os.path()
>>> import os
在 Python 中一旦涉及到路径相关的操作，os.path() 模块无疑是用得最多的了，下面就让我们一块来看看吧！
| 方法 | 说明 |
|---|---|
| os.path.abspath(path) | 返回绝对路径 |
| os.path.basename(path) | 返回文件名 |
| os.path.commonprefix(list) | 返回list(多个路径)中，所有path共有的最长的路径 |
| os.path.dirname(path) | 返回文件路径 |
| os.path.exists(path) | 路径存在则返回True,路径损坏返回False |
| os.path.lexists(path) | 路径存在则返回True,路径损坏也返回True (Test whether a path exists. Returns True for broken symbolic links) |
| os.path.expanduser(path) | 把path中包含的"~"和"~user"转换成用户目录 |
| os.path.expandvars(path) | 根据环境变量的值替换path中包含的"$name"和"${name}" |
| os.path.getatime(path) | 返回最近访问时间（浮点型秒数） |
| os.path.getmtime(path) | 返回最近文件修改时间 |
| os.path.getctime(path) | 返回文件 path 创建时间 |
| os.path.getsize(path) | 返回文件大小，如果文件不存在就返回错误 |
| os.path.isabs(path) | 判断是否为绝对路径 |
| os.path.isfile(path) | 判断路径是否为文件 |
| os.path.isdir(path) | 判断路径是否为目录 |
| os.path.islink(path) | 判断路径是否为链接 |
| os.path.ismount(path) | 判断路径是否为挂载点 |
| os.path.join(path1[, path2[, ...]]) | 把目录和文件名合成一个路径 |
| os.path.normcase(path) | 转换path的大小写和斜杠 |
| os.path.normpath(path) | 规范path字符串形式 |
| os.path.realpath(path) | 返回path的真实路径 |
| os.path.relpath(path[, start]) | 从start开始计算相对路径 |
| os.path.samefile(path1, path2) | 判断目录或文件是否相同 |
| os.path.sameopenfile(fp1, fp2) | 判断fp1和fp2是否指向同一文件 |
| os.path.samestat(stat1, stat2) | 判断stat tuple stat1和stat2是否指向同一个文件 |
| os.path.split(path) | 把路径分割成 dirname 和 basename，返回一个元组 |
| os.path.splitdrive(path) | 一般用在 windows 下，返回驱动器名和路径组成的元组 |
| os.path.splitext(path) | 分割路径中的文件名与拓展名 |
| os.path.splitunc(path) | 把路径分割为加载点与文件 |
| os.path.walk(path, visit, arg) | Python3 好像没这个了，和 os.walk() 应该比较像。 |
| os.path.supports_unicode_filenames | 设置是否支持unicode路径名 |
os.path.abspath(path)
>>> os.path.abspath('test.py')
'/root/workspace/python3_learning/test.py'
os.path.basename(path)
>>> os.path.basename('/root/workspace/python3_learning/test.py')
'test.py'
os.path.commonprefix(list)
>>> os.path.commonprefix(['/root/test.py', '/root/workspace/python3_learning'])
'/root/'
os.path.dirname(path)
>>> os.path.dirname('/root/workspace/python3_learning/test.py')
'/root/workspace/python3_learning'os.path.exists(path)
>>> os.path.exists('/root/workspace/python3_learning/test.py')
True
>>> os.path.exists('/root/workspace/python3_learning/test3.py')
False
os.path.lexists(path)
test.py.bak 是 test.py 的符号链接。符号链接所指向的文件即使不存在了，只要符号链接仍然存在，也仍然返回 True。
>>> os.path.lexists('test.py.link')
True
>>> os.path.exists('test.py.link')
True
>>> os.remove('test.py')
>>> os.path.lexists('test.py.link')
True
>>> os.path.exists('test.py.link')
False
os.path.expanduser(path)
# root
>>> os.path.expanduser('~/workspace')
'/root/workspace'
# looking
>>> os.path.expanduser('~/workspace')
'/home/looking/workspace'
os.path.expandvars(path)
>>> os.path.expandvars('${HOME}/workspace')
'/root/workspace'
os.path.getatime(path)
>>> os.path.getatime('test2.py')
1611627917.5157754
os.path.getmtime(path)
>>> os.path.getmtime('test2.py')
1609834946.9199047
os.path.getctime(path)
>>> os.path.getctime('test2.py')
1609834946.9209046
os.path.getsize(path)
>>> os.path.getsize('test2.py')
196
os.path.isabs(path)
>>> os.path.isabs('/root/workspace/python3_learning/test.py')
True
>>> os.path.isabs('python3_learning/test.py')
False
os.path.isfile(path)
>>> os.path.isfile('test.py')
True
>>> os.path.isfile('non-exists')
False
os.path.isdir(path)
>>> os.path.isdir('.')
