PyTorch 源码解读之即时编译篇

作者丨OpenMMLab@知乎(已授权)

来源丨https://zhuanlan.zhihu.com/p/361101354

编辑丨极市平台

前言

torch 从 1.0 开始支持了 jit 模块,其大概包括以下几个部分:

  • 一种新的计算图中间表示 (Intermediate Representation),之后简称为 IR.

  • 从 Python 代码导出IR的两种方法,即 trace 与 script.

  • IR 优化以及 IR 的解释器(翻译为具体的运算 op).

这篇解读会分为以下几个部分:

  • jit 的简单介绍以及两种导出方式的使用例子

  • jit 中 IR 的形式

  • 导出 IR 的两种方式,trace 与 script 的源码解读

  • IR 优化的简单介绍

1 jit 的简单介绍以及使用例子

JIT 简介

如前言,这篇解读虽然标题是 JIT,但是真正称得上即时编译器的部分是在导出 IR 后,即优化 IR 计算图,并且解释为对应 operation 的过程,即 PyTorch jit 相关 code 带来的优化一般是计算图级别优化,比如部分运算的融合,但是对具体算子(如卷积)是没有特定优化的,其依旧调用 torch 的基础算子库.

大家也可以在导出 IR 也就是 torchscript 后,使用其他的编译优化或者解释器,如现在也有 script to a TensorRT engine, TRTtorch(https://github.com/NVIDIA/TRTorch) 转 tensorRT 的方案。

trace

给大家一个简单例子。

 
  
import torchvision.models as models
resnet = torch.jit.trace(models.resnet18(), torch.rand(1,3,224,224))
output=resnet(torch.ones(1,3,224,224))
print(output)
output=resnet(torch.ones(1,3,224,224))
resnet.save('resnet.pt')

output 便是我们导出的中间表示,其可以 save 下来,在其他框架使用

我们可以看下 output 中的 IR,即 torchscript 表征的计算图是什么样子的。

 
  
graph(%self.1 : __torch__.torchvision.models.resnet.___torch_mangle_194.ResNet,
      %input.1 : Float(1:150528, 3:50176, 224:224, 224:1, requires_grad=0, device=cpu)):
  %1472 : __torch__.torch.nn.modules.linear.___torch_mangle_193.Linear = prim::GetAttr[name="fc"](%self.1)
  %1469 : __torch__.torch.nn.modules.pooling.___torch_mangle_192.AdaptiveAvgPool2d = prim::GetAttr[name="avgpool"](%self.1)
  %1468 : __torch__.torch.nn.modulesjieshao.container.___torch_mangle_191.Sequential = prim::GetAttr[name="layer4"](%self.1)
  %1422 : __torch__.torch.nn.modules.container.___torch_mangle_175.Sequential = prim::GetAttr[name="layer3"](%self.1)
  ....
  %1556 : Tensor = prim::CallMethod[name="forward"](%1469, %1555)
  %1202 : int = prim::Constant[value=1]()
  %1203 : int = prim::Constant[value=-1]()
  %input : Float(1:512, 512:1, requires_grad=1, device=cpu) = aten::flatten(%1556, %1202, %1203) 
  %1557 : Tensor = prim::CallMethod[name="forward"](%1472, %input)
  return (%1557)

这便是 trace 方法的使用,其核心实现的入口便是torch.jit.trace,参数为你需要导出的 model,以及合法输入 input,其大概原理恰如其名,便是跟踪模型 inference 过程,将模型对输入进行的操作逐一记录下来,并对应到 IR 的操作,从而得到原本模型 forward 的 IR。

ote:但是这种实现方式有很明显的缺陷,PyTorch 作为动态图网络,会有很多的 input dependent 的控制流语句,根据输入的不同可能会执行情况会不同(if 或者 变长的 loop),这样就无法 trace 到完整的计算图。如下就是一个 trace

失败的 case:

 
  
if x > 2.0:
        r = torch.tensor(1.0)
    else:
        r = torch.tensor(2.0)
    return r


ftrace = torch.jit.trace(test, (torch.ones(1)))
y = torch.ones(1) * 5
print(ftrace(y))
# results: tensor(2.)
# 因为输入只走了的分支else

script

 
  
@torch.jit.script
def foo(x, y):
    if x.max() > y.max():
        r = x
    else:
        r = y
    return r


print(foo.graph)


print(foo(torch.Tensor([0]), torch.Tensor([1])))
print(foo(torch.Tensor([1]), torch.Tensor([0])))


graph(%x.1 : Tensor,
      %y.1 : Tensor):
  %3 : Tensor = aten::max(%x.1) 
  %5 : Tensor = aten::max(%y.1) 
  # 可以看到确实捕捉到了控制语句,
  %6 : Tensor = aten::gt(%3, %5) 
  %7 : bool = aten::Bool(%6) 
  %r : Tensor = prim::If(%7) 
    block0():
      -> (%x.1)
    block1():
      -> (%y.1)
  return (%r)


tensor([1.])
tensor([1.])

script 使用是在你需要的地方 (fuction or nn.Module (默认追踪 forward 函数))挂载装饰器torch.jit.script,其转换方式跟 trace 是完全不同的思路,script 直接解析你的 PyTorch 代码,通过语法分析解析你的逻辑为一棵语法树,然后转换为中间表示 IR。

