模板引擎
前端交给我们的页面，是 html 页面。如果是我们以前开发，我们需要把他们转成 jsp 页面，jsp 好处就是当我们查出一些数据转发到JSP页面以后，我们可以用jsp轻松实现数据的显示，及交互等。
jsp 支持非常强大的功能，包括能写Java代码，但是呢，我们现在的这种情况，SpringBoot 这个项目首先是以 jar 的方式，不是 war；第二，我们用的还是嵌入式的Tomcat，所以呢，他现在默认是不支持 jsp 的。
那不支持 jsp，如果我们直接用纯静态页面的方式，那给我们开发会带来非常大的麻烦，那怎么办呢？
SpringBoot 推荐你可以来使用模板引擎：
模板引擎，我们其实大家听到很多，其实 jsp 就是一个模板引擎，还有用的比较多的 freemarker ，包括 SpringBoot 给我们推荐的Thymeleaf，模板引擎有非常多，但再多的模板引擎，他们的思想都是一样的，什么样一个思想呢我们来看一下这张图：
模板引擎的作用就是我们来写一个页面模板，比如有些值呢，是动态的，我们写一些表达式。而这些值，从哪来呢，就是我们在后台封装一些数据。然后把这个模板和这个数据交给我们模板引擎，模板引擎按照我们这个数据帮你把这表达式解析、填充到我们指定的位置，然后把这个数据最终生成一个我们想要的内容给我们写出去，这就是我们这个模板引擎，不管是 jsp 还是其他模板引擎，都是这个思想。只不过呢，就是说不同模板引擎之间，他们可能这个语法有点不一样。其他的我就不介绍了，我主要来介绍一下 SpringBoot 给我们推荐的Thymeleaf模板引擎，这模板引擎呢，是一个高级语言的模板引擎，他的这个语法更简单。而且呢，功能更强大。
引入Thymeleaf
怎么引入呢，对于 springboot 来说，什么事情不都是一个 start 的事情嘛，我们去在项目中引入一下。给大家三个网址：
Thymeleaf 官网：https://www.thymeleaf.org/
Thymeleaf 在Github 的主页：https://github.com/thymeleaf/thymeleaf
Spring官方文档：找到我们对应的版本
https://docs.spring.io/spring-boot/docs/2.2.5.RELEASE/reference/htmlsingle/#using-boot-starter
找到对应的 pom依赖：可以适当点进源码看下本来的包！
<!--thymeleaf-->
<dependency>
<groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
<artifactId>spring-boot-starter-thymeleaf</artifactId>
</dependency>
Thymeleaf分析
前面我们已经引入了 Thymeleaf，那这个要怎么使用呢？
我们首先得按照 SpringBoot 的自动配置原理看一下我们这个 Thymeleaf 的自动配置规则，在按照那个规则，我们进行使用。
我们去找一下Thymeleaf 的自动配置类：ThymeleafProperties
@ConfigurationProperties(prefix = "spring.thymeleaf")
public class ThymeleafProperties {
private static final Charset DEFAULT_ENCODING;
public static final String DEFAULT_PREFIX = "classpath:/templates/";
public static final String DEFAULT_SUFFIX = ".html";
private boolean checkTemplate = true;
private boolean checkTemplateLocation = true;
private String prefix = "classpath:/templates/";
private String suffix = ".html";
private String mode = "HTML";
private Charset encoding;
}
我们可以在其中看到默认的前缀和后缀；
我们只需要把我们的 html 页面放在类路径下的 templates 下，thymeleaf 就可以帮我们自动渲染了。
使用 thymeleaf 什么都不需要配置，只需要将他放在指定的文件夹下即可！
测试：
1、编写一个TestController
@Controller
public class TestController {
@RequestMapping("/t1")
public String test1(){
//classpath:/templates/test.html
return "test";
}
}
2、编写一个测试页面 test.html 放在 templates 目录下
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
<meta charset="UTF-8">
<title>Title</title>
</head>
<body>
<h1>测试页面</h1>
</body>
</html>
3、启动项目请求测试
Thymeleaf 语法学习
要学习语法，还是参考官网文档最为准确，我们找到对应的版本看一下；
Thymeleaf 官网：https://www.thymeleaf.org/ ， 简单看一下官网，我们去下载Thymeleaf的官方文档；
我们做个最简单的练习 ：我们需要查出一些数据，在页面中展示；
1、修改测试请求，增加数据传输
@RequestMapping("/t1")
public String test1(Model model){
//存入数据
model.addAttribute("msg","Hello,Thymeleaf");
//classpath:/templates/test.html
return "test";
}
2、我们要使用 thymeleaf，需要在html文件中导入命名空间的约束，方便提示。
