proj4 命令
proj -l 获取所有的坐标系
proj -ld 获取所有的基准面
proj -le 获取所有的椭球体
proj -lu 获取所有的单位
cs2cs -lm 获取所有的中央子午线
一、proj-strings
“proj-strings”. A proj-string describes any transformation regardless of how simple or complicated it might be
0、参数列表
| Parameter | Description |
|---|---|
| +a | Semimajor radius of the ellipsoid axis 长轴 |
| +axis | Axis orientation 长轴方向 |
| +b | Semiminor radius of the ellipsoid axis 短轴 |
| * +ellps | Ellipsoid name 椭球体 |
| * +datum | Datum name 基准面 |
| +k | Scaling factor (deprecated) 缩放系数 |
| +k_0 | Scaling factor 缩放系数 |
| +lat_0 | Latitude of origin 原点纬度 |
| +lon_0 | Central meridian 中央子午线 |
| +lon_wrap | Center longitude to use for wrapping |
| +over | Allow longitude output outside -180 to 180 range, disables wrapping |
| +pm | Alternate prime meridian (typically a city name 备用本初子午线 |
| * +proj | Projection name 坐标系名称 |
| +units | meters, US survey feet.etc. 水平单位，米、英寸等 |
| +vunits | vertical units 垂直单位 |
| +x_0 | False easting 向东偏移距离 |
| +y_0 | False northing 向北偏移距离 |
补充：
| Parameter | Description |
|---|---|
| +geoidgrids | Filename of GTX grid file to use for vertical datum transforms |
| +nadgrids | Filename of NTv2 grid file to use for datum transforms |
| +towgs84 | 3 or 7 term datum transform parameters |
| +to_meter | Multiplier to convert map units to 1.0m |
| +vto_meter | Vertical conversion to meters |
1、+axis
1.1 组合值
- “e” - Easting
- “w” - Westing
- “n” - Northing
- “s” - Southing
- “u” - Up
- “d” - Down
1.2 +axis常用值
- +axis=enu - the default easting, northing, elevation.
- +axis=neu - northing, easting, up - useful for “lat/long” geographic coordinates, or south orientated transverse mercator.
- +axis=wnu - westing, northing, up - some planetary coordinate systems have “west positive” coordinate systems
2、+ellps 椭球体
| 名称 | 长半轴 a | 短半轴 b | 1/扁率 rf | 描述 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| MERIT | 6378137.0 | 298.257 | MERIT 1983 | |
| SGS85 | 6378136.0 | 298.257 | Soviet Geodetic System 85 | |
| * GRS80 | 6378137.0 | 298.257222101 | GRS 1980(IUGG, 1980) | |
| IAU76 | 6378140.0 | 298.257 | IAU 1976 | |
| airy | 6377563.396 | 299.3249646 | Airy 1830 | |
| APL4.9 | 6378137.0 | 298.25 | Appl. Physics. 1965 | |
| NWL9D | 6378145.0 | 298.25 | Naval Weapons Lab., 1965 | |
| mod_airy | 6377340.189 | 6356034.446 | Modified Airy | |
| andrae | 6377104.43 | 300.0 | Andrae 1876 (Den., Iclnd.) | |
| danish | 6377019.2563 | 300.0 | Andrae 1876 (Denmark, Iceland) | |
| aust_SA | 6378160.0 | 298.25 | Australian Natl & S. Amer. 1969 | |
| GRS67 | 6378160.0 | 298.2471674270 | GRS 67(IUGG 1967) | |
| GSK2011 | 6378136.5 | 298.2564151 | GSK-2011 | |
| bessel | 6377397.155 | 299.1528128 | Bessel 1841 | |
| bess_nam | 6377483.865 | 299.1528128 | Bessel 1841 (Namibia) | |
| clrk66 | 6378206.4 | 6356583.8 | Clarke 1866 | |
| clrk80 | 6378249.145 | 293.4663 | Clarke 1880 mod. | |
| clrk80ign | 6378249.2 | 293.4660212936269 | Clarke 1880 (IGN). | |
| CPM | 6375738.7 | 334.29 | Comm. des Poids et Mesures 1799 | |
| delmbr | 6376428. | 311.5 | Delambre 1810 (Belgium) | |
| engelis | 6378136.05 | 298.2566 | Engelis 1985 | |
| evrst30 | 6377276.345 | 300.8017 | Everest 1830 | |
| evrst48 | 6377304.063 | 300.8017 | Everest 1948 | |
| evrst56 | 6377301.243 | 300.8017 | Everest 1956 | |
| evrst69 | 6377295.664 | 300.8017 | Everest 1969 | |