Note: 虽然其可以解决 trace 存在无法追踪动态逻辑的问题,但是 Python 作为灵活度极高的语法, 想完整支持解析各种 Python 操作几乎是不可能的,因此我们需要额外的时间熟悉哪些写法是可以被解析的,让我们写代码的体验大打折扣。

两者结合

两者各有优势,支持灵活集合。

 
  
import torch
import torch.nn as nn
import torch.nn.functional as F


class MyModule(nn.Module):
    def __init__(self):
        super(MyModule, self).__init__()
        # torch.jit.trace produces a ScriptModule's conv1 and conv2
        self.conv1 = torch.jit.trace(nn.Conv2d(1, 20, 5), torch.rand(1, 1, 16, 16))
        self.conv2 = torch.jit.trace(nn.Conv2d(20, 20, 5), torch.rand(1, 20, 16, 16))


    def forward(self, input):
        input = F.relu(self.conv1(input))
        input = F.relu(self.conv2(input))
        return input


scripted_module = torch.jit.script(MyModule())

因此实际使用时候,可以有如下准则:

1 大部分情况 model 只有 tensor operation,就直接无脑 tracing
2 带 control-flow (if-else, for-loop) 的,上 scripting
3 碰上 scripting 不能 handle 的语法,要么重写,要么把 tracing 和 scripting 合起来用(比如说只在有 control-flow 的代码用 scripting,其他用 tracing)

如何扩展

trace 与 script 都不能转换第三方 Python 库中的函数,尽量所有代码都使用 PyTorch 实现, 自定义 op 需要注册成 jit 操作( torch 的 op 其实也注册了),最后转成 torchscript。

 
  
TORCH_LIBRARY(my_ops, m) {
  m.def("warp_perspective", warp_perspective);
}

更多可以参考官方教程

1 EXTENDING TORCHSCRIPT WITH CUSTOM C++ OPERATORS

https://pytorch.org/tutorials/advanced/torch_script_custom_ops.html

2 IR (torchscript)的基本表示

PyTorch 中的各种设计(parameter,计算节点等)在 torchscript 中是如何对应的呢?

这便是转换出的 IR 结果,torchscrip 以下结构组合。

名称

source code

简介




Modules

module.h

对标 nn.Module

Parameters

module.h

对标 PyTorch 的 parameter

Method

Method.h

包括 FunctionSchema 方法描述,Graph 实际计算图,GraphExecutor do the optimization and execution

FunctionSchema

function_schema.h

描述参数与返回类型

Graph

ir.h

定义 function 的具体实现,包括 Nodes,Blocks,Values

Nodes

ir.h

一个指令,如一次卷积运算,一次矩阵运算

Block

ir.h

控制语句 if,loop + list of nodes

还有with,Value,Type

 
  
# %x.1 value
graph(%x.1 : Tensor,
      %y.1 : Tensor):
      # aten::max 就是一个Node
      # Tensor: Type-TensorType
  %3 : Tensor = aten::max(%x.1) 
  %5 : Tensor = aten::max(%y.1) 
  %6 : Tensor = aten::gt(%3, %5) 
  %7 : bool = aten::Bool(%6) 
  %r : Tensor = prim::If(%7) 
   # Blocks 
    block0():
      -> (%x.1)
    block1():
      -> (%y.1)
  return (%r)

3 导出 IR 的两种方式,trace 与 script

因为其具体实现颇为复杂,粘贴的源码也仅仅保留了简单 case 跑过的分支,并且省去了绝大部分细节,读者如有需要更多细节可以自行去源码查阅。

trace 实现

 
  
func,
    example_inputs,
    optimize=None,
    check_trace=True,
    check_inputs=None,
    check_tolerance=1e-5,
    strict=True,
    _force_outplace=False,
    _module_class=None,
    _compilation_unit=_python_cu,
):




    # 发现是nn.Module instacene forward, 追踪forward
    if isinstance(func, torch.nn.Module):
        return trace_module(
            func,
            {"forward": example_inputs},
            None,
            check_trace,
            wrap_check_inputs(check_inputs),
            check_tolerance,
            strict,
            _force_outplace,
            _module_class,
        )
    # 传进来的是某个module instance的forward
    if (
        hasattr(func, "__self__")
        and isinstance(func.__self__, torch.nn.Module)
        and func.__name__ == "forward"
    ):
        return trace_module(
            func.__self__,
            {"forward": example_inputs},
            None,
            check_trace,
            wrap_check_inputs(check_inputs),
            check_tolerance,
            strict,
            _force_outplace,
            _module_class,
        )
    # 一个查找变量名的接口
    var_lookup_fn = _create_interpreter_name_lookup_fn(0)


    # C++ 入口 
    traced = torch._C._create_function_from_trace(
        name, func, example_inputs, var_lookup_fn, strict, _force_outplace
    )


    # 检查traced 与 原func是否有差异
    if check_trace:
        if check_inputs is not None:
            _check_trace(
                check_inputs,
                func,
                traced,
                check_tolerance,
                strict,
                _force_outplace,
                False,
                _module_class,
            )
        else:
            _check_trace(
                [example_inputs],
                func,
                traced,
                check_tolerance,
                strict,
                _force_outplace,
                False,
                _module_class,
            )


    return traced

我们发现经过简单的判断,代码便进入了 C++ 相关函数

 
  
traced = torch._C._create_function_from_trace(
        name, func, example_inputs, var_lookup_fn, strict, _force_outplace
)

