初步探索View的绘制和原理

在学习View的绘制原理之前，我们需要知道当我们切换至一个Activity界面时，该界面是有什么组成的，如下图:

首先我们需要知道，我们看到的控件视图等都是通过window界面来展示的，当一个Activity获得焦点时，会通知frameWord层来绘制这个window界面（独占一个Surface），而PhoneWindow是抽象类window的唯一实现类。在PhoneWindow中包含一个DecorView，DecorView本质上是一个FrameLayout，其中包含TitleView和ContentView，TitleView是一个ActionBar，而ContentView是一个FrameLayout，我们平时调用的setContentView（…）就是设置ContentView的内容。

那么我们的界面是如何绘制的呢？其实，我们的DecorView对应着一个ViewRoot的实现类ViewRootImpl。通过WindowManagerService实现，当建立好了关系后，会调用ViewRootImpl的requestLayout（）方法，在该方法内部调用schedulescheduleTraversals（）向主线程发出请求，多次遍历完成多次View的绘制。代码如下：

public void requestLayout() {
        if (!mHandlingLayoutInLayoutRequest) {
            checkThread();
            mLayoutRequested = true;
            scheduleTraversals();
        }
    }

void scheduleTraversals() {
        if (!mTraversalScheduled) {
            mTraversalScheduled = true;
            mTraversalBarrier = mHandler.getLooper().getQueue().postSyncBarrier();
            mChoreographer.postCallback(
                    Choreographer.CALLBACK_TRAVERSAL, mTraversalRunnable, null);
            if (!mUnbufferedInputDispatch) {
                scheduleConsumeBatchedInput();
            }
            notifyRendererOfFramePending();
            pokeDrawLockIfNeeded();
        }
    }

我们需要知道的是，View的绘制是从根结点开始向下遍历的，View的绘制流程是从measure（），layout（），draw（）依次执行的过程，那么接下来我们就从measure（）开始分析。

• MEASURE

测量过程首先从ViewRootImpl的mearsureHierarchy（…）方法开始，其内部会调用getRootMeasureSpec方法获得DecorView的宽高，用作后面其他视图的限定。

private boolean measureHierarchy(final View host, final WindowManager.LayoutParams lp,
            final Resources res, final int desiredWindowWidth, final int desiredWindowHeight) {
        int childWidthMeasureSpec;
        int childHeightMeasureSpec;
        boolean windowSizeMayChange = false;

        if (DEBUG_ORIENTATION || DEBUG_LAYOUT) Log.v(mTag,
                "Measuring " + host + " in display " + desiredWindowWidth
                + "x" + desiredWindowHeight + "...");

        boolean goodMeasure = false;
        if (lp.width == ViewGroup.LayoutParams.WRAP_CONTENT) {
            // On large screens, we don't want to allow dialogs to just
            // stretch to fill the entire width of the screen to display
            // one line of text.  First try doing the layout at a smaller
            // size to see if it will fit.
            final DisplayMetrics packageMetrics = res.getDisplayMetrics();
            res.getValue(com.android.internal.R.dimen.config_prefDialogWidth, mTmpValue, true);
            int baseSize = 0;
            if (mTmpValue.type == TypedValue.TYPE_DIMENSION) {
                baseSize = (int)mTmpValue.getDimension(packageMetrics);
            }
            if (DEBUG_DIALOG) Log.v(mTag, "Window " + mView + ": baseSize=" + baseSize
                    + ", desiredWindowWidth=" + desiredWindowWidth);
            if (baseSize != 0 && desiredWindowWidth > baseSize) {
                childWidthMeasureSpec = getRootMeasureSpec(baseSize, lp.width);
                childHeightMeasureSpec = getRootMeasureSpec(desiredWindowHeight, lp.height);
                performMeasure(childWidthMeasureSpec, childHeightMeasureSpec);
                if (DEBUG_DIALOG) Log.v(mTag, "Window " + mView + ": measured ("
                        + host.getMeasuredWidth() + "," + host.getMeasuredHeight()
                        + ") from width spec: " + MeasureSpec.toString(childWidthMeasureSpec)
                        + " and height spec: " + MeasureSpec.toString(childHeightMeasureSpec));
                if ((host.getMeasuredWidthAndState()&View.MEASURED_STATE_TOO_SMALL) == 0) {
                    goodMeasure = true;
                } else {
                    // Didn't fit in that size... try expanding a bit.
                    baseSize = (baseSize+desiredWindowWidth)/2;
                    if (DEBUG_DIALOG) Log.v(mTag, "Window " + mView + ": next baseSize="
                            + baseSize);
                    childWidthMeasureSpec = getRootMeasureSpec(baseSize, lp.width);
                    performMeasure(childWidthMeasureSpec, childHeightMeasureSpec);
                    if (DEBUG_DIALOG) Log.v(mTag, "Window " + mView + ": measured ("
                            + host.getMeasuredWidth() + "," + host.getMeasuredHeight() + ")");
                    if ((host.getMeasuredWidthAndState()&View.MEASURED_STATE_TOO_SMALL) == 0) {
                        if (DEBUG_DIALOG) Log.v(mTag, "Good!");
                        goodMeasure = true;
                    }
                }
            }
        }
       

