1. 概述
在Linux设备模型中，bus（总线）是一类特殊的设备，它是连接处理器和其它设备之间的通道（channel）。为了方便设备模型的实现，内核规定，系统中的每个设备都要连接在一个Bus上，这个Bus可以是一个内部Bus、虚拟Bus或者Platform Bus。
内核通过struct bus_type结构，抽象bus，它是在include/linux/device.h中定义的。本文会围绕该结构，描述Linux内核中bus的功能，以及相关的实现逻辑。最后，会简单的介绍一些标准的bus（如platform），介绍它们的用途、它们的使用场景。
2. 功能说明
描述功能前，先介绍一下该模块的一些核心数据结构，对bus模块而言，核心数据结构就是struct bus_type，另外，还有一个sub system相关的结构，会一并说明。
/**
* struct bus_type - The bus type of the device
*
* @name: The name of the bus.
* @dev_name: Used for subsystems to enumerate devices like ("foo%u", dev->id).
* @dev_root: Default device to use as the parent.
* @dev_attrs: Default attributes of the devices on the bus.
* @bus_groups: Default attributes of the bus.
* @dev_groups: Default attributes of the devices on the bus.
* @drv_groups: Default attributes of the device drivers on the bus.
* @match: Called, perhaps multiple times, whenever a new device or driver
* is added for this bus. It should return a positive value if the
* given device can be handled by the given driver and zero
* otherwise. It may also return error code if determining that
* the driver supports the device is not possible. In case of
* -EPROBE_DEFER it will queue the device for deferred probing.
* @uevent: Called when a device is added, removed, or a few other things
* that generate uevents to add the environment variables.
* @probe: Called when a new device or driver add to this bus, and callback
* the specific driver's probe to initial the matched device.
* @remove: Called when a device removed from this bus.
* @shutdown: Called at shut-down time to quiesce the device.
*
* @online: Called to put the device back online (after offlining it).
* @offline: Called to put the device offline for hot-removal. May fail.
*
* @suspend: Called when a device on this bus wants to go to sleep mode.
* @resume: Called to bring a device on this bus out of sleep mode.
* @pm: Power management operations of this bus, callback the specific
* device driver's pm-ops.
* @iommu_ops: IOMMU specific operations for this bus, used to attach IOMMU
* driver implementations to a bus and allow the driver to do
* bus-specific setup
* @p: The private data of the driver core, only the driver core can
* touch this.
* @lock_key: Lock class key for use by the lock validator
*
* A bus is a channel between the processor and one or more devices. For the
* purposes of the device model, all devices are connected via a bus, even if
* it is an internal, virtual, "platform" bus. Buses can plug into each other.
* A USB controller is usually a PCI device, for example. The device model
* represents the actual connections between buses and the devices they control.
* A bus is represented by the bus_type structure. It contains the name, the
* default attributes, the bus' methods, PM operations, and the driver core's
* private data.
*/
struct bus_type {
const char *name;
const char *dev_name;
struct device *dev_root;
struct device_attribute *dev_attrs; /* use dev_groups instead */
const struct attribute_group **bus_groups;
const struct attribute_group **dev_groups;
const struct attribute_group **drv_groups;
int (*match)(struct device *dev, struct device_driver *drv);
int (*uevent)(struct device *dev, struct kobj_uevent_env *env);
int (*probe)(struct device *dev);
int (*remove)(struct device *dev);
void (*shutdown)(struct device *dev);
int (*online)(struct device *dev);
int (*offline)(struct device *dev);
int (*suspend)(struct device *dev, pm_message_t state);
int (*resume)(struct device *dev);
const struct dev_pm_ops *pm;
const struct iommu_ops *iommu_ops;
struct subsys_private *p;
struct lock_class_key lock_key;
};
name，该bus的名称，会在sysfs中以目录的形式存在，如platform bus在sysfs中表现为"/sys/bus/platform”。
dev_name，该名称和Linux设备模型五（device和device driver）所讲述的struct device结构中的init_name有关。对有些设备而言（例如批量化的USB设备），设计者根本就懒得为它起名字的，而内核也支持这种懒惰，允许将设备的名字留空。这样当设备注册到内核后，设备模型的核心逻辑就会用"bus->dev_name+device ID”的形式，为这样的设备生成一个名称。用官方翻译说：用于子系统枚举像（“foo％u”，dev-> id）这样的设备
dev_attr，总线上设备的默认属性
bus_groups、bus_groups、bus_groups，一些默认的attribute，可以在bus、device或者device_driver添加到内核时，自动为它们添加相应的attribute。（老一些版本的内核是叫device_attribute，driver_attribute，bus_attribute作用是一样的）
dev_root，根据内核的注释，dev_root设备为bus的默认父设备（Default device to use as the parent），但在内核实际实现中，只和一个叫sub system的功能有关，随后会介绍。
match，一个由具体的bus driver实现的回调函数。当任何属于该Bus的device或者device_driver添加到内核时，内核都会调用该接口，如果新加的device或device_driver匹配上了自己的另一半的话，该接口要返回非零值，此时bus模块的核心逻辑就会执行后续的处理。
uevent，一个由具体的bus driver实现的回调函数。当任何属于该Bus的device，发生添加、移除或者其它动作时，bus模块的核心逻辑就会调用该接口，以便bus driver能够修改环境变量。
probe、remove，这两个回调函数，和device_driver中的非常类似，但它们的存在是非常有意义的。可以想象一下，如果需要probe（其实就是初始化）指定的device话，需要保证该device所在的bus是被初始化过、确保能正确工作的。这就要就在执行device_driver的probe前，先执行它的bus的probe。remove的过程相反。
注1：并不是所有的bus都需要probe和remove接口的，因为对有些bus来说（例如platform bus），它本身就是一个虚拟的总线，无所谓初始化，直接就能使用，因此这些bus的driver就可以将这两个回调函数留空。
shutdown、suspend、resume，和probe、remove的原理类似，电源管理相关的实现，暂不说明。
online：被调用以使设备重新上线（在离线后）。
offline：被调用以使设备脱机以进行热移除。可能会失败。
pm，电源管理相关的逻辑，暂不说明。
iommu_ops，此总线的IOMMU特定操作，用于连接IOMMU驱动程序实现到总线并允许驱动程序执行总线专用设置。
p，一个struct subsys_private类型的指针，驱动核心的私有数据，只有驱动核心才可以触摸这个。后面我们会用一个小节说明。
2.2 struct subsys_private
该结构和device_driver中的struct driver_private类似，在前面的章节 "设备模型驱动七（device_driver细节）"中有提到它，但没有详细说明。
要说明subsys_private的功能，让我们先看一下该结构的定义：
/**
* struct subsys_private - structure to hold the private to the driver core portions of the bus_type/class structure.