我们去 C++ 中看下发生了什么

 
  
std::pair<std::shared_ptr<TracingState>, Stack> trace(
    Stack inputs,
    const std::function<Stack(Stack)>& traced_fn,
    std::function<std::string(const Variable&)> var_name_lookup_fn,
    bool strict,
    bool force_outplace,
    Module* self) {
  try {


    auto state = std::make_shared<TracingState>();
    # setTracingState 将state 这个实例set下来,在之后计算节点get出来insert计算过程
    setTracingState(state);


    #state这个数据结构会在forward过程中存储trace到的计算过程
    if (self) {
      Value* self_value = state->graph->insertInput(0, "self")->setType(
          self->_ivalue()->type());
      gatherParametersAndBuffers(state, self_value, *self, {"__module"});
    }


    for (IValue& input : inputs) {
      input = addInput(state, input, input.type(), state->graph->addInput());
    }
    auto graph = state->graph;
    # 将python中的变量名解析函数绑定下来
    getTracingState()->lookup_var_name_fn = std::move(var_name_lookup_fn);
    getTracingState()->strict = strict;
    getTracingState()->force_outplace = force_outplace;


    # 开始forward,在计算发生时,会把计算记录到state中
    auto out_stack = traced_fn(inputs);


    // Exit a trace, treating 'out_stack' as the outputs of the trace.  These
    // are the variables whose values will be computed upon subsequent
    // invocations of the trace.
    size_t i = 0;
    for (auto& output : out_stack) {
      // NB: The stack is in "reverse" order, so when we pass the diagnostic
      // number we need to flip it based on size.
      state->graph->registerOutput(
          state->getOutput(output, out_stack.size() - i));
      i++;
    }
    setTracingState(nullptr);


    if (getInlineEverythingMode()) {
      Inline(*graph);
    }
    FixupTraceScopeBlocks(graph, self);
    NormalizeOps(graph);
    return {state, out_stack};
  } catch (...) {
    tracer::abandon();
    throw;
  }
}

那么具体记录 operation 的过程发生在哪里呢?

pytorch/torch/csrc/jit/runtime/register_c10_ops.cpp

https://github.com/pytorch/pytorch/blob/4e976b9334acbcaa015a27d56540cd2115c2639b/torch/csrc/jit/runtime/register_c10_ops.cpp#L30

 
  
Operator createOperatorFromC10_withTracingHandledHere(
    const c10::OperatorHandle& op) {
  return Operator(op, [op](Stack& stack) {
    const auto input_size = op.schema().arguments().size();
    const auto output_size = op.schema().returns().size();


    Node* node = nullptr;
    std::shared_ptr<jit::tracer::TracingState> tracer_state;


    // trace the input before unwrapping, otherwise we may lose
    // the input information
    if (jit::tracer::isTracing()) {
      # 获取 tracer_state
      tracer_state = jit::tracer::getTracingState();
      auto symbol = Symbol::fromQualString(op.schema().name());
      const auto& graph = tracer::getTracingState()->graph;
      node = graph->create(symbol, 0);
      tracer::recordSourceLocation(node);
      const auto& args = op.schema().arguments();
      int i = 0;
      # 记录args 
      for (auto iter = stack.end() - input_size; iter != stack.end();
           ++iter, ++i) {
        // TODO we need to refactor graph APIs (e.g., addInputs)
        // appropriately; after that, we can get rid of the giant if-else
        // block we will clean this tech debt together in the following PRs
        auto type = args[i].type();
        if (type->kind() == TypeKind::OptionalType) {
          if (iter->isNone()) {
            Value* none = graph->insertNode(graph->createNone())->output();
            node->addInput(none);
            continue;
          } else {
            type = type->expect<OptionalType>()->getElementType();
          }
        }
        if (type->isSubtypeOf(TensorType::get())) {
          AT_ASSERT(iter->isTensor());
          tracer::addInputs(node, args[i].name().c_str(), iter->toTensor());
        } else if (type->kind() == TypeKind::FloatType) {
          AT_ASSERT(iter->isDouble());
          tracer::addInputs(node, args[i].name().c_str(), iter->toDouble());
        } else if (type->kind() == TypeKind::IntType) {
          AT_ASSERT(iter->isInt());
          tracer::addInputs(node, args[i].name().c_str(), iter->toInt());
        } else if (type->kind() == TypeKind::BoolType) {
          AT_ASSERT(iter->isBool());
          tracer::addInputs(node, args[i].name().c_str(), iter->toBool());
        } else if (type->kind() == TypeKind::StringType) {
          AT_ASSERT(iter->isString());
          tracer::addInputs(node, args[i].name().c_str(), iter->toStringRef());
        } else if (type->kind() == TypeKind::NumberType) {
          tracer::addInputs(node, args[i].name().c_str(), iter->toScalar());
        } else if (type->kind() == TypeKind::ListType) {
          const auto& elem_type = type->expect<ListType>()->getElementType();
          if (elem_type->isSubtypeOf(TensorType::get())) {
            AT_ASSERT(iter->isTensorList());
            auto list = iter->toTensorVector();
            tracer::addInputs(node, args[i].name().c_str(), list);
          } else if (elem_type->kind() == TypeKind::FloatType) {
            AT_ASSERT(iter->isDoubleList());
            // NB: now, tracer doesn't support tracing double list. We add
            // special handling here, since in our case, we assume that all the
            // doubles in the list are constants
            auto value = iter->toDoubleVector();
            std::vector<Value*> info(value.size());
            for (size_t value_index = 0; value_index < value.size();
                 ++value_index) {
              info[value_index] = graph->insertConstant(value[value_index]);
              tracer::recordSourceLocation(info[value_index]->node());
            }
            node->addInput(
                graph
                    ->insertNode(graph->createList(jit::FloatType::get(), info))
                    ->output());
          } else if (elem_type->kind() == TypeKind::IntType) {
            AT_ASSERT(iter->isIntList());
            tracer::addInputs(
                node, args[i].name().c_str(), iter->toIntVector());
          } else if (elem_type->kind() == TypeKind::BoolType) {
            AT_ASSERT(iter->isBoolList());
            tracer::addInputs(
                node, args[i].name().c_str(), iter->toBoolList().vec());
          } else {
            throw std::runtime_error(
                "unsupported input list type: " + elem_type->str());
          }
        } else if (iter->isObject()) {
          tracer::addInputs(node, args[i].name().c_str(), iter->toObject());
        } else {
          throw std::runtime_error("unsupported input type: " + type->str());
        }
      }
      # node嵌入graph
      graph->insertNode(node);


