一、定义
当多个线程访问某个类时,不管运行时环境采用何种调度方式或者这些进程将如何交替执行,并且在主调代码中不需要任何额外的同步或协同,这个类都能表现出正确的行为,那么就称这个类是线程安全的
二、线程安全三要素:
原子性:提供了互斥访问,同一时刻只能有一个线程来对他进行操作
可见性:一个线程对主内存的修改可以及时的被其他线程观察到
有序性:一个线程观察其他线程中的指令执行顺序,由于指令重排序的存在,该观察结果一般杂乱无序
三、原子性-Atomic包
1. AtomicXXX:CAS、Unsafe.compareAndSwapInt
import com.mmall.concurrency.annoations.ThreadSafe; import lombok.extern.slf4j.Slf4j; import java.util.concurrent.CountDownLatch; import java.util.concurrent.ExecutorService; import java.util.concurrent.Executors; import java.util.concurrent.Semaphore; import java.util.concurrent.atomic.AtomicInteger; @Slf4j @ThreadSafe public class AtomicExample1 { // 请求总数 public static int clientTotal = 5000; // 同时并发执行的线程数 public static int threadTotal = 200; public static AtomicInteger count = new AtomicInteger(0); public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception { ExecutorService executorService = Executors.newCachedThreadPool(); final Semaphore semaphore = new Semaphore(threadTotal); final CountDownLatch countDownLatch = new CountDownLatch(clientTotal); for (int i = 0; i < clientTotal ; i++) { executorService.execute(() -> { try { semaphore.acquire(); add(); semaphore.release(); } catch (Exception e) { log.error("exception", e); } countDownLatch.countDown(); }); } countDownLatch.await(); executorService.shutdown(); log.info("count:{}", count.get()); } private static void add() { count.incrementAndGet(); // count.getAndIncrement(); } }
AtomicLong
import com.mmall.concurrency.annoations.ThreadSafe; import lombok.extern.slf4j.Slf4j; import java.util.concurrent.CountDownLatch; import java.util.concurrent.ExecutorService; import java.util.concurrent.Executors; import java.util.concurrent.Semaphore; import java.util.concurrent.atomic.AtomicLong; @Slf4j @ThreadSafe public class AtomicExample2 { // 请求总数 public static int clientTotal = 5000; // 同时并发执行的线程数 public static int threadTotal = 200; public static AtomicLong count = new AtomicLong(0); public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception { ExecutorService executorService = Executors.newCachedThreadPool(); final Semaphore semaphore = new Semaphore(threadTotal); final CountDownLatch countDownLatch = new CountDownLatch(clientTotal); for (int i = 0; i < clientTotal ; i++) { executorService.execute(() -> { try { semaphore.acquire(); add(); semaphore.release(); } catch (Exception e) { log.error("exception", e); } countDownLatch.countDown(); }); } countDownLatch.await(); executorService.shutdown(); log.info("count:{}", count.get()); } private static void add() { count.incrementAndGet(); // count.getAndIncrement(); } }LongAdder
import com.mmall.concurrency.annoations.ThreadSafe; import lombok.extern.slf4j.Slf4j; import java.util.concurrent.CountDownLatch; import java.util.concurrent.ExecutorService; import java.util.concurrent.Executors; import java.util.concurrent.Semaphore; import java.util.concurrent.atomic.LongAdder; @Slf4j @ThreadSafe public class AtomicExample3 { // 请求总数 public static int clientTotal = 5000; // 同时并发执行的线程数 public static int threadTotal = 200; public static LongAdder count = new LongAdder(); public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception { ExecutorService executorService = Executors.newCachedThreadPool(); final Semaphore semaphore = new Semaphore(threadTotal); final CountDownLatch countDownLatch = new CountDownLatch(clientTotal); for (int i = 0; i < clientTotal ; i++) { executorService.execute(() -> { try { semaphore.acquire(); add(); semaphore.release(); } catch (Exception e) { log.error("exception", e); } countDownLatch.countDown(); }); } countDownLatch.await(); executorService.shutdown(); log.info("count:{}", count); } private static void add() { count.increment(); } }
2. AtomicLong和LongAdder区别
普通类型的Long和double变量,jvm允许将64位的读操作或写操作拆成2个32位的操作,LongAddr核心是将热点数据分离,可以将AtomicLong内部核心数据value,分离成为一个数组,每个线程访问时,通过hash等算法映射到其中一个其中一个数字进行计数,而最终的计算结果为这个数组求和累加.LongAdder将AtomicLong单点的更新压力分散到各个节点上,在低并发的时候通过对base的直接更新,可以很很好的保障和AtomicLong性能基本一致。而在高并发的时候提高分散提高性能。
LongAddr缺点:在统计的时候如果有并发更新,可能会导致统计的数据有误差,实际使用中有高并发计数的时候,我们可以优先使用LongAddr,而不是继续使用AtomicLong,当然在线程竞争很低的情况下进行计数,使用AtomicLong还是更简单,更直接一些,并且效率会稍高一点。
AtomicReference
