原文翻译
1. Introduction
Commerce on the Internet has come to rely almost exclusively on financial institutions serving as trusted third parties to process electronic payments. While the system works well enough for most transactions, it still suffers from the inherent weaknesses of the trust based model. Completely non-reversible transactions are not really possible, since financial institutions cannot avoid mediating disputes. The cost of mediation increases transaction costs, limiting the minimum practical transaction size and cutting off the possibility for small casual transactions, and there is a broader cost in the loss of ability to make non-reversible payments for non- reversible services. With the possibility of reversal, the need for trust spreads. Merchants must be wary of their customers, hassling them for more information than they would otherwise need. A certain percentage of fraud is accepted as unavoidable. These costs and payment uncertainties can be avoided in person by using physical currency, but no mechanism exists to make payments over a communications channel without a trusted party.
What is needed is an electronic payment system based on cryptographic proof instead of trust, allowing any two willing parties to transact directly with each other without the need for a trusted third party. Transactions that are computationally impractical to reverse would protect sellers from fraud, and routine escrow mechanisms could easily be implemented to protect buyers. In this paper, we propose a solution to the double-spending problem using a peer-to-peer distributed timestamp server to generate computational proof of the chronological order of transactions. The system is secure as long as honest nodes collectively control more CPU power than any cooperating group of attacker nodes.
1.简介
互联网上的商业活动已经变得几乎完全仰仗于作为可信任的第三方金融机构来处理电子支付。虽然这套系统对于绝大多数交易都是足够的，但它依旧面临这种基于信任模型的固有缺陷。完全不可逆的交易是不可能实现的，因为金融机构不可避免的调解纠纷。调解过程所产生的成本会增加交易成本，限制了最小实际交易规模，隔断小额随机交易的可能性，更广泛的成本会因为缺失为不可逆服务而提供不可逆交易的能力而产生。因为（交易被）逆转的可能性，对信任的需求进一步增加。商人必须对它的客户保持警惕，麻烦他们获取更多在另一种情况（客户不履约）下会需要的信息。一个确定的比例的诈骗是在可接受氛围以内的并被认为是无可避免的。这些成本和支付的不确定性可以通过使用物理现金而被避免，但没有一个不存在可信方又能让支付通过交流渠道进行的机制存在。
我们需要的是一个基于加密证明的而不信任的数字支付系统，允许任意两方不通过可信第三方机构直接进行交易。交易是在计算上不可逆的，这会保护销售者免遭诈骗。常规的第三方保管机制就可以轻易实施来保护买家。在这篇论文里，我们提出一种运用分布式点对点时间戳化服务来生成交易信息和次序的充足计算证明来防止双重支出的解决方案。这套系统只要在主要的算力在非恶意节点的控制之下就是安全的。
细节解读
What is 'trust-based model'
什么是”基于信任模型“
What is 'mediating disputes'
什么是”调解纠纷“
What is 'minimum practical transaction size'
什么是”最小实际交易规模“
What is 'small casual transactions'
什么是”小额随机交易“
《Bitcoin: A Peer-to-Peer Electronic Cash System》论文原文地址如下：https://bitcoin.org/bitcoin.pdf
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