接着将这两个测量值传入performMeasure(childWidthMeasureSpec, childHeightMeasureSpec);

private void performMeasure(int childWidthMeasureSpec, int childHeightMeasureSpec) {
        Trace.traceBegin(Trace.TRACE_TAG_VIEW, "measure");
        try {
            mView.measure(childWidthMeasureSpec, childHeightMeasureSpec);
        } finally {
            Trace.traceEnd(Trace.TRACE_TAG_VIEW);
        }
    }

在这个方法中接着调用mView.measure（…）方法测量DecorView的宽高值。measure（）方法被final修饰，不能重写，因此在该方法中对DecorView的宽高进行适配后会调用onMeasure（…）传入适配后的宽高值，最后调用setMeasureDimension（…）方法。如果不调用此方法会报错。

public final void measure(int widthMeasureSpec, int heightMeasureSpec) {
        boolean optical = isLayoutModeOptical(this);
        if (optical != isLayoutModeOptical(mParent)) {
            Insets insets = getOpticalInsets();
            int oWidth  = insets.left + insets.right;
            int oHeight = insets.top  + insets.bottom;
            widthMeasureSpec  = MeasureSpec.adjust(widthMeasureSpec,  optical ? -oWidth  : oWidth);
            heightMeasureSpec = MeasureSpec.adjust(heightMeasureSpec, optical ? -oHeight : oHeight);
        }

        // Suppress sign extension for the low bytes
        long key = (long) widthMeasureSpec << 32 | (long) heightMeasureSpec & 0xffffffffL;
        if (mMeasureCache == null) mMeasureCache = new LongSparseLongArray(2);

        final boolean forceLayout = (mPrivateFlags & PFLAG_FORCE_LAYOUT) == PFLAG_FORCE_LAYOUT;

        // Optimize layout by avoiding an extra EXACTLY pass when the view is
        // already measured as the correct size. In API 23 and below, this
        // extra pass is required to make LinearLayout re-distribute weight.
        final boolean specChanged = widthMeasureSpec != mOldWidthMeasureSpec
                || heightMeasureSpec != mOldHeightMeasureSpec;
        final boolean isSpecExactly = MeasureSpec.getMode(widthMeasureSpec) == MeasureSpec.EXACTLY
                && MeasureSpec.getMode(heightMeasureSpec) == MeasureSpec.EXACTLY;
        final boolean matchesSpecSize = getMeasuredWidth() == MeasureSpec.getSize(widthMeasureSpec)
                && getMeasuredHeight() == MeasureSpec.getSize(heightMeasureSpec);
        final boolean needsLayout = specChanged
                && (sAlwaysRemeasureExactly || !isSpecExactly || !matchesSpecSize);

        if (forceLayout || needsLayout) {
            // first clears the measured dimension flag
            mPrivateFlags &= ~PFLAG_MEASURED_DIMENSION_SET;

            resolveRtlPropertiesIfNeeded();

            int cacheIndex = forceLayout ? -1 : mMeasureCache.indexOfKey(key);
            if (cacheIndex < 0 || sIgnoreMeasureCache) {
                // measure ourselves, this should set the measured dimension flag back
                onMeasure(widthMeasureSpec, heightMeasureSpec);
                mPrivateFlags3 &= ~PFLAG3_MEASURE_NEEDED_BEFORE_LAYOUT;
            } else {
                long value = mMeasureCache.valueAt(cacheIndex);
                // Casting a long to int drops the high 32 bits, no mask needed
                setMeasuredDimensionRaw((int) (value >> 32), (int) value);
                mPrivateFlags3 |= PFLAG3_MEASURE_NEEDED_BEFORE_LAYOUT;
            }