True
>>> os.path.isdir('test.py')
False
os.path.islink(path)
>>> os.path.islink('test.py')
False
>>> os.path.islink('test.py.link')
True
os.path.ismount(path)
>>> os.path.ismount('/dev/mapper/centos-root')
False
>>> os.path.ismount('/')
True
>>> os.path.ismount('/dev')
True
os.path.join(path1[, path2[, ...]])
>>> os.path.join('/root', 'workspace', 'python3_learning/')
'/root/workspace/python3_learning/'
os.path.normcase(path)
>>> os.path.normcase('/root\/dft')
'/root\\/dft'
os.path.normpath(path)
>>> os.path.normpath('/root\/dft')
'/root\\/dft'
os.path.realpath(path)
>>> os.path.realpath('test.py')
'/root/workspace/python3_learning/test.py'
os.path.samefile(path1, path2)
>>> os.path.samefile('test.py', 'test2.py')
False
>>> os.path.samefile('test.py', 'test.py')
True
>>> os.path.samefile('test.py', 'test.py.link')
True
os.path.sameopenfile(fp1, fp2)
>>> fd1 = os.open('test.txt', os.O_RDWR|os.O_CREAT)
>>> fd2 = os.open('test.txt', os.O_RDWR|os.O_CREAT)
>>> os.path.sameopenfile(fd1, fd2)
True
>>> fd3 = os.open('foo.txt', os.O_RDWR|os.O_CREAT)
>>> os.path.sameopenfile(fd1, fd3)
False
os.path.samestat(stat1, stat2)
>>> os.path.samestat(os.stat('test.py'), os.stat('test.py'))
True
>>> os.path.samestat(os.stat('test.py'), os.stat('test.py.link'))
True
>>> os.path.samestat(os.stat('test.py'), os.stat('test2.py'))
False
os.path.split(path)
>>> os.path.split('/root/workspace/python3_learning/test.py')
('/root/workspace/python3_learning', 'test.py')
os.path.splitext(path)
>>> os.path.splitext('/root/workspace/python3_learning/test.py')
('/root/workspace/python3_learning/test', '.py')
>>> os.path.splitext('test.py')
('test', '.py')
>>>
pathlib.Path()
>>> import pathlib和 os、os.path 的部分功能很像。
Path.cwd()
>>> os.getcwd()
'/root/workspace/python3_learning'
>>> str(pathlib.Path().cwd())
'/root/workspace/python3_learning'
Path.resolve()
类似于 os.path.abspath()，一般可以用来查找软链接文件对应的真实文件。不过 Path.resolve() 似乎一直返回的绝对路径，os.readlink() 如果读取到真实文件就在当前目录，就不返回绝对路径了。
>>> import pathlib
>>> pathlib.Path('test.py').resolve()
PosixPath('/root/workspace/python3_learning/test.py')
>>> pathlib.Path('test.py.link').resolve()
PosixPath('/root/workspace/python3_learning/test.py')
>>> import os
>>> os.readlink('test.py.link')
'test.py'
>>> os.readlink(os.path.abspath('test.py.link'))
'test.py'
>>> os.path.abspath('test.py.link')
'/root/workspace/python3_learning/test.py.link'
>>> os.path.abspath(os.readlink('test.py.link'))
'/root/workspace/python3_learning/test.py'
[root@master python3_learning]# ll
total 76
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 422 Mar 10 09:55 test.py
lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root 7 Feb 3 17:37 test.py.link -> test.py
lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root 13 Mar 11 09:01 test.sh.link -> /root/test.sh
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 0 Feb 3 18:31 test.txt
>>> os.path.abspath(os.readlink('test.sh.link'))
'/root/test.sh'
>>> str(pathlib.Path('test.sh.link').resolve())
'/root/test.sh'
>>> os.readlink('test.py.link')
'test.py'
>>> str(pathlib.Path('test.py.link').resolve())
'/root/workspace/python3_learning/test.py'Path.exists()
>>> pathlib.Path('test.py').exists()
True
>>> pathlib.Path('tet.py').exists()
FalsePath.is_dir()
>>> pathlib.Path('test.py').is_dir()
