原文翻译
Abstract.
A purely peer-to-peer version of electronic cash would allow online payments to be sent directly from one party to another without going through a financial institution. Digital signatures provide part of the solution, but the main benefits are lost if a trusted third party is still required to prevent double-spending. We propose a solution to the double-spending problem using a peer-to-peer network. The network timestamps transactions by hashing them into an ongoing chain of hash-based proof-of-work, forming a record that cannot be changed without redoing the proof-of-work. The longest chain not only serves as proof of the sequence of events witnessed, but proof that it came from the largest pool of CPU power. As long as a majority of CPU power is controlled by nodes that are not cooperating to attack the network, they'll generate the longest chain and outpace attackers. The network itself requires minimal structure. Messages are broadcast on a best effort basis, and nodes can leave and rejoin the network at will, accepting the longest proof-of-work chain as proof of what happened while they were gone.
摘要。
一种存粹版本的点对点电子现金系统会在不经过一个金融机构的情况下，允许直接从一方付款到另一方的在线支付，数字签名提供了部分解决方案，但如果仍然需要一个被信任的第三方机构来防止双重支出问题，那我们就失去了这样做的主要意义。我们基于点对点网络提供了一种防止双重支出问题的解决方案。这种网络通过将交易信息的哈希值添加到一条基于哈希的工作量证明来生长的链的方式将交易时间戳化。从而生成一种除非重新进行工作量证明不可修改的记录，最长的链不仅作为一系列事件的见证，同时也证明它来自于最大算力池。只要主要的算力在非恶意节点的控制之下，它们就会产生最长的链同时将攻击者拒之门外。这种网络本身只需要最小的结构。信息以尽力而为的方式广播，节点可以自由的离开或加入，接受以最长的工作量证明链作为这些节点下线时的记录。
细节解读
What is 'peer-to-peer'
Peer-to-peer (P2P) computing or networking is a distributed application architecturethat partitions tasks or work loads between peers. Peers are equally privileged, equipotent participants in the application. They are said to form a peer-to-peernetwork of nodes.
什么是点对点
对等（P2P）计算或网络是分布式应用程序体系结构，用于在对等体之间分配任务或工作负载。 同行在申请中享有同等优势，等同参与者。 它们形成了节点的点对点网络。
What is 'Digital signatures'
Please refer to my other blog post《Study notes of Bitcoin and blockchain basic principles 03(about Digital signatures )》
https://blog.csdn.net/qq_27467365/article/details/80009839
什么是数字签名
请参考我的另一篇博文《比特币与区块链基本原理学习笔记03(关于数字签名)》
https://blog.csdn.net/qq_27467365/article/details/80009839
What is 'double-spending'
Double-spending is a failure mode of digital cash schemes, when it ispossible to spend a single digital token twice. Since, unlike physical tokenmoney such as coins, electronic files can be duplicated, and hence the actof spending a digital coin does not remove its data from the ownership of theoriginal holder, some other means are needed to prevent double-spending.
什么是双重支出问题
双重支出是数字现金计划的失败模式，当有可能两次使用单个数字代币时。 因为，与诸如硬币之类的物理令牌货币不同，电子文件可以被复制，因此花费数字硬币的行为不会从原始持有者的所有权中移除其数据，因此需要一些其他手段来防止双重花费。
What is 'Best Efforts'
Best-effort delivery describes a network service in which the network does not provide any guarantee that data is delivered or that delivery meets any quality of service. In a best-effort network, all users obtain best-effort service, meaning that they obtain unspecified variable bit rate and latency and packet loss, depending on the current traffic load. This can be contrasted with reliable delivery, which can be built on top of best-effort delivery (possibly without latency and throughput guarantees), or with circuit switching schemes which maintain a defined, continuous quality of service.
什么是“尽力而为（也作“尽力服务”）”
尽力而为的交付描述了一种网络服务，其中网络不提供数据交付或交付满足任何服务质量的任何保证。 在尽力而为的网络中，所有用户都获得尽力服务，这意味着他们获得未指定的可变比特率和延迟以及丢包，具体取决于当前的流量负载。 这可以与可靠的传递形成对比，可靠的传递可以建立在尽力而为的传递之上（可能没有延迟和吞吐量保证），或者与维持定义的，连续的服务质量的电路交换方案。
Best Efforts的维基百科地址：https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Best-effort_delivery
《Bitcoin: A Peer-to-Peer Electronic Cash System》论文原文地址如下：https://bitcoin.org/bitcoin.pdf
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