day17(Alex python)

周末停更。

首先补充一下上篇博客多线程的内容：

Python GIL(Global Interpreter Lock)　　

In CPython, the global interpreter lock, or GIL, is a mutex that prevents multiple native threads from executing Python bytecodes at once. This lock is necessary mainly because CPython’s memory management is not thread-safe. (However, since the GIL exists, other features have grown to depend on the guarantees that it enforces.)

上面的核心意思就是，无论你启多少个线程，你有多少个cpu, Python在执行的时候会淡定的在同一时刻只允许一个线程运行，擦。。。，那这还叫什么多线程呀？莫如此早的下结结论，听我现场讲。

首先需要明确的一点是GIL并不是Python的特性，它是在实现Python解析器(CPython)时所引入的一个概念。就好比C++是一套语言（语法）标准，但是可以用不同的编译器来编译成可执行代码。有名的编译器例如GCC，INTEL C++，Visual C++等。Python也一样，同样一段代码可以通过CPython，PyPy，Psyco等不同的Python执行环境来执行。像其中的JPython就没有GIL。然而因为CPython是大部分环境下默认的Python执行环境。所以在很多人的概念里CPython就是Python，也就想当然的把GIL归结为Python语言的缺陷。所以这里要先明确一点：GIL并不是Python的特性，Python完全可以不依赖于GIL

这篇文章透彻的剖析了GIL对python多线程的影响，强烈推荐看一下：http://www.dabeaz.com/python/UnderstandingGIL.pdf

线程锁(互斥锁Mutex)

一个进程下可以启动多个线程，多个线程共享父进程的内存空间，也就意味着每个线程可以访问同一份数据，此时，如果2个线程同时要修改同一份数据，会出现什么状况？

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import time

import threading

def addNum():

global num #在每个线程中都获取这个全局变量

print('--get num:',num )

time.sleep(1)

num -=1 #对此公共变量进行-1操作

num = 100 #设定一个共享变量

thread_list = []

for i in range(100):

t = threading.Thread(target=addNum)

t.start()

thread_list.append(t)

for t in thread_list: #等待所有线程执行完毕

t.join()

print('final num:', num )

正常来讲，这个num结果应该是0，但在python 2.7上多运行几次，会发现，最后打印出来的num结果不总是0，为什么每次运行的结果不一样呢？哈，很简单，假设你有A,B两个线程，此时都要对num 进行减1操作，由于2个线程是并发同时运行的，所以2个线程很有可能同时拿走了num=100这个初始变量交给cpu去运算，当A线程去处完的结果是99，但此时B线程运算完的结果也是99，两个线程同时CPU运算的结果再赋值给num变量后，结果就都是99。那怎么办呢？很简单，每个线程在要修改公共数据时，为了避免自己在还没改完的时候别人也来修改此数据，可以给这个数据加一把锁，这样其它线程想修改此数据时就必须等待你修改完毕并把锁释放掉后才能再访问此数据。

*注：不要在3.x上运行，不知为什么，3.x上的结果总是正确的，可能是自动加了锁

加锁版本

import time

import threading

def addNum():

global num #在每个线程中都获取这个全局变量

print('--get num:',num )

time.sleep(1)

lock.acquire() #修改数据前加锁

num -=1 #对此公共变量进行-1操作

lock.release() #修改后释放

num = 100 #设定一个共享变量

thread_list = []

lock = threading.Lock() #生成全局锁

for i in range(100):

t = threading.Thread(target=addNum)

t.start()

thread_list.append(t)

for t in thread_list: #等待所有线程执行完毕

t.join()

print('final num:', num )

import threading
import time

def run(n):
    lock.acquire()
    global  num
    num +=1
    time.sleep(1)
    lock.release()


lock = threading.Lock()
num = 0
t_objs = [] #存线程实例
for i in range(50):
    t = threading.Thread(target=run,args=("t-%s" %i ,))
    t.start()
    t_objs.append(t) #为了不阻塞后面线程的启动，不在这里join，先放到一个列表里

for t in t_objs: #循环线程实例列表，等待所有线程执行完毕
    t.join()

print("----------all threads has finished...",threading.current_thread(),threading.active_count())

print("num:",num)