| evrstSS | 6377298.556 | 300.8017 | Everest (Sabah & Sarawak) | |
| fschr60 | 6378166. | 298.3 | Fischer (Mercury Datum) 1960 | |
| fschr60m | 6378155. | 298.3 | Modified Fischer 1960 | |
| fschr68 | 6378150. | 298.3 | Fischer 1968 | |
| helmert | 6378200. | 298.3 | Helmert 1906 | |
| hough | 6378270.0 | 297. | Hough | |
| intl | 6378388.0 | 297. | International 1909 (Hayford) | |
| krass | 6378245.0 | 298.3 | Krassovsky, 1942 | |
| kaula | 6378163. | 298.24 | Kaula 1961 | |
| lerch | 6378139. | 298.257 | Lerch 1979 | |
| mprts | 6397300. | 191. | Maupertius 1738 | |
| new_intl | 6378157.5 | 6356772.2 | New International 1967 | |
| plessis | 6376523. | 6355863 | Plessis 1817 (France) | |
| PZ90 | 6378136.0 | 298.25784 | PZ-90 | |
| SEasia | 6378155.0 | 6356773.3205 | Southeast Asia | |
| walbeck | 6376896.0 | 6355834.8467 | Walbeck | |
| WGS60 | 6378165.0 | 298.3 | WGS 60 | |
| WGS66 | 6378145.0 | 298.25 | WGS 66 | |
| WGS72 | 6378135.0 | 298.26 | WGS 72 | |
| * WGS84 | 6378137.0 | 298.257223563 | WGS 84 | |
| sphere | 6370997.0 | 6370997.0 | Normal Sphere (r=6370997) |
3、+datum 基准面
基准面是在具有明确方向的椭球体
| datum 基准面 | ellipse 椭球体 | Description |
|---|---|---|
| WGS84 | WGS84 | towgs84=0,0,0 |
| GGRS87 | GRS80 | towgs84=-199.87,74.79,246.62 Greek_Geodetic_Reference_System_1987 |
| NAD83 | GRS80 | towgs84=0,0,0 North_American_Datum_1983 |
| NAD27 | clrk66 | nadgrids=@conus,@alaska,@ntv2_0.gsb,@ntv1_can.dat North_American_Datum_1927 |
| potsdam | bessel | [email protected] Potsdam Rauenberg 1950 DHDN |
| carthage | clrk80ign | towgs84=-263.0,6.0,431.0 Carthage 1934 Tunisia |
| hermannskogel | bessel | towgs84=577.326,90.129,463.919,5.137,1.474,5.297,2.4232 Hermannskogel |
| ire65 | mod_airy | towgs84=482.530,-130.596,564.557,-1.042,-0.214,-0.631,8.15 Ireland 1965 |
| nzgd49 | intl | towgs84=59.47,-5.04,187.44,0.47,-0.1,1.024,-4.5993 New Zealand Geodetic Datum 1949 |
| OSGB36 | airy | towgs84=446.448,-125.157,542.060,0.1502,0.2470,0.8421,-20.4894 Airy 1830 |
3、+pm （prime meridian）中央子午线
| Meridian | Longitude |
|---|---|
| greenwich | 0° E |
| lisbon | 9° 07’ 54.862” W |
| paris | 2° 20’ 14.025” E |
| bogota | 74° 04’ 51.3” E |
| madrid | 3° 41’ 16.48” W |
| rome | 12° 27’ 8.4” E |
| bern | 7° 26’ 22.5” E |
| jakarta | 106° 48’ 27.79” E |
| ferro | 17° 40’ W |
| brussels | 4° 22’ 4.71” E |
| stockholm | 18° 3’ 29.8” E |
| athens | 23° 42’ 58.815” E |
| oslo | 10° 43’ 22.5” E |
4、+proj 坐标系
| Value | Description |
|---|---|
| aea | Albers Equal Area |
| aeqd | Azimuthal Equidistant |
| affine | Affine transformation |
| airy | Airy |
| aitoff | Aitoff |
| alsk | Mod. Stereographic of Alaska |
| apian | Apian Globular I |
| august | August Epicycloidal |
| axisswap | Axis ordering |
| bacon | Bacon Globular |
| bertin1953 | Bertin 1953 |
| bipc | Bipolar conic of western hemisphere |
| boggs | Boggs Eumorphic |
| bonne | Bonne (Werner lat_1=90) |
| calcofi | Cal Coop Ocean Fish Invest Lines/Stations |
| cart | Geodetic/cartesian conversions |
| cass | Cassini |
| cc | Central Cylindrical |
| ccon | Central Conic |
| cea | Equal Area Cylindrical |
| chamb | Chamberlin Trimetric |
| collg | Collignon |
| comill | Compact Miller |
| crast | Craster Parabolic (Putnins P4) |
| deformation | Kinematic grid shift |