      jit::tracer::setTracingState(nullptr);
    }

可以看到,在具体运算发生时,会使用 getTracingState() 得到 forward 开始去创建的 state,然后看到根据 op.schema().name() 得到计算类型(比如相加),根据计算类型通过 createNone 方法创建一个计算节点,然后创建计算输入,最后把计算 node insert 到 graph 中,完成一次对计算的记录。

script

因为 script 得到 IR 的方式是解析源码,因此对于不同的代码形式会略有不同(函数,class,nn.Module的instance):1 Python 函数 简化后 code

 
  
def script(obj, optimize=None, _frames_up=0, _rcb=None):
    # fucntion 分支
    if hasattr(obj, "__script_if_tracing_wrapper"):
        obj = obj.__original_fn
        _rcb = _jit_internal.createResolutionCallbackFromClosure(obj)


    # 检查重载
    _check_directly_compile_overloaded(obj)
    # 是否之前被script过了
    maybe_already_compiled_fn = _try_get_jit_cached_function(obj)
    if maybe_already_compiled_fn:
        return maybe_already_compiled_fn
    # 得到ast语法树
    ast = get_jit_def(obj, obj.__name__)
    if _rcb is None:
        _rcb = _jit_internal.createResolutionCallbackFromClosure(obj)
    #c++ 入口,根据ast得到ir
    fn = torch._C._jit_script_compile(
        qualified_name, ast, _rcb, get_default_args(obj)
    )
    # Forward docstrings
    fn.__doc__ = obj.__doc__
    # cache起来
    _set_jit_function_cache(obj, fn)
    return fn

我们看下 get_jit_def(https://github.com/pytorch/pytorch/blob/58eb23378f2a376565a66ac32c93a316c45b6131/torch/jit/frontend.py#L225) 是如何得到 jit 规定的 ast 语法树的

仅保留逻辑代码,细节删掉

 
  
def get_jit_def(fn, def_name, self_name=None):


    # 得到源代码的一些信息
    sourcelines, file_lineno, filename = get_source_lines_and_file(fn, torch._C.ErrorReport.call_stack())
    sourcelines = normalize_source_lines(sourcelines)
    source =  dedent_src ''.join(sourcelines)
    # dedent_src 为包含了要script函数的字符串
    dedent_src = dedent(source)
    # 调用python ast包将字符串解析为Python的ast
    py_ast = ast.parse(dedent_src)


    # 得到python类型注释
    type_line = torch.jit.annotations.get_type_line(source)
    #ctx中包含了函数所有原信息
    ctx = SourceContext(source, filename, file_lineno, leading_whitespace_len, True)
    fn_def = py_ast.body[0]


    # build_def将python 的ast 转化为torchjit 使用的ast格式
    return build_def(ctx, fn_def, type_line, def_name, self_name=self_name)

用一个简单的例子给大家解释下 py_ast.body[0] 是什么

 
  
import ast
... func_def= \
... """def test(a):
...     a = a + 2
...     return a + 1"""
... results = ast.parse(func_def)

Python 解析出的 AST

8b27bc8a27b77d3bc73425b498894b3e.png

可见,ast.body 是一个 list,其长度等于解析的 string 中包含的函数的个数,我们看第一个元素,其中 value 是一个

Binop具体为一个Add,left 是Name类型,id `a,right是Num,也就是2,这个Binop即解析的a = a + 2

因为我们 get_source_lines_and_file 返回的一定是一个 single top-level function, 因此我们直接取用第 0 个元素,即 py_ast.body[0] 就可以了。