RLock（递归锁）

说白了就是在一个大锁中还要再包含子锁

import threading, time

def run1():
    print("grab the first part data")
    lock.acquire()
    global num
    num += 1
    lock.release()
    return num

def run2():
    print("grab the second part data")
    lock.acquire()
    global num2
    num2 += 1
    lock.release()
    return num2

def run3():
    lock.acquire()
    res = run1()
    print('--------between run1 and run2-----')
    res2 = run2()
    lock.release()
    print(res, res2)


num, num2 = 0, 0
lock = threading.RLock()
for i in range(1):
    t = threading.Thread(target=run3)
    t.start()

while threading.active_count() != 1:
    print(threading.active_count())
else:
    print('----all threads done---')
    print(num, num2)

信号量

互斥锁同时只允许一个线程更改数据，而Semaphore是同时允许一定数量的线程更改数据，比如厕所有3个坑，那最多只允许3个人上厕所，后面的人只能等里面有人出来了才能再进去。

import threading, time


def run(n):
    semaphore.acquire()
    time.sleep(1)
    print("run the thread: %s\n" % n)
    semaphore.release()

if __name__ == '__main__':
    semaphore = threading.BoundedSemaphore(5)  # 最多允许5个线程同时运行
    for i in range(22):
        t = threading.Thread(target=run, args=(i,))
        t.start()
while threading.active_count() != 1:
    pass  # print threading.active_count()
else:
    print('----all threads done---')
    #print(num)

Timer

This class represents an action that should be run only after a certain amount of time has passed

Timers are started, as with threads, by calling their start() method. The timer can be stopped (before its action has begun) by calling thecancel() method. The interval the timer will wait before executing its action may not be exactly the same as the interval specified by the user.

def hello():

print("hello, world")

t = Timer(30.0, hello)

t.start() # after 30 seconds, "hello, world" will be printed

Events

An event is a simple synchronization object;

the event represents an internal flag, and threads
can wait for the flag to be set, or set or clear the flag themselves.

event = threading.Event()

# a client thread can wait for the flag to be set
event.wait()

# a server thread can set or reset it
event.set()
event.clear()
If the flag is set, the wait method doesn’t do anything.
If the flag is cleared, wait will block until it becomes set again.
Any number of threads may wait for the same event.

通过Event来实现两个或多个线程间的交互，下面是一个红绿灯的例子，即起动一个线程做交通指挥灯，生成几个线程做车辆，车辆行驶按红灯停，绿灯行的规则。

import time
import threading


event = threading.Event()

def lighter():
    count = 0
    event.set() #先设置绿灯
    while True:
        if count >5 and count < 10: #改成红灯
            event.clear() #把标志位清了
            print("\033[41;1mred light is on....\033[0m")
        elif count >10:
            event.set() #变绿灯
            count = 0
        else:
            print("\033[42;1mgreen light is on....\033[0m")
        time.sleep(1)
        count +=1

def car(name):
    while True:
        if event.is_set(): #代表绿灯
            print("[%s] running..."% name )
            time.sleep(1)
        else:
            print("[%s] sees red light , waiting...." %name)
            event.wait()
            print("\033[34;1m[%s] green light is on, start going...\033[0m" %name)


light = threading.Thread(target=lighter,)
light.start()

car1 = threading.Thread(target=car,args=("Tesla",))
car1.start()

queue队列

queue is especially useful in threaded programming when information must be exchanged safely between multiple threads.

class queue.Queue(maxsize=0) #先入先出

class queue.LifoQueue(maxsize=0) #last in fisrt out

class queue.PriorityQueue(maxsize=0) #存储数据时可设置优先级的队列

Constructor for a priority queue. maxsize is an integer that sets the upperbound limit on the number of items that can be placed in the queue. Insertion will block once this size has been reached, until queue items are consumed. If maxsize is less than or equal to zero, the queue size is infinite.

