9.12 1st class content
Compter science major study content：
- Algorithms
- Programming
- Abstraction
- Internet
- Creativity
- Impact
- Date
Algorithm is a set of steps that defines how a test is performed.
Program is a representation of an algorithm.
Programming is the process of developing a program.
Software is Programs and algorithms.
Hardware is equipments or machinery.
1,Algorithm
The study of algorithm was originally a subject in mathematics.
Algorithm can help we to solve many questions,but what we have to know is according to Godel’s Incompleteness Theorem,actually we can’t solve every problem with it.
2,history
The early computing devices such as abacus,watch had appealed in early days,including the famous Chinese Wooden Abacus.After 1800,we had the first data storage,Jacquard Loom(a kind of weaving machine).But the data storage started to be famous is about 1970s,people started to use it to storage they personal documents, images,videos etc.
In 1946,the first computer operate with electricity come into world,which is called electronic numerical integrator and calculator(ENIAC),made by Mauchly and Eckert at U. of Penn.This machine is very large and heavy, its reach the weight of 30 tons, and made of 18800 vacuum tubes, at that time(about 1937-1941),vacuum tubes was widely used in electronic field.
In 1981,IBM produce the first PC(which company also built the first computer based on mechanical relays,Mark 1).Different from the other compiter,this kind is accepted by business, and become the standard hardware design for most desktop computer, at that time,most PCs use software from Microsoft.
In recent years, computer come into its golden age, the technology have a quick develop.People create the World Wide Web,and use search engines to collecting all the information, these series of change is called as Internet revolutionized communications.Another change is computing machines becoming tinier(miniaturization), and more portable.Embedded computing machines have been widely use, such as GPS,in automobile engines, and our daily tools,smartphones.
Outline of our study
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Chapter1:Data Storage
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Chapter2:Data Manipulation
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Chapter3:Operating Systems
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Chapter4:Networks and Internet
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Chapter5:Algorithms
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Chapter6:Programming Languages
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Chapter7:Software Engineering
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Chapter8:Data Abstractions
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Chapter9:Database Systems
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Chapter10:Computer Graphics
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Chapter11:Artigicial Intelligence
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Chapter12:Theory of Computation
The Overarching Themes Of Computer Science
Algorithms ,Abstraction,Creativity,Data,Programing,Internet and Impact.
(1)Algorithms
Algorithms draws knowledge from many other subjects,including mathematics, engineering, psychology etc.
The central role of algorithms in computer science:limitations of algorithms,execution of algorithms,communication of algorithms,representation of algorithms,discovery of algorithms ,analysis of algorithms, application of algorithms.
(2)Abstraction
Distinguish the external properties of an entity and the details of the entity’s internal composition.
Abstract tool: A “component” that can be used without concern for the component’s internal properties
(3)Creativity
Creativity is a inherently part of computer science.
People discovering and applying algorithms in life, and extend forms of expression in many ways.
(4)Data
Computers can represent any information that can be discretized and digitized.
Algorithms can process or transform such digitally represented information in a dizzying variety of way.
Data use to storage in Massive storage capacities and High speed networks.
(5)Programming
Programming is broadly referred to as:Translating human intentions into executable algorithms.But computer hardware is capable of executing only relatively simple algorithmic steps, so people reason and encode solutions to complex problems, this process is named abstraction.
(6)Internet
Internet has profound impact in the way that:
- Stored information
- Retrieved information
- Shared information
(7)Impact
The impact of computer science including the part of Social,Ethical,Legal.And they have 4 section detailedly:
- Security concerns
- Issues of software ownership and liabilities
- Social impact of database technology
- Consequences of artificial intelligence
And there have not a correct answers, instead increase awareness of: - Various stakeholders
- Alternatives
- Short term and long term consequences
And they all base on the character-based ethics.
"Good Behavior"is a consequence of "Good Character"
Vocabulary and Terminology
A set of 一系列
A deck of 一副
Thoroughly 彻底
Patter 诡计
Thumb 拇指
Curve 曲线
Stack 一叠（整齐的），栈
Execute 执行
Concave 凹下
Convex 凸起
Division 除法
Incompleteness 不完备的
Solution 解
Address cell 地址单元
Positive/Negative integer 正/负数
Assume 假设
Common 公共
Assign 赋值
Respectively 分开的
Call 调用
Mod 求余
Bead 珠子
Pattern 模式
Vacuum 真空
Integrate 积分
Calculus 微积分
Embedded 嵌入式
Communication 通信
Characteristic 特征
Manipulate 小型化
Distinction 分开的
Internal 内部
External 外部
Entity 实体
Component 构件，电子元件，零部件
Discretized 离散的
Process 处理
Dizzy 眼花缭乱的
Capacity 储存器
Approximate 近似
Analog 比喻，模拟（Analog artifacts模拟信号）
Procedure 过程（小程序）
Gear 齿轮
Miniaturization 小型化
Properties 属性
Inherently 固有的
Ramifications 影响
Ever-growing 不断增长
Detect 检测
Ramifications 影响，后果
Interconnected 相互关联的
Executable 可执行的
Capable 能干的
Encode 编码
Document 记录
Retrieve 检索
Profound 巨大的
Ethical 道德
Issue 问题
Liability 责任
Consequence 后果
Stakeholders 利益相关者
Massive 大的
Capacity 容器
Networks is smaller than Internet