False
>>> pathlib.Path('test3').is_dir()
True
Path.is_file()
>>> pathlib.Path('test.py').is_file()
True
>>> pathlib.Path('test3').is_file()
False
Path.is_symlink()
>>> pathlib.Path('test.py').is_symlink()
False
>>> pathlib.Path('test.py.link').is_symlink()
True
Path.is_absolute()
>>> pathlib.Path('test.py').is_absolute()
False
>>> pathlib.Path('/root/workspace/python3_learning/test.py').is_absolute()
True
Path.joinpath()
>>> str(pathlib.Path('/root').joinpath('hello', 'world'))
'/root/hello/world'
>>> pathlib.Path('/root').joinpath('hello', 'world').name
'world'
>>> pathlib.Path('/root').joinpath('hello', 'world').parent
PosixPath('/root/hello')
下面这种路径的拼接方式是不是挺简单粗暴的！！！:)
>>> pathlib.Path('/root') / 'hello'
PosixPath('/root/hello')
>>> pathlib.Path('/root') / pathlib.Path('hello')
PosixPath('/root/hello')
>>> pathlib.Path('/root') / pathlib.Path('hello', 'world')
PosixPath('/root/hello/world')
Path.expanduser()
>>> pathlib.Path('~/workspace').expanduser()
PosixPath('/root/workspace')Path.name
>>> pathlib.Path('/root/workspace/python3_learning/test.py').name
'test.py'
Path.stem
>>> pathlib.Path('/root/workspace/python3_learning/test.py').stem
'test'Path.parent
>>> pathlib.Path('/root/workspace/python3_learning/test.py').parent
PosixPath('/root/workspace/python3_learning')Path.parents
>>> list(pathlib.Path('/root/workspace/python3_learning/test.py').parents)
[PosixPath('/root/workspace/python3_learning'), PosixPath('/root/workspace'), PosixPath('/root'), PosixPath('/')]Path.suffix
>>> pathlib.Path('/root/workspace/python3_learning/test.py').suffix
'.py'
Path.parts
>>> pathlib.Path('/root/workspace/python3_learning/test.py').parts
('/', 'root', 'workspace', 'python3_learning', 'test.py')Path.root
>>> pathlib.Path('/root/workspace/python3_learning/test.py').root
'/'
Path.with_name()
>>> pathlib.Path('/root/workspace/python3_learning/test.py').with_name('hello.py')
PosixPath('/root/workspace/python3_learning/hello.py')
Path.with_suffix()
>>> pathlib.Path('/root/workspace/python3_learning/test.py').with_suffix('.rb')
PosixPath('/root/workspace/python3_learning/test.rb')Path.match()
>>> pathlib.Path('/root/workspace/python3_learning/test.py').match('*.py')
True
>>> pathlib.Path('/root/workspace/python3_learning/test.py').match('*.rb')
False
Path.glob()
>>> list(pathlib.Path('/root/workspace/python3_learning/').glob('*.py'))
[PosixPath('/root/workspace/python3_learning/world.py'),
PosixPath('/root/workspace/python3_learning/ip-address.py'),
PosixPath('/root/workspace/python3_learning/test.py'),
PosixPath('/root/workspace/python3_learning/minio_client.py'),
PosixPath('/root/workspace/python3_learning/test2.py'),
PosixPath('/root/workspace/python3_learning/find_symbolic_links.py')]Path.rglob()
比 rglob 多了一个 r，r 表示递归（recursive）的意思。
>>> list(pathlib.Path('/root/workspace/python3_learning/').rglob('*.py'))
[PosixPath('/root/workspace/python3_learning/world.py'),
PosixPath('/root/workspace/python3_learning/ip-address.py'),
PosixPath('/root/workspace/python3_learning/test.py'),
PosixPath('/root/workspace/python3_learning/minio_client.py'),
PosixPath('/root/workspace/python3_learning/test2.py'),
PosixPath('/root/workspace/python3_learning/find_symbolic_links.py'),
PosixPath('/root/workspace/python3_learning/test3/test.py')]