Java/JUC进阶/Java 并发 - 07 Future 进阶

目录:

一、Future 框架概述

     1. 应用实例

     2. Futrue 运行逻辑

二、源码分析

     1. FutureTask 主体结构

     2. 任务执行

     3. 任务取消

     4. 获取结构

三、Treiber stack 

总结

一、 Future 框架概述

JDK 中的Future 框架实际就是Future 模式的实现 , 通常情况下我们会配合线程池使用,但也可以单独使用;下面我们就单独使用简单举例:

1. 应用实例

// demo 片段
FutureTask<String> future = new FutureTask<>(()->{
    log.info("异步任务执行...");
    Thread.sleep(2000);
    log.info("过来很久很久...");
    return "异步任务完成";

});


log.info("启动异步任务...");
new Thread(future).start();


log.info("继续其他任务...");
Thread.sleep(1000);

log.info("获取异步任务结果:{}",future.get());
[15:38:03,231 INFO ] [main]     - 启动异步任务...
[15:38:03,231 INFO ] [main]     - 继续其他任务...
[15:38:03,231 INFO ] [Thread-0] - 异步任务执行...
[15:38:05,232 INFO ] [Thread-0] - 过了很久很久...
[15:38:05,236 INFO ] [main]     - 获取异步任务结果:异步任务完成

首先我们将要执行的任务包装成 Callable , 这里如果不需要返回值也可以使用 Runnable ; 然后构建 FutureTask 由一个线程启动,最后使用 Future.get() 获取异步任务结果;

2. Future 运行逻辑

对于Future 模式的流程图如下

对比上面的实例代码, 大家可能会发现有些不一样,因为在FutureTask 同事继承了 Runnable 和 Future 接口, 所以在提交任务后没有返回Future , 而是直接使用自身调用get; 下面我们就对源码进行分析;

public interface RunnableFuture<V> extends Runnable, Future<V> {
    /**
     * Sets this Future to the result of its computation
     * unless it has been cancelled.
     */
    void run();
}


public class FutureTask<V> implements RunnableFuture<V> {

    private volatile int state;                // 任务运行状态
    private static final int NEW          = 0;
    private static final int COMPLETING   = 1;
    private static final int NORMAL       = 2;
    private static final int EXCEPTIONAL  = 3;
    private static final int CANCELLED    = 4;
    private static final int INTERRUPTING = 5;
    private static final int INTERRUPTED  = 6;

    /** The underlying callable; nulled out after running */
    private Callable<V> callable;            // 异步任务
    /** The result to return or exception to throw from get() */
    private Object outcome; //返回结果 non-volatile, protected by state reads/writes
    /** The thread running the callable; CASed during run() */
    private volatile Thread runner; // 异步任务执行线程
    /** Treiber stack of waiting threads */
    private volatile WaitNode waiters; //等待异步结果的线程栈(通过Treiber stack 算法实现)


    public FutureTaks(Callable<V> callable){

        if(callable == null){
            throw new NullPointerException();
        }
       this.callable = callable ;
       this.state = NEW;
    }


    public FutureTask(Runnable runnable, V result){
        this.callable = Exceutors.callable(runnable,result);
        this.state = NEW ; 
    }



}

另外在代码中还可以看见有很多地方都是用了 CAS  来更新变量, 而JDK1.6 甚至使用了 AQS 来实现,其原因就是同一个 FutureTask 可以多个线程同时提交, 也可以多个线程同时获取; 所以代码中有很多的状态变量;

// FutureTask.state 取值
private static final int NEW          = 0;  // 初始化到结果返回前
private static final int COMPLETING   = 1;  // 结果赋值
private static final int NORMAL       = 2;  // 执行完毕
private static final int EXCEPTIONAL  = 3;  // 执行异常
private static final int CANCELLED    = 4;  // 任务取消
private static final int INTERRUPTING = 5;  // 设置中断状态
private static final int INTERRUPTED  = 6;  // 任务中断

同时源码的注释中也详细给出了可能出现的状态转换:

  • NEW -> COMPLETING -> NORMAL //任务正常执行
  • NEW-> COMPLETING -> EXCEPTION // 任务执行异常
  • NEW -> CANCELLED // 任务取消
  • NEW -> INITERRUPTING -> INTERRUPTED // 任务中断

注意这里的 COMPLETING 状态是一个很微妙的状态, 正因为有他的存在才能实现无锁赋值; 大家先留意这个状态,然后代码中应该能体会到; 另外这里有一个变量需要注意, WaitNode ; 使用 Treiber stack 算法实现的无锁栈; 其中原理说明可以 参考下面的第三节:

public void run(){
    if(state != NEW //确保任务执行完成后,不在重复执行
        !UNSAFE.compareAndSwapObject(this, runnerOffset, null, Thread.currentThread())){// 确保只有一个线程执行
        return ;
    }



