solaris intermediate

1:Directory  Hierarchy

/bin --->/usr/bin

/dev---->/devices /dev logical /devices physical

/etc/mnttab contains details of current mounted file system .

/sbin single user mode command. used to restore system

/usr/sbin system administration commands

the size of a symbolic link always match the number of characters in the path name it contains.

ls -l /bin

lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 9 Oct 27 08:41 /bin -> ./usr/bin the size of " ./usr/bin" is 9 ,so the size of symbolic link /bin is 9

2: init

init 5 shutdown system

init 6 restart system

3: smc

Solaris managment console : smc&

check smc status : /etc/init.d/init.wbem status

stop smc: /etc/init.d/init.wbem stop

start smc: /etc/init.d/init.wbem start

when you use xstart connect to solaris 10 to start smc , it may shows "It appears you are attempting to run the graphical
Solaris Management Console from a terminal which does not have a suitable 'DISPLAY' environment......"

then you can use "setenv DISPLAY=**.**.**.**:0.0" use your local IP address to substitute my ip address ,after that ,type "smc&" it will be ok.

4: quot

quot -af display all filesystem's current kilobytes used,number of files,and owner respectively

quot -f /dev/rdsk/c1t0d0s7 display space used (KB) number of files ,owner on filesystem /dev/rdsk/c1t0d0s7

29 17 xcollin
9 2 root

note that the difference between filesystem name and filesystem type

5:mount

File systems do not contain their own mount point directories.

mount display the currently mounted file system

/etc/vfstab

#device device mount FS fsck mount mount

#to mount to fsck point type pass at boot options

fd - /dev/fd fd - no -

/proc - /proc proc - no -

/dev/dsk/c1t0d0s1 - - swap - no -

/dev/dsk/c1t0d0s0 /dev/rdsk/c1t0d0s0 / ufs 1 no -

/dev/dsk/c1t0d0s7 /dev/rdsk/c1t0d0s7 /export/home ufs 2 yes -

/devices - /devices devfs - no -

sharefs - /etc/dfs/sharetab sharefs - no -

ctfs - /system/contract ctfs - no -

objfs - /system/object objfs - no -

swap - /tmp tmpfs - yes -

fsck pass 0 ufs filesystem are not checked, non ufs-filesystem are checked.

>0 the file system is always checked.

device name mount point filesystem type mount options date and time mounted

/dev/dsk/c1t0d0s0    /                         ufs                               rw,intr,largefiles,logging,xattr,onerror=panic,dev=800000                          1319764148
/devices                  /devices              devfs                            dev=47c0000                                                                                         1319764144
ctfs                       /system/contract  ctfs                               dev=4800001                                                                                         1319764144
proc                      /proc                 proc                              dev=4840000                                                                                         1319764144
mnttab                   /etc/mnttab           mntfs                          dev=4880001                                                                                         1319764144
/tmp/VMwareDnD /var/run/vmblock  vmblock                      dev=4c00000                                                                                          1319764314
/export/home/xcollin /home/xcollin     lofs                            dev=800007                                                                                           1321490035

....

mount a different file system,use the -F option.

mount -F hsfs -o ro /dev/dsk/c0t6d0s0 /cdrom

use fstyp to determine a file system's type

fstyp /dev/rdsk/c0t0d0s7 ufs

----------------------------------------------------------------------

umount

before you use the fsck command, you need to unmount the file system.

umount -l unmount all local filesystem.

There are two methods to make a filesystem available for umounting if it is busy:

1):fuser command: list all the processes that are accessing the file system and kills them if necessary

1:As the root user, list all the process that are cccessing the file system.

fuser -cu mount_point

2: kill all the processes accessing the file system.

fuser -ck mount_point

3: verify that there are no processes accessing the file system.

fuser -c mount_point

4: unmount the file system

umount mount_point

2):umount -f command: Forces the unmount of a file system.

umount -f mount_point

A forced unmount can result in loss of data and in zombie processes that are left running on the system. However, it is particularly useful for unmounting a shared file system if the remote file server is nonfunctional

6 Reparing important files if boot fails

1) insert the solaris 10 OS CD-ROM into CD-ROM drive.

2) execute a single-user boot from the cd-rom: boot cdrom -s

3)fsck /dev/rdsk/c0t0d0s0

4) mount /dev/dsk/c0t0d0s0 /a

5) TERM=sun ; export TERM

6) vi /a/etc/vfstab

7) cd / ; umount /a

8) init 6

7 CD-ROM fails to eject from the drive,

1) stop vold : /etc/init.d/volmgt stop ,then try to eject the cd-rom ,if it doesn't work, following step 2

2) pkill -9 vold then eject the cd-rom, and leave the tray out.