接下来看build_def是如何将 Python 的 ast 转化为自己需要的 ast 的。

进入buid_def

 
  
def build_def(ctx, py_def, type_line, def_name, self_name=None):
    ....
    return Def(Ident(r, def_name),
               decl,
               build_stmts(ctx, body))

因为ctx 包含 source code 所有信息, body 是 Python ast 解析结果,那么build_stmts中应该包含我们想要的答案。

我们用例子中a+2为例看会怎么转换,这部分可见 frontend.py

https://github.com/pytorch/pytorch/blob/58eb23378f2a376565a66ac32c93a316c45b6131/torch/jit/frontend.py#L528

关于StmtBuilder

 
  
from torch._C._jit_tree_views import (
    ClassDef, Ident, Stmt, Decl, Def, Var,
    EmptyTypeAnnotation, Param, ExprStmt, Assign,
    Delete, Return, Raise, Assert, AugAssign, While,
    For, If, Pass, Break, Continue, Apply, Dots, Select,
    TrueLiteral, FalseLiteral, NoneLiteral, Starred,
    ListLiteral, TupleLiteral, DictLiteral, Const,
    StringLiteral, ListComp, Attribute, BinOp, UnaryOp,
    SliceExpr, Subscript, TernaryIf, With, WithItem, Property,
    DictComp,
)
# jit中定义的ast基本结构


def build_stmts(ctx, stmts):
    #发现其调用了`build_stmt`
    stmts = [build_stmt(ctx, s) for s in stmts]
    return list(filter(None, stmts))


#`build_stmt` 是一个StmtBuilder()的instance
build_stmt = StmtBuilder()
build_expr = ExprBuilder()


class Builder(object):
    def __call__(self, ctx, node):
        # 可见会根据解析出的ast的类型返回相应的build方法,从截图可以看到`a+2`是一个`Assign`类型
        # 因此会调用build_Assign
        method = getattr(self, 'build_' + node.__class__.__name__, None)
        if method is None:
            raise UnsupportedNodeError(ctx, node)
        return method(ctx, node)


class StmtBuilder(Builder):
    @staticmethod
    def build_Assign(ctx, stmt):
        # 截图可以看到stmt.value是一个Binop
        # build_expr是ExprBuilder的INSTANCE,其会调用`build_BinOp`
        rhs = build_expr(ctx, stmt.value)
        lhs = [build_expr(ctx, x) for x in stmt.targets]
        return Assign(lhs, rhs)


    @staticmethod
    def build_Expr(ctx, stmt):
        # Binop
        value = stmt.value
        if value.__class__.__name__ == 'Str':
            # If a statement is a string literal expression,
            # then it is a docstring. Just ignore it.
            return None
        else:
            return ExprStmt(build_expr(ctx, value))


 class ExprBuilder(Builder):
        binop_map = {
        ast.Add: '+',
        ast.Sub: '-',
        ast.Mult: '*',
        ast.Div: '/',
        ast.Pow: '**',
        ast.Mod: '%',
        ast.FloorDiv: '//',
        ast.BitAnd: '&',
        ast.BitXor: '^',
        ast.BitOr: '|',
        ast.LShift: '<<',
        ast.RShift: '>>',
    }
        @staticmethod
    def build_BinOp(ctx, expr):
        #expr.left是个`Name`调用build_Name
        lhs = build_expr(ctx, expr.left)
        rhs = build_expr(ctx, expr.right)
        op = type(expr.op)
        # 转化为约定的代表运算类型的string 符号
        op_token = ExprBuilder.binop_map.get(op)
        return BinOp(op_token, lhs, rhs)

最终转化为的格式,类似于 S-expression.(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S-expression)

 
  
(def
  (ident test)
  (decl
    (list
      (param
        (ident a)
        (option)
        (option)
        (False)))
    (option))
  (list
    (assign
      (list (variable (ident a)))
      (option
        (+
          (variable (ident a))
          (const 2)))
      (option))
    (return
      (+
        (variable (ident a))
        (const 1)))))

好的,我们已经得到得到jit约定的 AST 树了,接下来我们要进入 torch._C._jit_script_compile查看如何将这样的 ast 树转化为 IR.

C++ 入口为 script_compile_function

 
  
static StrongFunctionPtr script_compile_function(
    const c10::QualifiedName& name,
    const Def& def,
    const FunctionDefaults& defaults,
    const ResolutionCallback& rcb) {
   #  def 中包含ast,跟着它就能找到答案
  auto cu = get_python_cu();
  #看来是get_python_cu这个类中的define函数完成的
  auto defined_functions = cu->define(
      QualifiedName(name.prefix()),
      /*properties=*/{},
      /*propResolvers=*/{},
      {def},
      {pythonResolver(rcb)},
      nullptr,
      true);
  TORCH_INTERNAL_ASSERT(defined_functions.size() == 1);
  auto& defined = defined_functions[0];
  defined->setSchema(getSchemaWithNameAndDefaults(
      def.range(), defined->getSchema(), def.name().name(), defaults));
  StrongFunctionPtr ret(std::move(cu), defined);
  didFinishEmitFunction(ret);
  return ret;
}
# 发现只是wapper了下CompilationUnit
inline std::shared_ptr<CompilationUnit> get_python_cu() {
  return py::module::import("torch.jit._state")
      .attr("_python_cu")
      .cast<std::shared_ptr<CompilationUnit>>();
}