The lowest valued entries are retrieved first (the lowest valued entry is the one returned by sorted(list(entries))[0]). A typical pattern for entries is a tuple in the form: (priority_number, data).

exception queue.Empty

Exception raised when non-blocking get() (or get_nowait()) is called on a Queue object which is empty.

exception queue.Full

Exception raised when non-blocking put() (or put_nowait()) is called on a Queue object which is full.

Queue.qsize()

Queue.empty() #return True if empty

Queue.full() # return True if full

Queue.put(item, block=True, timeout=None)

Put item into the queue. If optional args block is true and timeout is None (the default), block if necessary until a free slot is available. If timeout is a positive number, it blocks at most timeout seconds and raises the Full exception if no free slot was available within that time. Otherwise (block is false), put an item on the queue if a free slot is immediately available, else raise the Full exception (timeout is ignored in that case).

Queue.put_nowait(item)

Equivalent to put(item, False).

Queue.get(block=True, timeout=None)

Remove and return an item from the queue. If optional args block is true and timeout is None (the default), block if necessary until an item is available. If timeout is a positive number, it blocks at most timeout seconds and raises the Empty exception if no item was available within that time. Otherwise (block is false), return an item if one is immediately available, else raise the Empty exception (timeout is ignored in that case).

Queue.get_nowait()

Equivalent to get(False).

Two methods are offered to support tracking whether enqueued tasks have been fully processed by daemon consumer threads.

Queue.task_done()

Indicate that a formerly enqueued task is complete. Used by queue consumer threads. For each get() used to fetch a task, a subsequent call to task_done() tells the queue that the processing on the task is complete.

If a join() is currently blocking, it will resume when all items have been processed (meaning that a task_done() call was received for every item that had been put() into the queue).

Raises a ValueError if called more times than there were items placed in the queue.

Queue.join() block直到queue被消费完毕

import queue

q = queue.PriorityQueue()  #优先级排

q.put((-1,"chenronghua"))
q.put((3,"hanyang"))
q.put((10,"alex"))
q.put((6,"wangsen"))

print(q.get())
print(q.get())
print(q.get())
print(q.get())

 # q  = queue.LifoQueue()  #先入后出
 # 
 # q.put(1)
 # q.put(2)
 # q.put(3)
 # print(q.get())
 # print(q.get())
 # print(q.get())

生产者消费者模型

在并发编程中使用生产者和消费者模式能够解决绝大多数并发问题。该模式通过平衡生产线程和消费线程的工作能力来提高程序的整体处理数据的速度。

为什么要使用生产者和消费者模式

在线程世界里，生产者就是生产数据的线程，消费者就是消费数据的线程。在多线程开发当中，如果生产者处理速度很快，而消费者处理速度很慢，那么生产者就必须等待消费者处理完，才能继续生产数据。同样的道理，如果消费者的处理能力大于生产者，那么消费者就必须等待生产者。为了解决这个问题于是引入了生产者和消费者模式。

什么是生产者消费者模式

生产者消费者模式是通过一个容器来解决生产者和消费者的强耦合问题。生产者和消费者彼此之间不直接通讯，而通过阻塞队列来进行通讯，所以生产者生产完数据之后不用等待消费者处理，直接扔给阻塞队列，消费者不找生产者要数据，而是直接从阻塞队列里取，阻塞队列就相当于一个缓冲区，平衡了生产者和消费者的处理能力。

下面来学习一个最基本的生产者消费者模型的例子：

import threading,time
import queue

q = queue.Queue(maxsize=10)

def Producer(name):
    count = 1
    while True:
        q.put("骨头%s" % count)
        print("生产了骨头",count)
        count +=1
        time.sleep(0.1)

def  Consumer(name):
    #while q.qsize()>0:
    while True:
        print("[%s] 取到[%s] 并且吃了它..." %(name, q.get()))
        time.sleep(1)

p = threading.Thread(target=Producer,args=("Agentxu",))
c = threading.Thread(target=Consumer,args=("Agentsun",))
c1 = threading.Thread(target=Consumer,args=("Agent",))

p.start()
c.start()
c1.start()

Python GIL(Global Interpreter Lock)

queue队列

生产者消费者模型

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