本章介绍如下概念：
1 用EGL创建屏幕上的渲染表面
2 加载顶点和片段着色器
3 创建一个程序对象，连接顶点和片段着色器，并链接程序对象
4 设置视口
5 清除颜色缓冲区
6 渲染简单图元
7 使颜色缓冲区的内容在EGL窗口表面中可见
2.1 代码框架
代码中使用es开始的函数，例如esCreateWindow()。
2.3 示例
OpenGL ES 3.0完全基于着色器，如果没有加载和绑定合适的着色器，就无法绘制任何几何形状。
Hello_Triangle.c
// The MIT License (MIT)
//
// Copyright (c) 2013 Dan Ginsburg, Budirijanto Purnomo
//
// Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
// of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
// in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
// to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
// copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
// furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
//
// The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in
// all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
//
// THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
// IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
// FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
// AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
// LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
// OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN
// THE SOFTWARE.
//
// Book: OpenGL(R) ES 3.0 Programming Guide, 2nd Edition
// Authors: Dan Ginsburg, Budirijanto Purnomo, Dave Shreiner, Aaftab Munshi
// ISBN-10: 0-321-93388-5
// ISBN-13: 978-0-321-93388-1
// Publisher: Addison-Wesley Professional
// URLs: http://www.opengles-book.com
// http://my.safaribooksonline.com/book/animation-and-3d/9780133440133
//
// Hello_Triangle.c
//
// This is a simple example that draws a single triangle with
// a minimal vertex/fragment shader. The purpose of this
// example is to demonstrate the basic concepts of
// OpenGL ES 3.0 rendering.
#include "esUtil.h"
typedef struct
{
// Handle to a program object
GLuint programObject;
} UserData;
///
// Create a shader object, load the shader source, and
// compile the shader.
//
GLuint LoadShader ( GLenum type, const char *shaderSrc )
{
GLuint shader;
GLint compiled;
// Create the shader object
shader = glCreateShader ( type );
if ( shader == 0 )
{
return 0;
}
// Load the shader source
glShaderSource ( shader, 1, &shaderSrc, NULL );
// Compile the shader
glCompileShader ( shader );
// Check the compile status
glGetShaderiv ( shader, GL_COMPILE_STATUS, &compiled );
if ( !compiled )
{
GLint infoLen = 0;
glGetShaderiv ( shader, GL_INFO_LOG_LENGTH, &infoLen );
if ( infoLen > 1 )
{
char *infoLog = malloc ( sizeof ( char ) * infoLen );
glGetShaderInfoLog ( shader, infoLen, NULL, infoLog );
esLogMessage ( "Error compiling shader:\n%s\n", infoLog );
free ( infoLog );
}
glDeleteShader ( shader );
return 0;
}
return shader;
}
///
// Initialize the shader and program object
//
int Init ( ESContext *esContext )
{
UserData *userData = esContext->userData;
char vShaderStr[] =
"#version 300 es \n"
"layout(location = 0) in vec4 vPosition; \n"
"void main() \n"
"{ \n"
" gl_Position = vPosition; \n"
"} \n";
char fShaderStr[] =
"#version 300 es \n"
"precision mediump float; \n"
"out vec4 fragColor; \n"
"void main() \n"
"{ \n"
" fragColor = vec4 ( 1.0, 0.0, 0.0, 1.0 ); \n"
"} \n";
GLuint vertexShader;
GLuint fragmentShader;
GLuint programObject;
GLint linked;