#关于compilation_unit
#/torch/csrc/jit/api/compilation_unit.h
 // for historic reasons, these are defined in ir_emitter.cpp
 // Returns the list of Functions just defined.
  std::vector<Function*> define(
      const c10::optional<c10::QualifiedName>& prefix,
      const std::vector<Property>& properties,
      const std::vector<ResolverPtr>& propResolvers,
      const std::vector<Def>& definitions,
      const std::vector<ResolverPtr>&
          defResolvers, /* determines how we handle free
                     variables in each definition*/
      // if non-null, the first argument to each def, is bound to this value
      const Self* self,
      // see [name mangling]
      bool shouldMangle = false);
#实现在torch/csrc/jit/frontend/ir_emitter.cpp
std::unique_ptr<Function> CompilationUnit::define(
    const c10::optional<QualifiedName>& prefix,
    const Def& def,
    const ResolverPtr& resolver,
    const Self* self,
    const std::unordered_map<std::string, Function*>& function_table,
    bool shouldMangle) const {


  auto _resolver = resolver;
  .....
  auto creator = [def, _resolver, self](Function& method) {
    ....
    ##核心代码to_ir
    to_ir(def, _resolver, self, method);
  };


  auto fn = torch::make_unique<GraphFunction>(
      std::move(name), std::make_shared<Graph>(), creator);
  return fn;
}

我们跟随 def,找到了一个转化为 IR 的关键的struct to_ir ,其输入中有 def,也就是 ast,_resolver 是 Python 中传过来的解析名字的函数,我们可以在内部找到关键部分

 
  
to_ir(
      const Def& def,
      ResolverPtr resolver_,
      const Self* self,
      Function& method) // method being constructed
      : method(method),
        graph(method.graph()),
        resolver(std::move(resolver_)),
        typeParser_(resolver),
        environment_stack(nullptr) {
    AT_ASSERT(resolver);
    pushFrame(graph->block(), /*starts_def=*/true);


    #emitDef 中会调用emitStatements
    method.setSchema(emitDef(def, self, graph->block()));
    ConvertToSSA(graph);
    CanonicalizeModifiedLoops(graph);
    NormalizeOps(graph);
    runCleanupPasses(graph);
  }
private:
 #在to_ir 的private中我们可以看到Graph Function这些我们之前介绍的IR的组成部分
  Function& method;
  std::shared_ptr<Graph> graph;
  ResolverPtr resolver;
  std::unordered_map<int64_t, Value*> integral_constants;  


 #emitDef 中会调用emitStatements
 FunctionSchema emitDef(const Def& def, const Self* self, Block* block) {
    ......
    // body
    auto stmts_list = def.statements();
    emitStatements(stmts_list.begin(), stmts_list.end());
     ........
  }
 void emitStatements(
      List<Stmt>::const_iterator begin,
      List<Stmt>::const_iterator end) {
    for (; begin != end; ++begin) {
      auto stmt = *begin;
      ErrorReport::CallStack::update_pending_range(stmt.range());
      switch (stmt.kind()) {
        case TK_IF:
          emitIf(If(stmt));
          break;
        case TK_WHILE:
          emitWhile(While(stmt));
          break;
        case TK_FOR:
          emitFor(For(stmt));
          break;
        case TK_ASSIGN:
          emitAssignment(Assign(stmt));
       .................
          break;
        default:
          throw ErrorReport(stmt)
              << "Unrecognized statement kind " << kindToString(stmt.kind());
      }
      // Found an exit statement in this block. The remaining statements aren't
      // reachable so we don't emit them.
      if (exit_blocks.count(environment_stack->block()))
        return;
    }
  }
我们可以看到根据stmt.kind(),会进入而各种emit里面,其中一定可以找到
graph->insertNode(graph->create(.....));
类似的操作,对应我们建立IR graph

以上是我们以一个 function 为例子,接下来我们以 script 一个 module 为例,其有一些独有的挑战,因为有一些变量的指代,是需要初始化后才知道的,同时,我们希望 script 完的 module 对外还能保持一样的接口,即可以正常访问原有 module 的属性,那么应该怎么做呢?

  1. 在 module 原有的 init 结束后随即开始完整的 script forward 函数,替换涉及到的所有函数为 script 后的函数

  2. 如何正常访问原有的属性

如何在一个类的 init 函数后面绑定行为呢,我们想到 metaclass,torch.jit 实现了 ScriptMeta这个 metaclass。

class MyModule(torch.jit.ScriptModule):
    @torch.jit.script_method
    def f(self.x):
        return x * x
    @torch.jit.script_method
    def forward(self, x):
        return x + self.f(x)


关于script_method


def script_method(fn):


    _rcb = _jit_internal.createResolutionCallbackFromFrame(frames_up=2)
    ast = get_jit_def(fn, fn.__name__, self_name="ScriptModule")
    #暂时没有script,只是返回包含ast的nametuple
    return ScriptMethodStub(_rcb, ast, fn)


    ScriptMethodStub = collections.namedtuple('ScriptMethodStub', ('resolution_callback', 'def_', 'original_method'))


