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常用内建模块 |
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datetime |
处理时间和日期
获取当前时间和日期 from datetime import datetime now = datetime.now() print(now)
获取指定日期的时间 dt = datetime(1992,4,12,12,12,12) print(dt)
将datetime转换成时间戳 dt2tm = datetime.now().timestamp() print(dt2tm)
将timestamp转换成datetime tm2dt= datetime.fromtimestamp(dt2tm) print(tm2dt)
字符串转换成datetime cday = datetime.strptime('2015-6-1 18:19:59', '%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S') print(cday)
datetime转换成str print(now.strftime('%a, %b %d %H:%M'))
datetime增减运算 now= datetime.now() res = now+ timedelta(hours=10) print(res)
tt = '2015-1-21 9:01:30' s2d = datetime.strptime(tt, '%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S') d2t = s2d.timestamp() print(d2t)
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time() date() |
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Python |
PHP |
collections |
一些常用类的集合 |
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namedtuple |
from collections import namedtuple Point = namedtuple('Point',['x','y']) res = Point(1,2) print(res.x) 用函数定义的形式形成一个自定义的tuple对象 |
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deque |
from collections import deque q = deque(['a','b','c']) q.append('d') q.appendleft('0') q.pop() print(q) 高效的可操作list |
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defaultdict |
from collections import defaultdict dd = defaultdict(lambda :'N/A') dd['key1']='abc' print(dd['key1']) print(dd['key2']) 一个找不到键值对返回默认值的dict |
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OrderedDict |
from collections import OrderedDict d = dict([('a', 1), ('b', 2), ('c', 3)]) od = OrderedDict([('a', 1), ('b', 2), ('c', 3)]) od[3] = 1 print(d) print(od) 形成一个有序存在的dict |
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counter |
from collections import Counter c = Counter() for ch in 'programming': c[ch] = c[ch]+1 print(c) 一个dict形式的计数器 |
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Python |
PHP |
base64 |
import base64 res = base64.b64encode(b'binary\x00string') res = base64.b64decode(res) print(res) res = base64.urlsafe_b64encode(b'i\xb7\x1d\xfb\xef\xff') res = base64.urlsafe_b64decode(res) print(res)
Base64适用于小段内容的编码，比如数字证书签名、Cookie的内容等 |
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struct |
import struct res = struct.pack('>I', 10240099) print(res) res = struct.unpack('>IH', b'\xf0\xf0\xf0\xf0\x80\x80') print(res) struct的pack函数把任意数据类型变成bytes： |
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hashlib |
md5（32位）： import hashlib md5 = hashlib.md5() md5.update('how to use md5 in python hashlib?'.encode('utf-8')) print(md5.hexdigest()) sha1（40位）（与md5相似）： import hashlib sha1 = hashlib.sha1() sha1.update('how to use md5 in python hashlib?'.encode('utf-8')) print(sha1.hexdigest())
任意长度的数据转换为一个长度固定的数据串，通常用16进制的字符串表示
用户密码加盐后再加密 |
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hmac |
import hmac message = b'Hello, world!' key = b'secret' h = hmac.new(key,message,digestmod='MD5') print(h.hexdigest()) 通过一个标准算法，在计算哈希的过程中，把key混入计算过程中 |
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Python |
PHP |
itertools |
count()：无限计数 import itertools natuals = itertools.count(1) for n in natuals: print(n) cycle()：无限循环 import itertools natuals = itertools.cycle('ABC') for n in natuals: print(n) repeat()：无限重复/指定重复 import itertools ns = itertools.repeat('A', 3) for n in ns: print(n)
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takewhile() |
import itertools natuals = itertools.count(1) ns = itertools.takewhile(lambda x: x <= 10, natuals) print(list(ns)) 迭代结束条件 |
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chain() |
import itertools for c in itertools.chain('ABC', 'XYZ'): print(c) 连接 |
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groupby() |
import itertools for key, group in itertools.groupby('AaABBBCCAaA',lambda c: c.upper()): print(key, list(group)) 相邻重复元素分组，lambda为可选参数 |
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Python |
PHP |
contextlib |
with open('/path/to/file', 'r') as f: f.read() |
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urllib |
from urllib import request get请求一个网页链接 |
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from urllib import request get模拟手机版浏览器，需要使用Request对象添加头部 |
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post以及 proxy_handler… |
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XML解析 |
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HTMLParser |
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