我们可以去官方文档的#3中看一下命名空间拿来过来：
<html xmlns:th="http://www.thymeleaf.org">
3、我们去编写下前端页面
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en" xmlns:th="http://www.thymeleaf.org">
<head>
<meta charset="UTF-8">
<title>Title</title>
</head>
<body>
<h1>测试页面</h1>
<!--th:text就是将div中的内容设置为它指定的值，和之前学习的Vue一样-->
<div th:text="${msg}"></div>
</body>
</html>
4、启动测试！
OK，入门搞定，我们来认真研习一下Thymeleaf的使用语法！
1、我们可以使用任意的 th:attr 来替换Html中原生属性的值！ 官网 #10
2、我们能写哪些表达式呢？ 官网 #4
Simple expressions:（表达式语法）
Variable Expressions: ${...}：获取变量值；OGNL；
1）、获取对象的属性、调用方法
2）、使用内置的基本对象：#18
#ctx : the context object.
#vars: the context variables.
#locale : the context locale.
#request : (only in Web Contexts) the HttpServletRequest object.
#response : (only in Web Contexts) the HttpServletResponse object.
#session : (only in Web Contexts) the HttpSession object.
#servletContext : (only in Web Contexts) the ServletContext object.
3）、内置的一些工具对象：
#execInfo : information about the template being processed.
#uris : methods for escaping parts of URLs/URIs
#conversions : methods for executing the configured conversion service (if any).
#dates : methods for java.util.Date objects: formatting, component extraction, etc.
#calendars : analogous to #dates , but for java.util.Calendar objects.
#numbers : methods for formatting numeric objects.
#strings : methods for String objects: contains, startsWith, prepending/appending, etc.
#objects : methods for objects in general.
#bools : methods for boolean evaluation.
#arrays : methods for arrays.
#lists : methods for lists.
#sets : methods for sets.
#maps : methods for maps.
#aggregates : methods for creating aggregates on arrays or collections.
==================================================================================
Selection Variable Expressions: *{...}：选择表达式：和${}在功能上是一样；
Message Expressions: #{...}：获取国际化内容
Link URL Expressions: @{...}：定义URL；
Fragment Expressions: ~{...}：片段引用表达式
Literals（字面量）
Text literals: 'one text' , 'Another one!' ,…
Number literals: 0 , 34 , 3.0 , 12.3 ,…
Boolean literals: true , false
Null literal: null
Literal tokens: one , sometext , main ,…
Text operations:（文本操作）
String concatenation: +
Literal substitutions: |The name is ${name}|
Arithmetic operations:（数学运算）
Binary operators: + , - , * , / , %
Minus sign (unary operator): -
Boolean operations:（布尔运算）
Binary operators: and , or
Boolean negation (unary operator): ! , not
Comparisons and equality:（比较运算）
Comparators: > , < , >= , <= ( gt , lt , ge , le )
Equality operators: == , != ( eq , ne )
Conditional operators:条件运算（三元运算符）
If-then: (if) ? (then)
If-then-else: (if) ? (then) : (else)
Default: (value) ?: (defaultvalue)
Special tokens:
No-Operation: _
行内表达式：[[...]] or [(...)]