1 移除所有script_method属性被(@script_method修饰的方法),确保访问到的是script function
2 修改module的_init_,确保module的self.param或者self.module初始化后立即编译所有的script_method,
从而生成的instance的forward已经被替换


class ScriptMeta(type):
    def __init__(cls, name, bases, attrs):  # noqa: B902
        # cls ScriptMeta的instance,是一个类如ScriptModule
        cls._methods: Dict[str, Any] = {}
        cls._constants_set = set(getattr(cls, "__constants__", ()))
        for base in reversed(bases):
            # 还记得吗trace的module也是有一个_methods的属性
            for k, v in getattr(base, "_methods", {}).items():
                cls._methods[k] = v
            base_constants = getattr(base, "_constants_set", set())
            cls._constants_set = cls._constants_set.union(base_constants)


        # 找到现在所有被@script_method修饰的方法,放到_method,并删除原有attr
        # init后之后统一script
        for k, v in sorted(attrs.items()):
            if isinstance(v, ScriptMethodStub):
                delattr(cls, k)
                cls._methods[v.original_method.__name__] = v




        original_init = getattr(cls, "__init__", lambda self: None)


        # 此处实现了init结束后,调用create_script_module进行script
        @functools.wraps(original_init)
        def init_then_script(self, *args, **kwargs):
            # 此处的self为instance
            num_methods = len(cls._methods)
            original_init(self, *args, **kwargs)
            added_methods_in_init = len(cls._methods) > num_methods


            if type(self) == cls:
                # 选取需要script的method
                def make_stubs(module):
                    cls = type(module)
                    if hasattr(cls, "_methods"):
                        return [v for k, v in sorted(cls._methods.items())]
                    else:
                        # infer_methods_to_compile 是一个选取要script函数的函数
                        return infer_methods_to_compile(module)
                # 讲所有script_method一块编译为_actual_script_module属性


                self.__dict__[
                    "_actual_script_module"
                ] = torch.jit._recursive.create_script_module(self, make_stubs, share_types=not added_methods_in_init)


                # Delete the Python attributes that now shadow the ScriptModule
                # ones, so that __getattr__ and __setattr__ will properly find
                # the scripted versions.
                concrete_type = self._actual_script_module._concrete_type
                for name in concrete_type.get_attributes():
                    delattr(self, name)
                for name, _ in concrete_type.get_modules():
                    delattr(self, name)
                for name in ("_parameters", "_buffers", "_modules"):
                    delattr(self, name)


        cls.__init__ = init_then_script  # type: ignore


        return super(ScriptMeta, cls).__init__(name, bases, attrs)


  class _CachedForward(object):
        def __get__(self, obj, cls):
            return self.__getattr__("forward")  # type: ignore


   class ScriptModule(with_metaclass(ScriptMeta, Module)):  # type: ignore


        def __init__(self):
            super(ScriptModule, self).__init__()


        forward = _CachedForward()
        # 想访问module的attr,返回_actual_script_module的attr
        def __getattr__(self, attr):
            if "_actual_script_module" not in self.__dict__:
                return super(ScriptModule, self).__getattr__(attr)
            return getattr(self._actual_script_module, attr)


        def __setattr__(self, attr, value):
            if "_actual_script_module" not in self.__dict__:
                # Unwrap torch.jit.Attribute into a regular setattr + recording
                # the provided type in __annotations__.
                #
                # This ensures that if we use the attr again in `__init__`, it
                # will look like the actual value, not an instance of Attribute.
                if isinstance(value, Attribute):
                    if "__annotations__" not in self.__class__.__dict__:
                        self.__class__.__annotations__ = {}
                    self.__annotations__[attr] = value.type
                    value = value.value
                return super(ScriptModule, self).__setattr__(attr, value)


            setattr(self._actual_script_module, attr, value)


        ...

关于 create_script_module 函数会 script method 然后返回一个 RecursiveScriptModule,但是其逻辑较为复杂,在此不再展开。

关于 getattribute vs getattr

当访问某个实例属性时,getattribute 会被无条件调用,当这个属性不存在,则会调用 getattr,如未实现自己的 getattr 方法,会抛出 AttributeError 提示找不到这个属性,如果自定义了自己 getattr 方法的话方法会在这种找不到属性的情况下被调用。

4 IR优化的简单介绍

jit 一般涉及如下优化: loop unrolling peephole optimization constant propagation DCE fusion inlining... 我们看如下例子:

 
  
def test(x):
    # Dead code Elimination
    for i in range(1000):
        y = x + 1
    for i in range(100):
        #peephole optimization
        x = x.t()
        x = x.t()
    return x.sum()


