used at
the next reboot or after you run partprobe(8) or kpartx(8)
Syncing disks.
[root@localhost Desktop]# partprobe
[root@localhost Desktop]# cat /proc/partitions
major minor #blocks name
253 0 10485760 vda
253 1 10484142 vda1
253 16 10485760 vdb
253 17 102400 vdb1
253 18 102400 vdb2
253 19 102400 vdb3
253 20 1 vdb4
253 21 102400 vdb5
[root@localhost Desktop]# mkfs.xfs /dev/vdb5
meta-data=/dev/vdb5 isize=256 agcount=4, agsize=6400 blks
= sectsz=512 attr=2, projid32bit=1
= crc=0
data = bsize=4096 blocks=25600, imaxpct=25
= sunit=0 swidth=0 blks
naming =version 2 bsize=4096 ascii-ci=0 ftype=0
log =internal log bsize=4096 blocks=853, version=2
= sectsz=512 sunit=0 blks, lazy-count=1
realtime =none extsz=4096 blocks=0, rtextents=0
[root@localhost Desktop]# mount /dev/vdb5 /test/
[root@localhost Desktop]# df
Filesystem 1K-blocks Used Available Use% Mounted on
/dev/vda1 10473900 3165944 7307956 31% /
devtmpfs 469344 0 469344 0% /dev
tmpfs 484932 472 484460 1% /dev/shm
tmpfs 484932 12792 472140 3% /run
tmpfs 484932 0 484932 0% /sys/fs/cgroup
/dev/vdb1 98988 5280 93708 6% /mnt
/dev/vdb5 98988 5280 93708 6% /test
永久挂载：
vim /etc/fatab 开机自动挂载策略文件
/dev/vdb5 /mnt xfs defaults 0 0
分区 挂载点 格式 挂载参数 是否备份 是否检测
文件系统比较
ext3 是rhel5及之前的版本，最多支持32TB的文件系统和2T文件，实际2TB文件系统，16G文件
ext4 是 Red Hat Enterprise Linux 6 的标准文件系统。它非常强靠 ,具有多项可以提高现代工作量处理性能的功能，最多支持1EB的文件系统和16T文件
ext2 是常用于 Linux 中的较旧的文件系统。它简单可靠 , 非常适合小型存储设备 , 但是效率低于 ext4
vfat 支持包括一系列相关文件系统 ( VFAT/FAT16 ,FAT32 ), 这些文件系统针对较旧版本的 Microsoft Windows 开发 , 在大量的系统和设备上受支持
xfs 在 Red Hat Enterprise Linux 7 的标准文件系统其具备数据完全、性能稳定、扩展性强 ( 8eb-1byte ) 、传输速率高 ( 7G/s )，最多支持18EB的文件系统和9E文件 7G/s 4G/s
swap分区管理
换空间或交换区是磁盘驱动器上的空间 , 用作当前未使用部分内存的溢出。这样 , 系统就能在主内存中留出空间用于储存当前正在处理的数据 , 并在系统面临主内存空间不足的风险时提供应急溢出
swap分区新建
第一步：使用 fdisk 创建新分区。此外 , 在用 fdisk 保存更改之前 , 将分区类型更改为 “ 0x82 Linux Swap”
[root@localhost Desktop]# swapon -s
[root@localhost Desktop]# fdisk /dev/vdb
Welcome to fdisk (util-linux 2.23.2).
Changes will remain in memory only, until you decide to write them.
Be careful before using the write command.
