堆（英语：Heap）是计算机科学中的一种特别的树状数据结构。若是满足以下特性，即可称为堆：“给定堆中任意节点 P 和 C，若 P 是 C 的母节点，那么 P 的值会小于等于（或大于等于） C 的值”。若母节点的值恒小于等于子节点的值，此堆称为最小堆（英语：min heap）；反之，若母节点的值恒大于等于子节点的值，此堆称为最大堆（英语：max heap）。在堆中最顶端的那一个节点，称作根节点（英语：root node），根节点本身没有母节点（英语：parent node）。
性质
- 任意节点小于（或大于）它的所有后裔，最小元（或最大元）在堆的根上（堆序性）。
- 堆总是一棵完全树。即除了最底层，其他层的节点都被元素填满，且最底层尽可能地从左到右填入。
Comparison of theoretic bounds for variants
根据上图可以看出斐波那契堆和严格-斐波那契堆的效率比较高。
应用
The heap data structure has many applications.
- Heapsort: One of the best sorting methods being in-place and with no quadratic worst-case scenarios.
- Selection algorithms: A heap allows access to the min or max element in constant time, and other selections (such as median or kth-element) can be done in sub-linear time on data that is in a heap.[17]
- Graph algorithms: By using heaps as internal traversal data structures, run time will be reduced by polynomial order. Examples of such problems are Prim's minimal-spanning-tree algorithm and Dijkstra's shortest-path algorithm.
- Priority Queue: A priority queue is an abstract concept like "a list" or "a map"; just as a list can be implemented with a linked list or an array, a priority queue can be implemented with a heap or a variety of other methods.
- K-way merge: A heap data structure is useful to merge many already-sorted input streams into a single sorted output stream. Examples of the need for merging include external sorting and streaming results from distributed data such as a log structured merge tree. The inner loop is obtaining the min element, replacing with the next element for the corresponding input stream, then doing a sift-down heap operation. (Alternatively the replace function.) (Using extract-max and insert functions of a priority queue are much less efficient.)
- Order statistics: The Heap data structure can be used to efficiently find the kth smallest (or largest) element in an array.
1.堆（通常是二叉堆）常用于排序。这种算法称作堆排序。
2.优先级队列可以用堆实现。