// Load the vertex/fragment shaders
vertexShader = LoadShader ( GL_VERTEX_SHADER, vShaderStr );
fragmentShader = LoadShader ( GL_FRAGMENT_SHADER, fShaderStr );
// Create the program object
programObject = glCreateProgram ( );
if ( programObject == 0 )
{
return 0;
}
glAttachShader ( programObject, vertexShader );
glAttachShader ( programObject, fragmentShader );
// Link the program
glLinkProgram ( programObject );
// Check the link status
glGetProgramiv ( programObject, GL_LINK_STATUS, &linked );
if ( !linked )
{
GLint infoLen = 0;
glGetProgramiv ( programObject, GL_INFO_LOG_LENGTH, &infoLen );
if ( infoLen > 1 )
{
char *infoLog = malloc ( sizeof ( char ) * infoLen );
glGetProgramInfoLog ( programObject, infoLen, NULL, infoLog );
esLogMessage ( "Error linking program:\n%s\n", infoLog );
free ( infoLog );
}
glDeleteProgram ( programObject );
return FALSE;
}
// Store the program object
userData->programObject = programObject;
glClearColor ( 1.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f );
return TRUE;
}
///
// Draw a triangle using the shader pair created in Init()
//
void Draw ( ESContext *esContext )
{
UserData *userData = esContext->userData;
GLfloat vVertices[] = { 0.0f, 0.5f, 0.0f,
-0.5f, -0.5f, 0.0f,
0.5f, -0.5f, 0.0f
};
// Set the viewport
glViewport ( 0, 0, esContext->width, esContext->height );
// Clear the color buffer
glClear ( GL_COLOR_BUFFER_BIT );
// Use the program object
glUseProgram ( userData->programObject );
// Load the vertex data
glVertexAttribPointer ( 0, 3, GL_FLOAT, GL_FALSE, 0, vVertices );
glEnableVertexAttribArray ( 0 );
glDrawArrays ( GL_TRIANGLES, 0, 3 );
}
void Shutdown ( ESContext *esContext )
{
UserData *userData = esContext->userData;
glDeleteProgram ( userData->programObject );
}
int esMain ( ESContext *esContext )
{
esContext->userData = malloc ( sizeof ( UserData ) );
esCreateWindow ( esContext, "Hello Triangle", 320, 240, ES_WINDOW_RGB );
if ( !Init ( esContext ) )
{
return GL_FALSE;
}
esRegisterShutdownFunc ( esContext, Shutdown );
esRegisterDrawFunc ( esContext, Draw );
return GL_TRUE;
}
todo UML流程图
示例代码组织目录：
Common/----包含OpenGL ES 3.0框架代码
chapter_x/----包含每一章的示例程序
2.4 使用OpenGL ES 3.0框架
主入口点esMain：
int esMain ( ESContext *esContext )
{
esContext->userData = malloc ( sizeof ( UserData ) );
esCreateWindow ( esContext, "Hello Triangle", 320, 240, ES_WINDOW_RGB );
if ( !Init ( esContext ) )
{
return GL_FALSE;
}
esRegisterShutdownFunc ( esContext, Shutdown );
esRegisterDrawFunc ( esContext, Draw );
return GL_TRUE;
}ESContext有一个名为userData类型为void*的成员，应用程序的所有数据保存在userData中。esMain函数负责分配userData、创建窗口和初始化回调函数。esCreateWindow函数使用EGL创建一个屏幕上的渲染表面，该表面连接到一个窗口。EGL是平台无关的创建渲染表面和上下文的API。退出esMain后，框架进入主循环，该循环将调用注册的回调函数Draw，直到窗口关闭。
2.5 创建简单的顶点和片段着色器
Init函数的主要任务是加载一个顶点着色器和一个片段着色器。顶点着色器如下：
char vShaderStr[] =
"#version 300 es \n"
"layout(location = 0) in vec4 vPosition; \n"
"void main() \n"
"{ \n"
" gl_Position = vPosition; \n"
"} \n";layout(location = 0)表示这个变量的位置是顶点属性0。in vec4 vPosition表示输入属性数组，Draw函数将传入这个变量中的每个顶点的位置。main函数表示着色器执行的开始。每个顶点着色器必须在gl_Position变量中输出一个位置。这个变量传递到管线下一个阶段。
片段着色器如下：
char fShaderStr[] =
"#version 300 es \n"
"precision mediump float; \n"
"out vec4 fragColor; \n"
"void main() \n"
"{ \n"