Command (m for help): p
Disk /dev/vdb: 10.7 GB, 10737418240 bytes, 20971520 sectors
Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk label type: dos
Disk identifier: 0x312c67f3
Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System
/dev/vdb1 2048 206847 102400 83 Linux
/dev/vdb2 206848 411647 102400 83 Linux
/dev/vdb3 411648 616447 102400 83 Linux
/dev/vdb4 616448 20971519 10177536 5 Extended
/dev/vdb5 618496 823295 102400 83 Linux
Command (m for help): n
All primary partitions are in use
Adding logical partition 6
First sector (825344-20971519, default 825344):
Using default value 825344
Last sector, +sectors or +size{K,M,G} (825344-20971519, default 20971519): +100M
Partition 6 of type Linux and of size 100 MiB is set
Command (m for help): p
Disk /dev/vdb: 10.7 GB, 10737418240 bytes, 20971520 sectors
Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk label type: dos
Disk identifier: 0x312c67f3
Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System
/dev/vdb1 2048 206847 102400 83 Linux
/dev/vdb2 206848 411647 102400 83 Linux
/dev/vdb3 411648 616447 102400 83 Linux
/dev/vdb4 616448 20971519 10177536 5 Extended
/dev/vdb5 618496 823295 102400 83 Linux
/dev/vdb6 825344 1030143 102400 83 Linux
Command (m for help): t ####更改类型
Partition number (1-6, default 6): 6
Hex code (type L to list all codes): l
0 Empty 24 NEC DOS 81 Minix / old Lin bf Solaris
1 FAT12 27 Hidden NTFS Win 82 Linux swap / So c1 DRDOS/sec (FAT-
2 XENIX root 39 Plan 9 83 Linux c4 DRDOS/sec (FAT-
3 XENIX usr 3c PartitionMagic 84 OS/2 hidden C: c6 DRDOS/sec (FAT-
4 FAT16 <32M 40 Venix 80286 85 Linux extended c7 Syrinx
5 Extended 41 PPC PReP Boot 86 NTFS volume set da Non-FS data
6 FAT16 42 SFS 87 NTFS volume set db CP/M / CTOS / .
7 HPFS/NTFS/exFAT 4d QNX4.x 88 Linux plaintext de Dell Utility
8 AIX 4e QNX4.x 2nd part 8e Linux LVM df BootIt
9 AIX bootable 4f QNX4.x 3rd part 93 Amoeba e1 DOS access
a OS/2 Boot Manag 50 OnTrack DM 94 Amoeba BBT e3 DOS R/O
b W95 FAT32 51 OnTrack DM6 Aux 9f BSD/OS e4 SpeedStor
c W95 FAT32 (LBA) 52 CP/M a0 IBM Thinkpad hi eb BeOS fs
e W95 FAT16 (LBA) 53 OnTrack DM6 Aux a5 FreeBSD ee GPT
f W95 Ext'd (LBA) 54 OnTrackDM6 a6 OpenBSD ef EFI (FAT-12/16/
10 OPUS 55 EZ-Drive a7 NeXTSTEP f0 Linux/PA-RISC b
11 Hidden FAT12 56 Golden Bow a8 Darwin UFS f1 SpeedStor
12 Compaq diagnost 5c Priam Edisk a9 NetBSD f4 SpeedStor
14 Hidden FAT16 <3 61 SpeedStor ab Darwin boot f2 DOS secondary
16 Hidden FAT16 63 GNU HURD or Sys af HFS / HFS+ fb VMware VMFS
17 Hidden HPFS/NTF 64 Novell Netware b7 BSDI fs fc VMware VMKCORE
18 AST SmartSleep 65 Novell Netware b8 BSDI swap fd Linux raid auto
1b Hidden W95 FAT3 70 DiskSecure Mult bb Boot Wizard hid fe LANstep
1c Hidden W95 FAT3 75 PC/IX be Solaris boot ff BBT
1e Hidden W95 FAT1 80 Old Minix
Hex code (type L to list all codes): 82 ##改换分区
Changed type of partition 'Linux' to 'Linux swap / Solaris'
Command (m for help): p
Disk /dev/vdb: 10.7 GB, 10737418240 bytes, 20971520 sectors
Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk label type: dos
Disk identifier: 0x312c67f3
Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System
/dev/vdb1 2048 206847 102400 83 Linux
/dev/vdb2 206848 411647 102400 83 Linux
/dev/vdb3 411648 616447 102400 83 Linux
/dev/vdb4 616448 20971519 10177536 5 Extended
/dev/vdb5 618496 823295 102400 83 Linux
/dev/vdb6 825344 1030143 102400 82 Linux swap / Solaris
Command (m for help): wq
The partition table has been altered!