3) start vold service : /etc/init.d/volmgt start and then push the cd-rom tray back into drive.

8 packages

packages path: /var/sadm/pkg

package map of the entire system: /var/sadm/install/contents

pkgtrans : Translates packages from one format to another

pkgadd : Installs software packages to the system

pkgrm : Removes a package from the system

pkginfo : Displays software package information

pkginfo | more displays information about software packages installed on local system's disk.

pkginfo SUNWzip display information for a specific package

pkginfo -l SUNWzip display detail information for a specific package.

pkginfo -d /cdrom/cdrom0/Solaris_10/Product | more view information about packages that are located on the Solaris 10 CD-ROM. You must use "-d" flag to view a directory of packages.

adding a software from a CD-ROM in /cdrom/cdrom0/Solaris_10/Product

pkgadd -d /cdrom/cdrom0/Solaris_10/Product SUNWvts

To install all packages in a data stream format package, perform the command :

pkgadd -d /tmp/SUNWrsc.pkg all

check if a package is installed :

pkgchk -l SUNWzip

delete a package

pkgrm SUNWsvim

adding packages to spool directory:
the default spool directory is /var/spool/pkg

pkgadd -d /cdrom/cdrom0/Solaris_10/Product -s spool SUNWauda

then you can directly use pkgadd SUNWauda to install this package.

To remove a package from the spool directory:

pkgrm -s spool SUNWauda

You can define an alternative directory to reposit the spooled package.

pkgadd -d /cdrom/cdrom0/Solaris_10/Product -s /export/xcollin/inventory SUNWauda

pkgrm -s /export/home/xcollin/inventory SUNWauda

9 Manage the process

1):CDE process manager

Start cde process manager on a console:

/usr/dt/bin/sdtprocess &

2):command line mode:

prstat (like linux's "top"),By default ,this command displays information about all processes sorted by CPU usage.

   PID        USERNAME        SIZE      RSS           STATE           PRI       NICE      TIME         CPU          PROCESS/NLWP
3057       root                     137M      37M           cpu1              59         0             0:57:08     0.2%         java/20
11357     root                      514M     452M         run                 59        0             1:07:40     0.1%         java/19
   2958       root                      68M       11M           sleep              59         0              0:27:53    0.1%         mixer_applet2/1

10799 xcollin 6684K 3932K stop 59 0 0:00:01 0.0% sshd/1

SIZE: the total virtual memory size of the process.

RSS: the resident set size of the process

STATE: cpu1 :the process is running on cpu

run : the process is in the run queue.

stop : the process is stopped.

PRI: the priority of the process

TIME: the cumulative execution time for the process

prstat -t  reports the total usuage summary for each user. (very useful) prstat -t

prstat -u uid reports the sepcified user's total processes. (very useful) to list xcollin's processes. prstat -u 512

another way to list xcollin's processes. pgrep -lU xcollin

prstat -s [cpu,time,size,rss,pri] sort output lines by cpu,or time or... prstat -s size

prstat -n restricts the number of output lines. prstat -n 10

pgrep -l ssh pgrep -lf ssh

948    sshd                          948    /usr/lib/ssh/sshd
2967   sshd                         2967  /usr/lib/ssh/sshd
2966    sshd                        2966  /usr/lib/ssh/sshd

pgrep -lt pts/2 display the terminal pts/2's process (must be 'lt' not 'tl')

pgrep -lU root displays the root's process (U=user) (must be 'lU' not 'Ul')

3): From the solaris management console

smc&

This computer--system status--processes.

10 at

at 20:16

>rm -rf /tmp

>ctrl+d

at -l list the current 'at' job.

user = root 1322136960.a Thu Nov 24 20:16:00 2011

at -r 1322136960.a remove the task 1322136960.a

send some message to specific terminal.

tty

/dev/pts/5

at 20:20

> echo "Test Complete" >/dev/pts/5

>ctrl+d

the same as crontab.

deny a user to use "at" command

add the user to /etc/cron.d/at.deny

if you want to allow only a few users to user "at" command. you can create a at.allow file. only users in that file can use "at" command.