" fragColor = vec4 ( 1.0, 0.0, 0.0, 1.0 ); \n"
"} \n";precision mediump float声明着色器中浮点变量的默认精度。写入到fragColor变量的值将被输出到颜色缓冲区。这个例子中，片段着色器的输出都是红色(1.0, 0.0, 0.0, 1.0)。大部分应用，着色器是从某数据文件中加载的。
2.6 编译和加载着色器
LoadShader函数负责加载着色器源代码，编译并检查其错误。它返回一个着色器对象(GLuint)，这是一个OpenGL ES 3.0对象，以后可用于连接到程序对象。
GLuint LoadShader ( GLenum type, const char *shaderSrc )
{
GLuint shader;
GLint compiled;
// Create the shader object
shader = glCreateShader ( type );
if ( shader == 0 )
{
return 0;
}
// Load the shader source
glShaderSource ( shader, 1, &shaderSrc, NULL );
// Compile the shader
glCompileShader ( shader );
// Check the compile status
glGetShaderiv ( shader, GL_COMPILE_STATUS, &compiled );
if ( !compiled )
{
GLint infoLen = 0;
glGetShaderiv ( shader, GL_INFO_LOG_LENGTH, &infoLen );
if ( infoLen > 1 )
{
char *infoLog = malloc ( sizeof ( char ) * infoLen );
glGetShaderInfoLog ( shader, infoLen, NULL, infoLog );
esLogMessage ( "Error compiling shader:\n%s\n", infoLog );
free ( infoLog );
}
glDeleteShader ( shader );
return 0;
}
return shader;
}首先glCreateShader创建指定类型的新着色器对象。glShaderSource将着色器源代码加载到着色器对象。着色器用glCompileShader函数编译。若着色器编译成功，则返回一个新的着色器对象，这个对象以后将连接到程序。
2.7 创建一个程序对象并链接着色器
程序对象可以视为最终链接的程序。不同的着色器(顶点，片段)编译为一个着色器对象之后，它们必须连接到一个程序对象并一起链接，才能绘制图形。
Init函数：
// Create the program object
programObject = glCreateProgram ( );
if ( programObject == 0 )
{
return 0;
}
glAttachShader ( programObject, vertexShader );
glAttachShader ( programObject, fragmentShader );
// Link the program
glLinkProgram ( programObject );
// Check the link status
glGetProgramiv ( programObject, GL_LINK_STATUS, &linked );
if ( !linked )
{
GLint infoLen = 0;
glGetProgramiv ( programObject, GL_INFO_LOG_LENGTH, &infoLen );
if ( infoLen > 1 )
{
char *infoLog = malloc ( sizeof ( char ) * infoLen );
glGetProgramInfoLog ( programObject, infoLen, NULL, infoLog );
esLogMessage ( "Error linking program:\n%s\n", infoLog );
free ( infoLog );
}
glDeleteProgram ( programObject );
return FALSE;
}
// Store the program object
userData->programObject = programObject;创建程序对象，并将顶点和片段着色器连接到对象上。
Draw函数：
// Use the program object
glUseProgram ( userData->programObject );程序对象成功链接后，用glUseProgram来绑定程序对象，进行渲染。
2.8 设置视口和清除颜色缓冲区
Draw函数：
void Draw ( ESContext *esContext )
{
UserData *userData = esContext->userData;
GLfloat vVertices[] = { 0.0f, 0.5f, 0.0f,
-0.5f, -0.5f, 0.0f,
0.5f, -0.5f, 0.0f
};
// Set the viewport
glViewport ( 0, 0, esContext->width, esContext->height );
// Clear the color buffer
glClear ( GL_COLOR_BUFFER_BIT );
// Use the program object
glUseProgram ( userData->programObject );
// Load the vertex data
glVertexAttribPointer ( 0, 3, GL_FLOAT, GL_FALSE, 0, vVertices );
glEnableVertexAttribArray ( 0 );
glDrawArrays ( GL_TRIANGLES, 0, 3 );
}Draw回调函数用于绘制帧。在Draw中执行的第一条命令是glViewport，它通知OpenGL ES用于绘制的2D渲染表面的原点、宽度和高度。设置视口之后，是清除屏幕。
2.9 加载几何图形和绘制图元
Draw函数中，清除颜色缓冲区、设置视口和加载程序对象之后，必须指定三角形的几何形状。三角形的顶点由vVertices数组中的3个坐标(x,y,z)指定。前面我们已经将vPosition与输入属性位置0绑定。我们调用glVertexAttribPointer函数将数据加载到顶点属性0。glDrawArrays函数用来绘制图元。
2.10 显示后台缓冲区
如果我们直接绘制到帧缓冲区，那么用户在部分更新帧缓冲区时会看到伪像。
采用双缓冲区：前台缓冲区和后台缓冲区。所有渲染发生在后台缓冲区，当所有渲染完成时，这个缓冲区被交换到前台缓冲区，用作屏幕显示。
eglSwapBuffers函数(框架在调用Draw回调函数后调用该函数)通知EGL切换前台和后台缓冲区。
eglSwapBuffers(esContext->eglDisplay, esContext->eglSurface)两个参数分别代表物理显示器和渲染表面。