| denoy | Denoyer Semi-Elliptical |
| eck1 | Eckert I |
| eck2 | Eckert II |
| eck3 | Eckert III |
| eck4 | Eckert IV |
| eck5 | Eckert V |
| eck6 | Eckert VI |
| eqearth | Equal Earth |
| eqc | Equidistant Cylindrical (Plate Carree) |
| eqdc | Equidistant Conic |
| euler | Euler |
| etmerc | Extended Transverse Mercator |
| fahey | Fahey |
| fouc | Foucaut |
| fouc_s | Foucaut Sinusoidal |
| gall | Gall (Gall Stereographic) |
| geoc | Geocentric Latitude |
| geogoffset | Geographic Offset |
| geos | Geostationary Satellite View |
| gins8 | Ginsburg VIII (TsNIIGAiK) |
| gn_sinu | General Sinusoidal Series |
| gnom | Gnomonic |
| goode | Goode Homolosine |
| gs48 | Mod. Stereographic of 48 U.S. |
| gs50 | Mod. Stereographic of 50 U.S. |
| hammer | Hammer & Eckert-Greifendorff |
| hatano | Hatano Asymmetrical Equal Area |
| healpix | HEALPix |
| rhealpix | rHEALPix |
| helmert | 3(6)-, 4(8)- and 7(14)-parameter Helmert shift |
| hgridshift | Horizontal grid shift |
| horner | Horner polynomial evaluation |
| igh | Interrupted Goode Homolosine |
| imw_p | International Map of the World Polyconic |
| isea | Icosahedral Snyder Equal Area |
| kav5 | Kavraisky V |
| kav7 | Kavraisky VII |
| krovak | Krovak |
| labrd | Laborde |
| laea | Lambert Azimuthal Equal Area |
| lagrng | Lagrange |
| larr | Larrivee |
| lask | Laskowski |
| * lonlat | Lat/long (Geodetic) |
| latlon | Lat/long (Geodetic alias) |
| lcc | Lambert Conformal Conic |
| lcca | Lambert Conformal Conic Alternative |
| leac | Lambert Equal Area Conic |
| lee_os | Lee Oblated Stereographic |
| loxim | Loximuthal |
| lsat | Space oblique for LANDSAT |
| mbt_s | McBryde-Thomas Flat-Polar Sine (No. 1) |
| mbt_fps | McBryde-Thomas Flat-Pole Sine (No. 2) |
| mbtfpp | McBride-Thomas Flat-Polar Parabolic |
| mbtfpq | McBryde-Thomas Flat-Polar Quartic |
| mbtfps | McBryde-Thomas Flat-Polar Sinusoidal |
| * merc | Mercator 墨卡托 |
| mil_os | Miller Oblated Stereographic |
| mill | Miller Cylindrical |
| misrsom | Space oblique for MISR |
| moll | Mollweide |
| molobadekas | Molodensky-Badekas transformation |
| molodensky | Molodensky transform |
| murd1 | Murdoch I |
| murd2 | Murdoch II |
| murd3 | Murdoch III |
| natearth | Natural Earth |
| natearth2 | Natural Earth 2 |
| nell | Nell |
| nell_h | Nell-Hammer |
| nicol | Nicolosi Globular |
| nsper | Near-sided perspective |
| nzmg | New Zealand Map Grid |
| noop | No operation |
| ob_tran | General Oblique Transformation |
| ocea | Oblique Cylindrical Equal Area |
| oea | Oblated Equal Area |
| omerc | Oblique Mercator |
| ortel | Ortelius Oval |
| ortho | Orthographic |
| pconic | Perspective Conic |
| patterson | Patterson Cylindrical |
| pipeline | Transformation pipeline manager |
| poly | Polyconic (American) |
| pop | Retrieve coordinate value from pipeline stack |
| push | Save coordinate value on pipeline stack |
| putp1 | Putnins P1 |
| putp2 | Putnins P2 |
| putp3 | Putnins P3 |
| putp3p | Putnins P3’ |
| putp4p | Putnins P4’ |
| putp5 | Putnins P5 |
| putp5p | Putnins P5’ |
| putp6 | Putnins P6 |
| putp6p | Putnins P6’ |
| qua_aut | Quartic Authalic |
| qsc | Quadrilateralized Spherical Cube |
| robin | Robinson |
| rouss | Roussilhe Stereographic |
| rpoly | Rectangular Polyconic |
| sch | Spherical Cross-track Height |