            // flag not set, setMeasuredDimension() was not invoked, we raise
            // an exception to warn the developer
            if ((mPrivateFlags & PFLAG_MEASURED_DIMENSION_SET) != PFLAG_MEASURED_DIMENSION_SET) {
                throw new IllegalStateException("View with id " + getId() + ": "
                        + getClass().getName() + "#onMeasure() did not set the"
                        + " measured dimension by calling"
                        + " setMeasuredDimension()");
            }

            mPrivateFlags |= PFLAG_LAYOUT_REQUIRED;
        }

        mOldWidthMeasureSpec = widthMeasureSpec;
        mOldHeightMeasureSpec = heightMeasureSpec;

        mMeasureCache.put(key, ((long) mMeasuredWidth) << 32 |
                (long) mMeasuredHeight & 0xffffffffL); // suppress sign extension
    }

 protected void onMeasure(int widthMeasureSpec, int heightMeasureSpec) {
        setMeasuredDimension(getDefaultSize(getSuggestedMinimumWidth(), widthMeasureSpec),
                getDefaultSize(getSuggestedMinimumHeight(), heightMeasureSpec));
    }

接着在getDefaultSize方法中会根据父View传过来的测量值和测量方式，和子View的测量值和方式进行适配最后返回。

public static int getDefaultSize(int size, int measureSpec) {
        int result = size;
        int specMode = MeasureSpec.getMode(measureSpec);
        int specSize = MeasureSpec.getSize(measureSpec);

        switch (specMode) {
        case MeasureSpec.UNSPECIFIED:
            result = size;
            break;
        case MeasureSpec.AT_MOST:
        case MeasureSpec.EXACTLY:
            result = specSize;
            break;
        }
        return result;
    }

这是一次基础的View测量流程，但是我们在测量时，如果遇到ViewGroup会怎么办呢？接下来，我们对其展开分析。在ViewGroup中实现了measureChildren等方法，实现对子View的测量遍历。对于子View的测量，我们会根据传入的父View的属性以及子View的属性进行适配，通过getChildMeasureSpec方法，返回子View的MeasureSpec

public static int getChildMeasureSpec(int spec, int padding, int childDimension) {
        int specMode = MeasureSpec.getMode(spec);
        int specSize = MeasureSpec.getSize(spec);

        int size = Math.max(0, specSize - padding);

        int resultSize = 0;
        int resultMode = 0;

        switch (specMode) {
        // Parent has imposed an exact size on us
        case MeasureSpec.EXACTLY:
            if (childDimension >= 0) {
                resultSize = childDimension;
                resultMode = MeasureSpec.EXACTLY;
            } else if (childDimension == LayoutParams.MATCH_PARENT) {
                // Child wants to be our size. So be it.
                resultSize = size;
                resultMode = MeasureSpec.EXACTLY;
            } else if (childDimension == LayoutParams.WRAP_CONTENT) {
                // Child wants to determine its own size. It can't be
                // bigger than us.
                resultSize = size;
                resultMode = MeasureSpec.AT_MOST;
            }
            break;

        // Parent has imposed a maximum size on us
        case MeasureSpec.AT_MOST:
            if (childDimension >= 0) {
                // Child wants a specific size... so be it
                resultSize = childDimension;
                resultMode = MeasureSpec.EXACTLY;
            } else if (childDimension == LayoutParams.MATCH_PARENT) {
                // Child wants to be our size, but our size is not fixed.
                // Constrain child to not be bigger than us.
                resultSize = size;
                resultMode = MeasureSpec.AT_MOST;
            } else if (childDimension == LayoutParams.WRAP_CONTENT) {
                // Child wants to determine its own size. It can't be
                // bigger than us.
                resultSize = size;
                resultMode = MeasureSpec.AT_MOST;
            }
            break;

        // Parent asked to see how big we want to be
        case MeasureSpec.UNSPECIFIED:
            if (childDimension >= 0) {
                // Child wants a specific size... let him have it
                resultSize = childDimension;
                resultMode = MeasureSpec.EXACTLY;
            } else if (childDimension == LayoutParams.MATCH_PARENT) {
                // Child wants to be our size... find out how big it should
                // be
                resultSize = View.sUseZeroUnspecifiedMeasureSpec ? 0 : size;
                resultMode = MeasureSpec.UNSPECIFIED;
            } else if (childDimension == LayoutParams.WRAP_CONTENT) {
                // Child wants to determine its own size.... find out how
                // big it should be
                resultSize = View.sUseZeroUnspecifiedMeasureSpec ? 0 : size;
                resultMode = MeasureSpec.UNSPECIFIED;
            }
            break;
        }
        //noinspection ResourceType
        return MeasureSpec.makeMeasureSpec(resultSize, resultMode);
    }