}

2. 任务执行

public void run() {
  if (state != NEW ||  // 确保任务执行完成后,不再重复执行
    !UNSAFE.compareAndSwapObject(this, runnerOffset, 
                                 null, Thread.currentThread()))  // 确保只有一个线程执行
    return;
  try {
    Callable<V> c = callable;
    if (c != null && state == NEW) {
      V result;
      boolean ran;
      try {
        result = c.call();
        ran = true;
      } catch (Throwable ex) {
        result = null;
        ran = false;
        setException(ex);    // 设置异常结果
      }
      if (ran) set(result);  // 设置结果
    }
  } finally {
    runner = null;
    int s = state;
    if (s >= INTERRUPTING) handlePossibleCancellationInterrupt(s);  // 确保中断状态已经设置
  }
}
// 设置异步任务结果
protected void set(V v) {
  if (UNSAFE.compareAndSwapInt(this, stateOffset, NEW, COMPLETING)) {  // 保证结果只能设置一次
    outcome = v;
    UNSAFE.putOrderedInt(this, stateOffset, NORMAL); // final state
    finishCompletion(); // 唤醒等待线程
  }
}
protected void setException(Throwable t) {
  if (UNSAFE.compareAndSwapInt(this, stateOffset, NEW, COMPLETING)) {  // 保证结果只能设置一次
    outcome = t;
    UNSAFE.putOrderedInt(this, stateOffset, EXCEPTIONAL); // final state
    finishCompletion();
  }
}

3. 任务取消

public boolean cancel(boolean mayInterruptIfRunning) {
  if (!(state == NEW &&  // 只有在任务执行阶段才能取消
      UNSAFE.compareAndSwapInt(this, stateOffset, NEW,  // 设置取消状态
        mayInterruptIfRunning ? INTERRUPTING : CANCELLED)))
    return false;
  try {  // in case call to interrupt throws exception
    if (mayInterruptIfRunning) {
      try {
        Thread t = runner;
        if (t != null)
          t.interrupt();
      } finally { // final state
        UNSAFE.putOrderedInt(this, stateOffset, INTERRUPTED);
      }
    }
  } finally {
    finishCompletion();
  }
  return true;
}

注意 cancel(false) 也就是仅取消, 并没有打断;异步任务会继续执行,只是这里首先设置了 FutureTask.state = CANCELLED, 所以最后在设置结果的时候会失败, UNSAFE.compareAndSwapInt(this, stateOffset, NEW, COMPLETING);

4. 获取结果

public V get() throws InterruptedException, ExecutionException {
  int s = state;
  if (s <= COMPLETING)
    s = awaitDone(false, 0L);  // 阻塞等待
  return report(s);
}

private V report(int s) throws ExecutionException {  // 根据最后的状态返回结果
  Object x = outcome;
  if (s == NORMAL) return (V)x;
  if (s >= CANCELLED) throw new CancellationException();
  throw new ExecutionException((Throwable)x);
}
private int awaitDone(boolean timed, long nanos)
  throws InterruptedException {
  final long deadline = timed ? System.nanoTime() + nanos : 0L;
  WaitNode q = null;
  boolean queued = false;
  for (;;) {
    if (Thread.interrupted()) {
      removeWaiter(q);   // 移除等待节点
      throw new InterruptedException();
    }

    int s = state;
    if (s > COMPLETING) {  // 任务已完成
      if (q != null)
        q.thread = null;
      return s;
    }
    else if (s == COMPLETING) // 正在赋值,直接先出让线程
      Thread.yield();
    else if (q == null)       // 任务还未完成需要等待
      q = new WaitNode();
    else if (!queued)
      queued = UNSAFE.compareAndSwapObject(this, waitersOffset,
                         q.next = waiters, q);   // 使用 Treiber stack 算法
    else if (timed) {
      nanos = deadline - System.nanoTime();
      if (nanos <= 0L) {
        removeWaiter(q);
        return state;
      }
      LockSupport.parkNanos(this, nanos);
    }
    else
      LockSupport.park(this);
  }
}

三、Treiber stack

创建非阻塞算法的关键在于,找出如何将原子修改的范围缩小到单个变量上, 同时还要维护数据的一致性

jcip-annotations.jar  @ThreadSafe

@ThreadSafe public class ConcurrentStack <E> {
  AtomicReference<Node<E>> top = new AtomicReference<>();
  
  private static class Node <E> {
    public final E item;
    public Node<E> next;

    public Node(E item) {
      this.item = item;
    }
  }

  public void push(E item) {
    Node<E> newHead = new Node<>(item);
    Node<E> oldHead;
    do {
      oldHead = top.get();
      newHead.next = oldHead;
    } while (!top.compareAndSet(oldHead, newHead));
  }

  public E pop() {
    Node<E> oldHead;
    Node<E> newHead;
    do {
      oldHead = top.get();
      if (oldHead == null)
        return null;
      newHead = oldHead.next;
    } while (!top.compareAndSet(oldHead, newHead));
    return oldHead.item;
  }
}

总结

  • 总体来讲源码比较简单,因为本身只是一个Future 模式的实现
  • 但是其中的状态量的设置,还有很多无锁的处理方式,才是 FutureTask 带给我们的精华

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转载自blog.csdn.net/wszhongguolujun/article/details/99705066