opt_test = torch.jit.script(test)
s = time()
inputs = torch.ones(4,4).cuda()
s = time()
for i in range(10000):
    test(inputs)
print(time()-s)
# 95s
s = time()
for i in range(10000):
    opt_test(inputs)
print(time()-s)
# 0.13s
print(opt_test.graph)
print(opt_test.graph_for(inputs))
95.13823795318604
0.13010907173156738
graph(%x.1 : Tensor):
  %22 : None = prim::Constant()
  %13 : bool = prim::Constant[value=1]() # /home/SENSETIME/zhangshilong/PycharmProjects/pythonProject/opt.py:10:4
  %10 : int = prim::Constant[value=100]() # /home/SENSETIME/zhangshilong/PycharmProjects/pythonProject/opt.py:10:19
  %x : Tensor = prim::Loop(%10, %13, %x.1) # /home/SENSETIME/zhangshilong/PycharmProjects/pythonProject/opt.py:10:4
    block0(%i : int, %x.10 : Tensor):
      %x.4 : Tensor = aten::t(%x.10) # /home/SENSETIME/zhangshilong/PycharmProjects/pythonProject/opt.py:11:12
      %x.7 : Tensor = aten::t(%x.4) # /home/SENSETIME/zhangshilong/PycharmProjects/pythonProject/opt.py:12:12
      -> (%13, %x.7)
  %23 : Tensor = aten::sum(%x, %22) # /home/SENSETIME/zhangshilong/PycharmProjects/pythonProject/opt.py:13:11
  return (%23)


graph(%x.1 : Tensor):
  %1 : None = prim::Constant()
  %2 : Tensor = aten::sum(%x.1, %1) # /home/SENSETIME/zhangshilong/PycharmProjects/pythonProject/opt.py:13:11
  return (%2)

关于 IR 计算图优化

IR 的 Method 中内置 GraphExecutor object,创建于第一次执行的时候,负责优化。
文件 pytorch-master/torch/csrc/jit/api/method.h scritp_method 的 C++ 原型里

 
  
GraphExecutor& get_executor() {
    return function_->get_executor();
  }

GraphExecutor 的定义在/torch/csrc/jit/runtime/graph_executor.cpp,可见其由 graph 产生,定义了 run 方法执行

 
  
GraphExecutor::GraphExecutor(
    const std::shared_ptr<Graph>& graph,
    std::string function_name)
    : pImpl(
          IsNewExecutorEnabled()
              ? dynamic_cast<GraphExecutorImplBase*>(
                    new ProfilingGraphExecutorImpl(
                        graph,
                        std::move(function_name)))
              : dynamic_cast<GraphExecutorImplBase*>(
                    new GraphExecutorImpl(graph, std::move(function_name)))) {}
std::shared_ptr<Graph> GraphExecutor::graph() const {
  return pImpl->graph;
}
const ExecutionPlan& GraphExecutor::getPlanFor(
    Stack& inputs,
    size_t remaining_bailout_depth) {
  return pImpl->getPlanFor(inputs, remaining_bailout_depth);
}


 std::shared_ptr<GraphExecutorImplBase> pImpl;
.....


关于GraphExecutorImplBase,/torch/csrc/jit/runtime/graph_executor.cpp
const ExecutionPlan& getOrCompile(const Stack& stack) {
      .....
      auto plan = compileSpec(spec);


    }
  }
# compileSpec 会返回一个plan
ExecutionPlan compileSpec(const ArgumentSpec& spec) {
    auto opt_graph = graph->copy();
    GRAPH_DUMP("Optimizing the following function:", opt_graph);
    arg_spec_creator_.specializeTypes(*opt_graph, spec);


    // Phase 0. Inline functions, then clean up any artifacts that the inliner
    //          left in that may inhibit optimization
     .....
    runRequiredPasses(opt_graph);
    GRAPH_DEBUG(
        "After runRequiredPasses, before ConstantPropagation\n", *opt_graph);


    // Phase 2. Propagate detailed information about the spec through the
    //          graph (enabled more specializations in later passes).
    //          Shape propagation sometimes depends on certain arguments being
    //          constants, and constant propagation doesn't need shape
    //          information anyway, so it's better to run it first.
    ConstantPropagation(opt_graph);
    GRAPH_DEBUG(
        "After ConstantPropagation, before PropagateInputShapes\n", *opt_graph);
    PropagateInputShapes(opt_graph);
    GRAPH_DEBUG(
        "After PropagateInputShapes, before PropagateRequiresGrad\n",
        *opt_graph);
    PropagateRequiresGrad(opt_graph);
    GRAPH_DEBUG(
        "After PropagateRequiresGrad, before runOptimization\n", *opt_graph);


    // Phase 3. Run differentiable optimizations (i.e. simple graph rewrites
    //          that we can still execute using autograd).
    runOptimization(opt_graph);
    .....各种优化
    return ExecutionPlan(opt_graph, function_name_);
  }

这些优化在 torch/csrc/jit/passes/ 文件夹 torch/csrc/jit/passes/dead_code_elimination.cpp /torch/csrc/jit/passes/fuse_linear.cpp torch/csrc/jit/passes/remove_dropout.cpp torch/csrc/jit/passes/fold_conv_bn.cpp

参考:

1. INTRODUCTION TO TORCHSCRIPT(https://pytorch.org/tutorials/beginner/Intro_to_TorchScript_tutorial.html)

2. PyTorch 部署_TorchScript(https://zhuanlan.zhihu.com/p/135911580)

3. pytorch_wiki(https://github.com/pytorch/pytorch/wiki)

4. PyTorch-JIT-Source-Code-Read-Note(https://zasdfgbnm.github.io/2018/09/20/PyTorch-JIT-Source-Code-Read-Note/)

5. Abstract_syntax_tree(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abstract_syntax_tree)

作者:因本人卑微的算法调参侠一枚,对于部署了解不深。如有纰漏,望评论区不吝指正。

本文仅做学术分享,如有侵权,请联系删文。

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