It's the same as "cron"

when you type "crontab" without any option. Just press ctrl+c to exit. Do not press ctrl+ d .this will overwrite the existing crontab file with an empty file.

when you want to edit a crontab file. but can not open it with vi. use the following steps: export EDITOR=vi

another way to schedule job is to user smc&

this computer--services--scheduled jobs

11: Disk

The smallest addressable unit on a platter is called sector. sectors are also known as blocks, 512 bytes.

Disk slices are groupings of cylinders

cylinder is just tracks from the top of disk to bottom ,not including the whole inside tracks.

every disk device has an entry in both /dev/dsk ,/dev/rdsk dsk is block disk devices. rdsk is charactor disk devices.

listing a system's device:

prtconf

/etc/path_to_inst

steps to add a newly device to system and adding entry to /dev/dsk and /dev/rdsk

1): touch /reconfigure this file cause the system to check for any newly installed devices the next time system restarted.

2): init 5 shut down the system

3): install devices

4): turn on power

5): prtconf check if the device has been added.

if you don't want to power off machine. another way to add new devices is to use

devfsadm

12 format

the main funtion of format utility is to divide a disk into disk slices.

Do not change the size of a disk slices that are currently in use. when a disk with existing slices is repartitioned and relabeled,any existing data

can become inaccessible. copy existing data to backup media before the disk is repartitioned and restore the data to the disk after the disk is relabeled

and contains a new file system.

Disk labels: the disk's label is the area set aside for storing information about the disk's controller,geometry,and slices. the disk's lable is stored on the first sector of the disk.

To label a disk means to write slice information onto the disk.If you fail to label a disk after defining slices, the slice information will be lost.

an important part of the disk label is the partition table,which identifies a disk's slices,the slice boundaries in cylinders and the total size of the slices.

If the label on the disk has been destroyed, you need to relabel a disk with fmthard command. Following the below steps.

1):prtvtoc /dev/dsk/c1t0d0s0 > /var/tmp/c1t0d0.vtoc

2): fmthard -s /var/tmp/c1t0d0.vtoc /dev/rdsk/c0t0d0s2 the fmthard command cannot write a disk label on an unlabeled disk. you need to label it first with format command.

3): fmthard -s /dev/null /dev/rdsk/c1t0d0s2

13 newfs

you can construct a new ufs filesystem on a disk slice by using the newfs command.

creating a new filesystem is destructive .the newfs command overwrite data that resides on the selected disk slice.

newfs /dev/rdsk/c1t0d0s7

newfs -m 5 /dev/rdsk/c1t0d0s0 reserve 5 percent of free space when you create a new filesystem. (create new filesystem)

tunefs -m 1 /dev/rdks/c1t0d0s0 changing the percentage of free space to 1 percent. (filesystem has been created)

14 fsck

fsck command is used to check the data consistency of a file system and attempts to correct or repair any inconsistencies or damage found.

Remind that: never run fsck command on a mounted filesystem. this could leave the filesystem to an usable state.

fsck /dev/rdsk/c1t0d0s7 this is the only way to check a file system that don't have entry in /etc/vfstab file.

fsck -o f /dev/rdsk/c1t0d0s7 fsck command force a filesystem check,regardless of the state of the file system's superblock state flag.

15 service

list service information: svcs

svc.startd control all the system services. it can be referred to as the master restarter daemon. it can obtain information from the repository

service configuration repository: /etc/svc/repository.db this file can only be manipulated by svccfg and svcprop utility.

a corrupt repository prevents the system from booting. you can restore the repository using the following commands by booting system to single-user mode /lib/svc/bin/restore_repository

import new service to SMF repository svccfg import /var/svc/manifest/site/banner-smf.xml

disable a service

pgrep -fl cron 1647 /usr/sbin/cron

svcs cron online 11:13:16 svc:/system/cron:default

svcadm -v disable system/cron:default

temporarily disable a service (it will start the next time system reboot)

svcadm -v disable -t system/cron:default

troubleshoot why services are not running

svcs -x cron

16 run-level

display system's current run-level who -r

solaris run-level

0 running the PROM monitor

s single user mode with critical file systems mounted and accessible

1 single user mode, same as "s " option

2 multiuser mode, except the NFS filesystem not mounted

3 multiuser mode with all filesystems mounted

4 not used

5 shutdown system and power off

6 restart system.

17 milestone

currently the milestones that can be used at boot time are:

none, single-user, multi-user, multi-user-server, all

boot system to specific milestone from OBP

ok > boot -m milestone=single-user

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