父节点和祖先节点
如果要获取某个节点元素的父节点，可以调用parent属性：
html = """
<html>
<head>
<title>The Dormouse's story</title>
</head>
<body>
<p class="story">
Once upon a time there were three little sisters; and their names were
<a href="http://example.com/elsie" class="sister" id="link1">
<span>Elsie</span>
</a>
</p>
<p class="story">...</p>
"""
from bs4 import BeautifulSoup
soup = BeautifulSoup(html, 'lxml')
print(soup.a.parent)
运行结果如下：
<p class="story">
Once upon a time there were three little sisters; and their names were
<a class="sister" href="http://example.com/elsie" id="link1">
<span>Elsie</span>
</a>
</p>
这里我们选择的是第一个a节点的父节点元素。很明显，它的父节点是p节点，输出结果便是p节点及其内部的内容。
需要注意的是，这里输出的仅仅是a节点的直接父节点，而没有再向外寻找父节点的祖先节点。如果想获取所有的祖先节点，可以调用parents属性：
html = """
<html>
<body>
<p class="story">
<a href="http://example.com/elsie" class="sister" id="link1">
<span>Elsie</span>
</a>
</p>
"""
from bs4 import BeautifulSoup
soup = BeautifulSoup(html, 'lxml')
print(type(soup.a.parents))
print(list(enumerate(soup.a.parents)))
运行结果如下：
<class 'generator'>
[(0, <p class="story">
<a class="sister" href="http://example.com/elsie" id="link1">
<span>Elsie</span>
</a>
</p>), (1, <body>
<p class="story">
<a class="sister" href="http://example.com/elsie" id="link1">
<span>Elsie</span>
</a>
</p>
</body>), (2, <html>
<body>
<p class="story">
<a class="sister" href="http://example.com/elsie" id="link1">
<span>Elsie</span>
</a>
</p>
</body></html>), (3, <html>
<body>
<p class="story">
<a class="sister" href="http://example.com/elsie" id="link1">
<span>Elsie</span>
</a>
</p>
</body></html>)]
可以发现，返回结果是生成器类型。这里用列表输出了它的索引和内容，而列表中的元素就是a节点的祖先节点。
兄弟节点
兄弟节点的获取方式：
html = """
<html>
<body>
<p class="story">
Once upon a time there were little sisters; and their names were
<a href="http://example.com/elsie" class="sister" id="link1">
<span>Elsie</span>
</a>
Hello
<a href="http://example.com/lacie" class="sister" id="link2">Lacie</a>
and
<a href="http://example.com/tillie" class="sister" id="link3">Tillie</a>
and they lived at the bottom of a well.
</p>
"""
from bs4 import BeautifulSoup
soup = BeautifulSoup(html, 'lxml')
print('Next Sibling', soup.a.next_sibling)
print('Prev Sibling', soup.a.previous_sibling)
print('Next Siblings', list(enumerate(soup.a.next_siblings)))
print('Prev Siblings', list(enumerate(soup.a.previous_siblings)))
运行结果如下：
Next Sibling
Hello
Prev Sibling
Once upon a time there were little sisters; and their names were
Next Siblings [(0, '\n Hello\n'), (1, <a class="sister" href="http://example.com/lacie" id="link2">Lacie</a>), (2, '\n and\n'), (3, <a class="sister" href="http://example.com/tillie" id="link3">Tillie</a>), (4, '\n and they lived at the bottom of a well.\n')]
Prev Siblings [(0, '\n Once upon a time there were little sisters; and their names were\n')]
可以看到，这里调用了4个属性，其中next_sibling和previous_sibling分别获取节点的下一个和上一个兄弟元素，next_siblings和previous_siblings则分别返回所有前面和后面的兄弟节点的生成器。