练习测试：
1、 我们编写一个Controller，放一些数据
@RequestMapping("/index")
public String index(Model model){
model.addAttribute("msg","Hello,Thymeleaf");
model.addAttribute("users", Arrays.asList("zhangsan","tom"));
return "index";
}
2、测试页面取出数据
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en" xmlns:th="http://www.thymeleaf.org">
<head>
<meta charset="UTF-8">
<title>Title</title>
</head>
<body>
<h1>测试页面</h1>
<div th:text="${msg}"></div>
<!--不转义-->
<div th:utext="${msg}"></div>
<!--遍历数据-->
<!--th:each每次遍历都会生成当前这个标签：官网 #9-->
<h4 th:each="user :${users}" th:text="${user}"></h4>
<h4>
<!--行内写法：官网 #12-->
<span th:each="user:${users}">[[${user}]]</span>
</h4>
</body>
</html>
3、启动项目测试！
表达式工具对象
在官方文档的 #19 ，这里我们就说两个常用的 dates、string
- #dates : utility methods for java.util.Date objects:
/*
* ======================================================================
* See javadoc API for class org.thymeleaf.expression.Dates
* ======================================================================
*/
/*
* Format date with the standard locale format
* Also works with arrays, lists or sets
*/
${#dates.format(date)}
${#dates.arrayFormat(datesArray)}
${#dates.listFormat(datesList)}
${#dates.setFormat(datesSet)}
/*
* Format date with the ISO8601 format
* Also works with arrays, lists or sets
*/
${#dates.formatISO(date)}
${#dates.arrayFormatISO(datesArray)}
${#dates.listFormatISO(datesList)}
${#dates.setFormatISO(datesSet)}
/*
* Format date with the specified pattern
* Also works with arrays, lists or sets
*/
${#dates.format(date, 'dd/MMM/yyyy HH:mm')}
${#dates.arrayFormat(datesArray, 'dd/MMM/yyyy HH:mm')}
${#dates.listFormat(datesList, 'dd/MMM/yyyy HH:mm')}
${#dates.setFormat(datesSet, 'dd/MMM/yyyy HH:mm')}
/*
* Obtain date properties
* Also works with arrays, lists or sets
*/
${#dates.day(date)} // also arrayDay(...), listDay(...), etc.
${#dates.month(date)} // also arrayMonth(...), listMonth(...), etc.
${#dates.monthName(date)} // also arrayMonthName(...), listMonthName(...), etc.
${#dates.monthNameShort(date)} // also arrayMonthNameShort(...), listMonthNameShort(...), etc.
${#dates.year(date)} // also arrayYear(...), listYear(...), etc.
${#dates.dayOfWeek(date)} // also arrayDayOfWeek(...), listDayOfWeek(...), etc.
${#dates.dayOfWeekName(date)} // also arrayDayOfWeekName(...), listDayOfWeekName(...), etc.
${#dates.dayOfWeekNameShort(date)} // also arrayDayOfWeekNameShort(...), listDayOfWeekNameShort(...), etc.
${#dates.hour(date)} // also arrayHour(...), listHour(...), etc.
${#dates.minute(date)} // also arrayMinute(...), listMinute(...), etc.
${#dates.second(date)} // also arraySecond(...), listSecond(...), etc.
${#dates.millisecond(date)} // also arrayMillisecond(...), listMillisecond(...), etc.
/*
* Create date (java.util.Date) objects from its components
*/
${#dates.create(year,month,day)}
${#dates.create(year,month,day,hour,minute)}
${#dates.create(year,month,day,hour,minute,second)}
${#dates.create(year,month,day,hour,minute,second,millisecond)}
/*
* Create a date (java.util.Date) object for the current date and time
*/
${#dates.createNow()}
${#dates.createNowForTimeZone()}
/*
* Create a date (java.util.Date) object for the current date (time set to 00:00)
*/
${#dates.createToday()}
${#dates.createTodayForTimeZone()}
- #strings : utility methods for String objects:
/*
* ======================================================================
* See javadoc API for class org.thymeleaf.expression.Strings
* ======================================================================
*/
/*
* Null-safe toString()
*/
${#strings.toString(obj)} // also array*, list* and set*
/*
* Check whether a String is empty (or null). Performs a trim() operation before check
* Also works with arrays, lists or sets
*/
${#strings.isEmpty(name)}
${#strings.arrayIsEmpty(nameArr)}
${#strings.listIsEmpty(nameList)}
${#strings.setIsEmpty(nameSet)}
/*
* Perform an 'isEmpty()' check on a string and return it if false, defaulting to
* another specified string if true.