最后调用子View的measure方法，计算后调用onMeasure方法完成测量。
Measure总结

• View的measure方法是final修饰的，不能重写。
• 顶层DecorView的尺寸通过getRootMeasureSpec方法测得。
• getMeasureWidth和getMeasureHeight方法必须在调用了onMeasure之后返回值才有效。
• View的布局大小由自身和父View决定
• ViewGroup的子类必须要求LayoutParams继承MarginLayoutParams，否则无法使用layout_margin等参数

**

• Layout

**
Layout过程和测量过程类似，首先调用layout方法，传入4个参数，对应View的四条边相对于父View的距离，然后会根据View的位置是否发生改变去选择调用两个方法。最后调用onLayout方法，在这里我们需要注意是，View的Layout方法是一个空实现，但ViewGroup的Layout方法是一个抽象方法，需要我们重写，因为父布局的属性不同会影响子View的排列。举个例子，FrameLayout的onLayout方法

 protected void onLayout(boolean changed, int left, int top, int right, int bottom) {
        layoutChildren(left, top, right, bottom, false /* no force left gravity */);
    }

void layoutChildren(int left, int top, int right, int bottom, boolean forceLeftGravity) {
        final int count = getChildCount();

        final int parentLeft = getPaddingLeftWithForeground();
        final int parentRight = right - left - getPaddingRightWithForeground();

        final int parentTop = getPaddingTopWithForeground();
        final int parentBottom = bottom - top - getPaddingBottomWithForeground();

        for (int i = 0; i < count; i++) {
            final View child = getChildAt(i);
            if (child.getVisibility() != GONE) {
                final LayoutParams lp = (LayoutParams) child.getLayoutParams();

                final int width = child.getMeasuredWidth();
                final int height = child.getMeasuredHeight();

                int childLeft;
                int childTop;

                int gravity = lp.gravity;
                if (gravity == -1) {
                    gravity = DEFAULT_CHILD_GRAVITY;
                }

                final int layoutDirection = getLayoutDirection();
                final int absoluteGravity = Gravity.getAbsoluteGravity(gravity, layoutDirection);
                final int verticalGravity = gravity & Gravity.VERTICAL_GRAVITY_MASK;

                switch (absoluteGravity & Gravity.HORIZONTAL_GRAVITY_MASK) {
                    case Gravity.CENTER_HORIZONTAL:
                        childLeft = parentLeft + (parentRight - parentLeft - width) / 2 +
                        lp.leftMargin - lp.rightMargin;
                        break;
                    case Gravity.RIGHT:
                        if (!forceLeftGravity) {
                            childLeft = parentRight - width - lp.rightMargin;
                            break;
                        }
                    case Gravity.LEFT:
                    default:
                        childLeft = parentLeft + lp.leftMargin;
                }

                switch (verticalGravity) {
                    case Gravity.TOP:
                        childTop = parentTop + lp.topMargin;
                        break;
                    case Gravity.CENTER_VERTICAL:
                        childTop = parentTop + (parentBottom - parentTop - height) / 2 +
                        lp.topMargin - lp.bottomMargin;
                        break;
                    case Gravity.BOTTOM:
                        childTop = parentBottom - height - lp.bottomMargin;
                        break;
                    default:
                        childTop = parentTop + lp.topMargin;
                }

                child.layout(childLeft, childTop, childLeft + width, childTop + height);
            }
        }
    }

在该方法中会根据设置的边距等属性进行计算，最后调用child的layout方法对子View进行布局调整。
Layout总结

• getHeight和getWidth方法需要在调用了onLayout方法后才能调用返回值。
• ViewGroup的onLayout方法是抽象方法，需要重写，View的onLayout方法是一个空方法
• view的layout可以重写，Viewgroup的layout是final修饰

Draw

ViewGroup没有重写draw方法，View重写draw方法主要是以下四点

• 绘制View背景
• 绘制View本身，调用onDraw方法
• 绘制View的子View，调用dispatchdraw方法
• 绘制view的滚动条

Draw总结

• 如果是ViewGroup，会依次调用子View的draw方法
• View默认不会绘制任何内容，绘制需要在子View中进行
• View调用onDraw方法绘制本身，借助传入的Canvas执行
• View的动画可以通过setAnimation添加，ViewGroup通过在xml在设置layoutAnimation属性添加
• ViewGroup的drawChild绘制顺序和子View添加顺序一致