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http://www.kekenet.com/kaoyan/201406/303042.shtml
2001年全国硕士研究生招生考试
2001年硕士入学考试英语阅读真题附答案详解:TEXT1_考研英语历年真题 - 可可考研
Text 1
first paragraph:
1.Specialization（专业化） can be seen as a response( to the problem)( of an increasing accumulation )(of scientific knowledge).
专业化可以视为对科学知识的不断积累这一问题的应对之策。
2.By splitting up the subject matter into smaller units, one man could continue( to handle the information and use it as the basis for further research).
通过将研究主题分解为更小的单位,人们便能继续处理这些信息,并将其作为进一步研究的基础。
3.But specialization was only one of a series (of related developments )(in science affecting the process)( of communication).
但专业化仅是科学领域内一系列影响交流过程的相关发展之一。
4.Another was the growing professionalisation of scientific activity.
另一种发展是科研活动的日益专业化。
| specialization：专业化 |
| splitting ['splitiŋ]：adj. [口]极快的；爆裂似的，剧烈的；滑稽的v. 裂开（split的现在分词） |
second paragraph:
1.No clear-cut distinction can be drawn between professionals and amateurs in science: exceptions can be found to any rule.
在科学领域内,专业人员与业余人员之间根本不可能被明确区分:任何规则都有其例外。
2.Nevertheless, the word “amateur" does carry a connotation that the person concerned is not fully integrated into the scientific community and, in particular, may not fully share its values.
不过,“业余人员”这个词的确带有这样的含义:其所指的人员并没有完全融入科学界,尤其是其价值观可能会和科学界的不完全相同。
3.The gowth of specialisation in the nineteenth century, with its consequent requirement of a longer, more complex training, implied greater problems for amateur participation in science.
十九世纪内专业化的发展,以及随之而来的对更加长期、复杂的训练的要求,意味着业余人士要参与科学研究更加困难。
4.The trend was naturally most obvious in those areas of science based especially on a mathematical or laboratory training, and can be illustrated in terms of the development of geology in the United Kingdom.
这一趋势自然在以数学或实验室训练为基础的科学领域里表现得最为突出;英国地质学的发展可对此予以说明。
| clear-cut :adj. 清晰的; 轮廓鲜明的; |
| concerned: adj. 忧虑的; 认为重要的; 关注的; |
| integrated：完整的; 整体的; |
| share：有共同之处 |
| illustrated:说明; 表明; （用示例、图画等）说明; |
third paragraph:
1.A comparison of British geological publications over the last century and a half reveals not simply an increasing emphasis on the primacy of research, but also a changing definition of what constitutes an acceptable research paper.
把英国最近一个半世纪的地质学刊物做一下比较就会发现,不仅“科研为本”越来越受到重视,而且判定研究论文是否能被接受的标准也在不断变化。
2.Thus, in the nineteenth century, local geological studies represented worthwhile research in their own right; but, in the twentieth century, local studies have increasingly become acceptable to professionals only if they incorporate, and reflect on, the wider geological picture.
因此在19世纪，当地的全球性研究组织只承认他们认为正确是研究，但在20世纪，只要地方研究者能够反应出更深层次全球性问题，他们也能越来越对地方研究者呈现出可接受的态度。
因此,十九世纪时,地方上的地质学研究本身就是有价值的科研;但到了二十世纪，越来越多的情况是,只有在地方上的研究包含并反映更广的地质状况的情况下,它们才会被专业人员接受。
| primacy |
首要地位; 首要; 至高无上 |
| constitutes |
建立( constitute的第三人称单数 ); 指定; （合法或正式地）成立; 构成; |
| geological |
地质（学）的; |
| in their own right |
自身具有的能力或品质 |
| picture |
描述;印象， 情况; |
| incorporate |
吸收;合并;混合; 包含; |
| only |
if：只有，只有当…;除非; |
3.Amateurs, on the other hand, have continued to pursue local studies in the old way.
另一方面，业余爱好者已经在以一种过去的方式去追随当地的研究。
可另一方面,业余人员继续以传统的方式从事着地方上的研究。
4.The overall result has been to make entrance (进入许可; 入行资格) to professional geological journals harder for amateurs, a result that has been reinforced by the widespread introduction of refereeing, first by national journals in the nineteenth century and then by several local geological journals in the twentieth century.
对于业余人员，这总体的结果已经让其在专业的地质杂志上发表更难，并且这个结果也表面被广泛的期刊所抵触，首先在在19世纪被国际期刊抵触，而后在20世纪被多家地方地址期刊抵触。
总体的结果是,业余人员更难在专业地质学刊物上发表文章;而这一结果又因评审制的广泛采用得以巩固。评审制在十九世纪时首先为国家级刊物采用,二十世纪时又为数家地方地质学刊物采用。
| entrance：进入许可; |
入行资格 |
| refereeing: |
仲裁，审稿工作，稿件评审; |
| introduction: |
采用;新引用的事物;介绍 |
5.As a logical consequence of this development, separate journals have now appeared aimed mainly towards either professional or amateur readership.
随着这个逻辑发展，有的刊物限制已经主要面对专业读者而不是业余读者。
这种发展所带来的一个必然结果就是,目前不同的刊物已发展为了分别面向专业读者或业余读者。
| separate adj. |
独立的;不同的，不相关的;v.（使）分开，分离 |
| appeare: |
出现;出庭（作证或受审）;演出;发表; |
| apparently: |
adv.据说;好像，看来，显然; |
| either...or... |
:或…或… |
6.A rather similar process of differentiation has led to professional geologists coming together nationally within one or two specific societies, whereas the amateurs have tended either to remain in local societies or to come together nationally in a different way.
一个不同方向的分化已经导致了专业地质学家在一到两个国际专业团体中聚集，然而，业余人员，或者在地方社会团体或者以一种不同的方式聚集在国际团体。
一种非常类似的分化过程使专业地质学家聚集起来,形成一两个全国性的学会,而业余地质学家们要么留在地方上的学会里,要么以一种不同的方式组成全国性的学会。
differentiation：n.区别，差异化; 〈生物〉分化;
specific：adj.明确的; 独特的;
nationally：adv.在全国范围内，全国性地; 作为整个民族;
fourth paragraph:
1.Although the process of professionalisation and specialization was already well under way in British geology during the nineteenth century, its full consequences were thus delayed until the twentieth century.
虽然在19世纪英国地质的专业化和专职化的过程已经很好，但一个完整的结果推迟到20世纪才显示出来。
虽然英国地质学界中职业化和专业化的过程在十九世纪就已经有相当的进展,但它全面的影响直到二十世纪才显现出来。
specialization：n.特别化; 专门化;
2.In science generally, however, the nineteenth century must be reckoned as the crucial period for this change in the structure of science.
不过,就科学整体而言,十九世纪必须被视为科学的结构发生这一变化的关键时期。
be reckoned as: 被视为
crucial: 至关重要的，关键性的;