* Also works with arrays, lists or sets
*/
${#strings.defaultString(text,default)}
${#strings.arrayDefaultString(textArr,default)}
${#strings.listDefaultString(textList,default)}
${#strings.setDefaultString(textSet,default)}
/*
* Check whether a fragment is contained in a String
* Also works with arrays, lists or sets
*/
${#strings.contains(name,'ez')} // also array*, list* and set*
${#strings.containsIgnoreCase(name,'ez')} // also array*, list* and set*
/*
* Check whether a String starts or ends with a fragment
* Also works with arrays, lists or sets
*/
${#strings.startsWith(name,'Don')} // also array*, list* and set*
${#strings.endsWith(name,endingFragment)} // also array*, list* and set*
/*
* Substring-related operations
* Also works with arrays, lists or sets
*/
${#strings.indexOf(name,frag)} // also array*, list* and set*
${#strings.substring(name,3,5)} // also array*, list* and set*
${#strings.substringAfter(name,prefix)} // also array*, list* and set*
${#strings.substringBefore(name,suffix)} // also array*, list* and set*
${#strings.replace(name,'las','ler')} // also array*, list* and set*
/*
* Append and prepend
* Also works with arrays, lists or sets
*/
${#strings.prepend(str,prefix)} // also array*, list* and set*
${#strings.append(str,suffix)} // also array*, list* and set*
/*
* Change case
* Also works with arrays, lists or sets
*/
${#strings.toUpperCase(name)} // also array*, list* and set*
${#strings.toLowerCase(name)} // also array*, list* and set*
/*
* Split and join
*/
${#strings.arrayJoin(namesArray,',')}
${#strings.listJoin(namesList,',')}
${#strings.setJoin(namesSet,',')}
${#strings.arraySplit(namesStr,',')} // returns String[]
${#strings.listSplit(namesStr,',')} // returns List<String>
${#strings.setSplit(namesStr,',')} // returns Set<String>
/*
* Trim
* Also works with arrays, lists or sets
*/
${#strings.trim(str)} // also array*, list* and set*
/*
* Compute length
* Also works with arrays, lists or sets
*/
${#strings.length(str)} // also array*, list* and set*
/*
* Abbreviate text making it have a maximum size of n. If text is bigger, it
* will be clipped and finished in "..."
* Also works with arrays, lists or sets
*/
${#strings.abbreviate(str,10)} // also array*, list* and set*
/*
* Convert the first character to upper-case (and vice-versa)
*/
${#strings.capitalize(str)} // also array*, list* and set*
${#strings.unCapitalize(str)} // also array*, list* and set*
/*
* Convert the first character of every word to upper-case
*/
${#strings.capitalizeWords(str)} // also array*, list* and set*
${#strings.capitalizeWords(str,delimiters)} // also array*, list* and set*
/*
* Escape the string
*/
${#strings.escapeXml(str)} // also array*, list* and set*
${#strings.escapeJava(str)} // also array*, list* and set*
${#strings.escapeJavaScript(str)} // also array*, list* and set*
${#strings.escapeJavaScript(str)} // also array*, list* and set*
${#strings.unescapeJava(str)} // also array*, list* and set*
${#strings.unescapeJavaScript(str)} // also array*, list* and set*
/*
* Null-safe comparison and concatenation
*/
${#strings.equals(first, second)}
${#strings.equalsIgnoreCase(first, second)}
${#strings.concat(values...)}
${#strings.concatReplaceNulls(nullValue, values...)}
/*
* Random
*/
${#strings.randomAlphanumeric(count)}
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