| sinu | Sinusoidal (Sanson-Flamsteed) |
| somerc | Swiss. Obl. Mercator |
| stere | Stereographic |
| sterea | Oblique Stereographic Alternative |
| gstmerc | Gauss-Schreiber Transverse Mercator (aka Gauss-Laborde Reunion) |
| tcc | Transverse Central Cylindrical |
| tcea | Transverse Cylindrical Equal Area |
| times | Times |
| tissot | Tissot |
| * tmerc | Transverse Mercator 横向墨卡托 |
| tobmerc | Tobler-Mercator |
| tpeqd | Two Point Equidistant |
| tpers | Tilted perspective |
| unitconvert | Unit conversion |
| ups | Universal Polar Stereographic |
| urm5 | Urmaev V |
| urmfps | Urmaev Flat-Polar Sinusoidal |
| utm | Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) |
| vandg | van der Grinten (I) |
| vandg2 | van der Grinten II |
| vandg3 | van der Grinten III |
| vandg4 | van der Grinten IV |
| vitk1 | Vitkovsky I |
| vgridshift | Vertical grid shift |
| wag1 | Wagner I (Kavraisky VI) |
| wag2 | Wagner II |
| wag3 | Wagner III |
| wag4 | Wagner IV |
| wag5 | Wagner V |
| wag6 | Wagner VI |
| wag7 | Wagner VII |
| webmerc | Web Mercator / Pseudo Mercator |
| weren | Werenskiold I |
| wink1 | Winkel I |
| wink2 | Winkel II |
| wintri | Winkel Tripel |
5、+units 、+vunits 单位
| Value | to_meter | Description |
|---|---|---|
| km | 1000 | Kilometer |
| m | 1 | Meter |
| dm | 1/10 | Decimeter |
| cm | 1/100 | Centimeter |
| mm | 1/1000 | Millimeter |
| kmi | 1852 | International Nautical Mile |
| in | 0.0254 | International Inch |
| ft | 0.3048 | International Foot |
| yd | 0.9144 | International Yard |
| mi | 1609.344 | International Statute Mile |
| fath | 1.8288 | International Fathom |
| ch | 20.1168 | International Chain |
| link | 0.201168 | International Link |
| us-in | 1/39.37 | U.S. Surveyor’s Inch |
| us-ft | 0.304800609601219 | U.S. Surveyor’s Foot |
| us-yd | 0.914401828803658 | U.S. Surveyor’s Yard |
| us-ch | 20.11684023368047 | U.S. Surveyor’s Chain |
| us-mi | 1609.347218694437 | U.S. Surveyor’s Statute Mile |
| ind-yd | 0.91439523 | Indian Yard |
| ind-ft | 0.30479841 | Indian Foot |
| ind-ch | 20.11669506 | Indian Chain |
6、+x_0 、+y_0 偏移量
在高斯-克吕格投影中：规定中央经线为X轴，赤道为Y轴，中央经线与赤道交点为坐标原点，x值在北半球为正，南半球为负，y值在中央经线以东为正，中央经线以西为负。由于我国疆域均在北半球，x值均为正值，为了避免y值出现负值，规定各投影带的坐标纵轴均西移500km，中央经线上原横坐标值由0变为500km。由于某一个投影带的坐标都是对本带坐标原点的相对值，所以各带的坐标完全相同，为了区分某一坐标系统属于哪一带，在横轴坐标前加上带好。
例：CGCS2000 / Gauss-Kruger zone 13 EPSG:4491
"+proj=tmerc +lat_0=0 +lon_0=75 +k=1 +x_0=13500000 +y_0=0 +ellps=GRS80 +units=m +no_defs"
+x_0=13500000 表示： 13带，偏移500 000m
+y_0=0
二、常用的坐标系定义 （可http://epsg.io/进行搜索）
1、WGS 84 / Pseudo-Mercator EPSG:3857
"+proj=merc +a=6378137 +b=6378137 +lat_ts=0.0 +lon_0=0.0 +x_0=0.0 +y_0=0 +k=1.0 +units=m +nadgrids=@null +wktext +no_defs"
2、WGS84 - World Geodetic System 1984 EPSG:4326
"+proj=longlat +datum=WGS84 +no_defs"
3、China Geodetic Coordinate System 2000 EPSG:4490
"+proj=longlat +ellps=GRS80 +no_defs"
4、CGCS2000 / 高斯-克吕格 6°带
// GCS2000 / Gauss-Kruger zone 13 EPSG:4491
"+proj=tmerc +lat_0=0 +lon_0=75 +k=1 +x_0=13500000 +y_0=0 +ellps=GRS80 +units=m +no_defs"
// GCS2000 / Gauss-Kruger zone 14 EPSG:4492
"+proj=tmerc +lat_0=0 +lon_0=81 +k=1 +x_0=14500000 +y_0=0 +ellps=GRS80 +units=m +no_defs "
// GCS2000 / Gauss-Kruger zone 15 EPSG:4493
"+proj=tmerc +lat_0=0 +lon_0=87 +k=1 +x_0=15500000 +y_0=0 +ellps=GRS80 +units=m +no_defs "
// 依次下去 +lon_0 += 6 +x_0=${带号}500000