Calling ioctl() to re-read partition table.
WARNING: Re-reading the partition table failed with error 16: Device or resource busy.
The kernel still uses the old table. The new table will be used at
the next reboot or after you run partprobe(8) or kpartx(8)
Syncing disks.第二步：准备好将分区用作交换区
[root@localhost Desktop]# mkswap /dev/vdb6
Setting up swapspace version 1, size = 102396 KiB
no label, UUID=bffb98b1-3b73-41e8-b132-18df4d95cd22
第三步：将新交换空间添加到 /etc/fstab 
第四步：swapon -a 将激活新交换区
[root@localhost Desktop]# swapon -a /dev/vdb6swapon -s 将显示当前交换区的状态
[root@localhost Desktop]# swapon -s
Filename Type Size Used Priority
/dev/vdb6 partition 102396 0 -1
swap分区删除
第一步：编辑 /etc/fstab文件，将文件内容删除
第二步：swapoff /dev/vdaN 将停用该特定交换区
[root@localhost Desktop]# swapoff /dev/vdb6第三步：fdisk /dev/vdb，进入编辑界面，删除设备
[root@localhost Desktop]# fdisk /dev/vdb
Welcome to fdisk (util-linux 2.23.2).
Changes will remain in memory only, until you decide to write them.
Be careful before using the write command.
Command (m for help): d ##删除设备
Partition number (1-6, default 6): 6
Partition 6 is deleted
Command (m for help): p
Disk /dev/vdb: 10.7 GB, 10737418240 bytes, 20971520 sectors
Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk label type: dos
Disk identifier: 0x312c67f3
Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System
/dev/vdb1 2048 206847 102400 83 Linux
/dev/vdb2 206848 411647 102400 83 Linux
/dev/vdb3 411648 616447 102400 83 Linux
/dev/vdb4 616448 20971519 10177536 5 Extended
/dev/vdb5 618496 823295 102400 83 Linux
Command (m for help): wq
The partition table has been altered!
Calling ioctl() to re-read partition table.
WARNING: Re-reading the partition table failed with error 16: Device or resource busy.
The kernel still uses the old table. The new table will be used at
the next reboot or after you run partprobe(8) or kpartx(8)
Syncing disks.注意：删除设备之前程序要先停止,否则会出现错误，出现错误时，解挂载后，同步分区
第四步：同步分区标
partprobe配额
1.什么是quota
简单的说就是限制用户对磁盘空间的使用量。
因为Linux是多用户多任务的操作系统，许多人共用磁盘空间，为了合理的分配磁盘空间，于是就有了quota的出现。
2.quota的用途
显示磁盘使用情况和配额
3.quota的一般作用对象
（1）针对WWW server
（2）针对mail server
（3）针对file server
4.quota的限制
（1）仅能针对整个文件系统
（2）需要kernel的支持
（3）只对一般用户有效
5.如何设定配额的限额？？？
第一步:开启quota功能
mount -o usrquota /dev/vdb5 /westos
chmod 777 /westos
第二步：设定student用户对磁盘/dev/vdb5的配额，使用edquota -u student命令编辑文件
filesystem blocks soft hard inodes soft hard
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
1:文件系统，说明该限制值时针对哪个文件系统
2：磁盘容量，这个值时quota自己算出来的，不要更改
3：磁盘容量的soft限制值
4：磁盘容量的hard限制值
5：文件数量，quota自己算出来的，不要改动
6：inode的soft值
7：inode的hard值
soft/hard为0时，表示没有限制，我们需要的是设置blocks的soft/hard值，inode的不要更改
如何让配额自动挂载，需要编辑/etc/fstab文件？？
vim /etc/fstab
/dev/vdb5 /pub xfs defauits,usrquota 0 0
测试：切换到student用户进行测试