*
* @subsys - the struct kset that defines this subsystem
* @devices_kset - the subsystem's 'devices' directory
* @interfaces - list of subsystem interfaces associated
* @mutex - protect the devices, and interfaces lists.
*
* @drivers_kset - the list of drivers associated
* @klist_devices - the klist to iterate over the @devices_kset
* @klist_drivers - the klist to iterate over the @drivers_kset
* @bus_notifier - the bus notifier list for anything that cares about things
* on this bus.
* @bus - pointer back to the struct bus_type that this structure is associated
* with.
*
* @glue_dirs - "glue" directory to put in-between the parent device to
* avoid namespace conflicts
* @class - pointer back to the struct class that this structure is associated
* with.
*
* This structure is the one that is the actual kobject allowing struct
* bus_type/class to be statically allocated safely. Nothing outside of the
* driver core should ever touch these fields.
*/
struct subsys_private {
struct kset subsys;
struct kset *devices_kset;
struct list_head interfaces;
struct mutex mutex;
struct kset *drivers_kset;
struct klist klist_devices;
struct klist klist_drivers;
struct blocking_notifier_head bus_notifier;
unsigned int drivers_autoprobe:1;
struct bus_type *bus;
struct kset glue_dirs;
struct class *class;
};看到结构内部的字段，就清晰多了，没事不要乱起名字嘛！什么subsys啊，看的晕晕的！不过还是试着先理解一下为什么起名为subsys吧：
按理说，这个结构就是集合了一些bus模块需要使用的私有数据，例如kset啦、klist啦等等，命名为bus_private会好点（就像device、driver模块一样）【事实上早期版本确实是命名为bus_type_private】。不过为什么内核最终抛弃了呢呢？看看include/linux/device.h中的struct class结构（我们会在下一篇文章中介绍class）就知道了，因为class结构中也包含了一个一模一样的struct subsys_private指针，看来class和bus很相似啊，所以在内核的subsys_private在现在最新版本就是这样。
2.6.35.7 最开始bus和class的private是分开的，已经很相似了
struct class_private {
struct kset class_subsys;
struct klist class_devices;
struct list_head class_interfaces;
struct kset class_dirs;
struct mutex class_mutex;
struct class *class;
};
struct bus_type_private {
struct kset subsys;
struct kset *drivers_kset;
struct kset *devices_kset;
struct klist klist_devices;
struct klist klist_drivers;
struct blocking_notifier_head bus_notifier;
unsigned int drivers_autoprobe:1;
struct bus_type *bus;
};3.xxx bus有需求升级为subsys_private ，同时为后面去掉class_private 做基础
struct subsys_private {
struct kset subsys;
struct kset *devices_kset;
struct list_head interfaces;
struct mutex mutex;
struct kset *drivers_kset;
struct klist klist_devices;
struct klist klist_drivers;
struct blocking_notifier_head bus_notifier;
unsigned int drivers_autoprobe:1;
struct bus_type *bus;
struct kset glue_dirs;
struct class *class;
};
struct class_private {
struct kset class_subsys;
struct klist class_devices;
struct list_head class_interfaces;
struct kset class_dirs;
struct mutex class_mutex;
struct class *class;
};4.9.92 两者完全统一用这个，class_private 在这个版本已经完全看不到了
struct subsys_private {
struct kset subsys;
struct kset *devices_kset;
struct list_head interfaces;
struct mutex mutex;
struct kset *drivers_kset;
struct klist klist_devices;
struct klist klist_drivers;
struct blocking_notifier_head bus_notifier;
unsigned int drivers_autoprobe:1;
struct bus_type *bus; //
struct kset glue_dirs;
struct class *class; //
};想到这里，就好理解了，无论是bus，还是class，还是我们会在后面看到的一些虚拟的子系统，它都构成了一个“子系统（sub-system）”，该子系统会包含形形色色的device或device_driver，就像一个独立的王国一样，存在于内核中。而这些子系统的表现形式，就是/sys/bus（或/sys/class，或其它）目录下面的子目录，每一个子目录，都是一个子系统（如/sys/bus/spi/）。