import com.mmall.concurrency.annoations.ThreadSafe; import lombok.extern.slf4j.Slf4j; import java.util.concurrent.CountDownLatch; import java.util.concurrent.ExecutorService; import java.util.concurrent.Executors; import java.util.concurrent.Semaphore; import java.util.concurrent.atomic.AtomicReference; import java.util.concurrent.atomic.LongAdder; @Slf4j @ThreadSafe public class AtomicExample4 { private static AtomicReference<Integer> count = new AtomicReference<>(0); public static void main(String[] args) { count.compareAndSet(0, 2); // 2 count.compareAndSet(0, 1); // no count.compareAndSet(1, 3); // no count.compareAndSet(2, 4); // 4 count.compareAndSet(3, 5); // no log.info("count:{}", count.get()); } }
AtomicIntegerFieldUpdater
import com.mmall.concurrency.annoations.ThreadSafe; import lombok.Getter; import lombok.extern.slf4j.Slf4j; import java.util.concurrent.atomic.AtomicIntegerFieldUpdater; import java.util.concurrent.atomic.AtomicReference; @Slf4j @ThreadSafe public class AtomicExample5 { private static AtomicIntegerFieldUpdater<AtomicExample5> updater = AtomicIntegerFieldUpdater.newUpdater(AtomicExample5.class, "count"); @Getter public volatile int count = 100; public static void main(String[] args) { AtomicExample5 example5 = new AtomicExample5(); if (updater.compareAndSet(example5, 100, 120)) { log.info("update success 1, {}", example5.getCount()); } if (updater.compareAndSet(example5, 100, 120)) { log.info("update success 2, {}", example5.getCount()); } else { log.info("update failed, {}", example5.getCount()); } } }
上例中对AtomicExample5对象的count属性原子化
import com.mmall.concurrency.annoations.ThreadSafe; import lombok.extern.slf4j.Slf4j; import java.util.concurrent.CountDownLatch; import java.util.concurrent.ExecutorService; import java.util.concurrent.Executors; import java.util.concurrent.Semaphore; import java.util.concurrent.atomic.AtomicBoolean; @Slf4j @ThreadSafe public class AtomicExample6 { private static AtomicBoolean isHappened = new AtomicBoolean(false); // 请求总数 public static int clientTotal = 5000; // 同时并发执行的线程数 public static int threadTotal = 200; public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception { ExecutorService executorService = Executors.newCachedThreadPool(); final Semaphore semaphore = new Semaphore(threadTotal); final CountDownLatch countDownLatch = new CountDownLatch(clientTotal); for (int i = 0; i < clientTotal ; i++) { executorService.execute(() -> { try { semaphore.acquire(); test(); semaphore.release(); } catch (Exception e) { log.error("exception", e); } countDownLatch.countDown(); }); } countDownLatch.await(); executorService.shutdown(); log.info("isHappened:{}", isHappened.get()); } //只会执行一次 private static void test() { if (isHappened.compareAndSet(false, true)) { log.info("execute"); } } }
四、synchronized
synchronized:依赖JVM
Lock:依赖于特殊的CPU指令,代码实现ReentrantLock
修饰的地方:
修饰代码块:大括号括起来的代码,作用于调用的对象
修饰方法:整个方法,作用于调用的对象
修饰静态方法:整个静态方法,作用于所有对象
修饰类:括号括起来的部分,作用于所有对象
import lombok.extern.slf4j.Slf4j; import java.util.concurrent.ExecutorService; import java.util.concurrent.Executors; @Slf4j public class SynchronizedExample1 { // 修饰一个代码块 public void test1(int j) { synchronized (this) { for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++) { log.info("test1 {} - {}", j, i); } } } // 修饰一个方法 public synchronized void test2(int j) { for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++) { log.info("test2 {} - {}", j, i); } } public static void main(String[] args) { SynchronizedExample1 example1 = new SynchronizedExample1(); SynchronizedExample1 example2 = new SynchronizedExample1(); ExecutorService executorService = Executors.newCachedThreadPool(); executorService.execute(() -> { example1.test2(1); }); executorService.execute(() -> { example2.test2(2); }); } }
import lombok.extern.slf4j.Slf4j; import java.util.concurrent.ExecutorService; import java.util.concurrent.Executors; @Slf4j public class SynchronizedExample2 { // 修饰一个类 public static void test1(int j) { synchronized (SynchronizedExample2.class) { for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++) { log.info("test1 {} - {}", j, i); } } } // 修饰一个静态方法 public static synchronized void test2(int j) { for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++) { log.info("test2 {} - {}", j, i); } } public static void main(String[] args) { SynchronizedExample2 example1 = new SynchronizedExample2(); SynchronizedExample2 example2 = new SynchronizedExample2(); ExecutorService executorService = Executors.newCachedThreadPool(); executorService.execute(() -> { example1.test1(1); }); executorService.execute(() -> { example2.test1(2); }); } }
五、原子性对比
synchronized:不可中断锁,适合竞争不激烈,可读性号
Lock:可中断锁,多样化同步,竞争激烈时能维持常态
Atomic:竞争激烈时能维持常态,比Lock性能好;但是只能同步一个值