零基础英语学习者必备语法知识

更新这篇文章没有别的想法,只是为了在考前仔仔细细复习一遍相关考点。同时也希望能帮到像我之前一样学不懂英语的朋友

好好学习天天向上的正确表达:
Work hard and improve daily!
成功就是日积月累的进步,博主也是从现在才开始努力学习,希望长久以来能有所回报。希望迷茫的各位也能从现在开始努力,让这句话成为终身学习的座右铭!

补充一个和别人对话可以经常使用的固定短语(刚学到的):
Believe it or not.信不信由你

如果发现这篇文章忽然不见了。首先声明:我没删。只是更新了新的内容进来,系统需要审核几分钟,过一会儿就自动显示出来了

注:
词汇量比语法重要;

文章目录

基础部分

一、音标

元音
单元音
长元音:/i:/ /ɜ:/ /ɑ:/ /ɔ:/ /u:/
短元音:/ɪ/ /e/ /æ/ /ʌ/ /ɒ/ /ʊ/ /ə/
双元音
/eɪ/ /aɪ/ /ɔɪ/ /əʊ/ /aʊ/ /ɪə/ /eə/ /ʊə/
辅音
清辅音
/p/ /t/ /k/ /f/ /θ/ /s/ /ʃ/ /h/ /tʃ/ /ts/ /tr/
浊辅音
/b/ /d/ /g/ /v/ /ð/ /z/ /ʒ/ /r/ /dʒ/ /dz/ /dr/ /j/ /w/ /m/ /n/ /ŋ/ /l/

十对对立辅音:

爆破音 /p/ /b/、/t/ /d/、/k/ /g/

摩擦音/f/ /v/、/s/ /z/、/ʃ/ /ʒ/ 、/θ/ /ð/

破擦音 /tʃ/ /dʒ/、/tr/ /dr/、/ts/ /dz/

八个独立辅音:

声门擦音 /h/

近音 /r/

鼻音 /m/ /n/ /ŋ/

舌侧音 /l/

半元音/w/ /j/

二、常用介词

about  大约,关于,在…周围

around 大约,在…周围

with  和…一起,随着,具有,带有

without  没有,无,(如果)没有…就…

before  在…之前   	 after 在…之后

above  在…上方  		 below   在…下方

over  在…正上方 		 under 在…正下方

in  在…里 			 out of  在…外

inside 在…里面    	 outside  在…外面

near  在…附近		far away 离…远

up    向上          down  向下

past  过            to    到

by   到…为止 		for 为了,给

on  在…上,关于      like 像

during  在…期间		till, until 直到

over  多于,超过     along  沿着

beside   在…旁边		into   进入

三、时间名词

Monday  		星期一
Tuesday 		星期二
Wednesday		星期三
Thursday		星期四
Friday			星期五
Saturday		星期六
Sunday			星期日

January			一月
February		二月
March			三月
April			四月
May				五月
June			六月
July			七月
August			八月
September		九月
October			十月
November		十一月
December		十二月

today 			 今天
yesterday		 昨天
the day before yesterday 前天
tomorrow		 明天
the day after tomorrow	 后天
midnight		 午夜
dusk			 黄昏
dawn			 黎明

四、数词

基数词:
one(1), two(2), three(3), four(4), five(5), six(6), seven(7), eight(8), nine(9), ten(10), eleven(11), twelve(12), thirteen(13), fourteen(14), fifteen(15), sixteen(16), seventeen(17), eighteen(18), nineteen(19), twenty(20), thirty(30), forty(40), fifty(50), sixty(60), seventy(70), eighty(80), ninety(90), a hundred(), a thousand(), a million(百万), a billion (十亿)
序数词:
first(1), second(2), third(3), fourth (4), fifth(5), sixth(6), seventh(7), eighth(8), ninth(9), tenth(10), eleventh(11), twelfth(12), thirteenth(13), fourteenth(14), fifteenth(15), sixteenth(16), seventeenth(17), eighteenth(18), nineteenth(19), twentieth(20), thirtieth(30), fortieth(40), fiftieth(50), sixtieth(60), seventieth(70), eightieth(80), ninetieth(90)
某些基数词的复数形式可以用在"in the/one's + 基数词的复数形式"结构中

"in the + 基数词的复数形式"可表示年代,昂党羽" in the + 该基数词的所有格"

"in one's + 基数词的复数形式"可以表示年龄,意为"在某人……岁时"

"在20世纪70年代"可以表示为in the 1970s或in the 1970's

"在她二十多岁时"可以表示为in her  twenties

"基数词+连字符+名词"可以构成复合形容词,表示数量,此时名词用单数形式,等价
于"基数词+该复数名词的所有格"

语法部分

十大词性:

名 动 形 副 代   "实"

数 冠 介 连 感 	"虚"

第一章 词性

一、名词(n.)

一切人事物的名称

lucky money 红包

Ⅰ 名词的数

(一)可数名词的数

1.1 可数名词的规则变化

(1)一般直接在名词后+s
eg:tree——trees;girl——girls

(2)特殊结尾的单词,以s、sh、ch、x结尾+es
eg:inch——inches;dish——dishes;box——boxes
注:英文遵循辅元发音

(3)以y结尾的
辅音+y: y→i+es
eg:baby——babies;country——countries

元音+y:直接+s
eg:toy——toys;boy——boys

1.2 可数名词的不规则变化

看结尾:
(1)以“o”结尾的词,多数在词尾加“s”。常考如:photos
常考词中仅有6个是以“o”结尾且必须加“es”变复数的单词
eg:tomato——tomatoes

记忆:

Negro 黑人、hero英雄、tomato西红柿、
potato土豆、volcano火山、echo回声

故事记忆:有个喜欢吃西红柿炒土豆的黑人英雄爬到火山口大吼一声,发出了阵阵回声。

(2)以“f”、“fe”结尾的,需要把“f”、“fe”去掉变为“v”再加“es”
如:leaf——leaves树叶

注意:leave v.离开;需要根据语境判断leaves是名词树叶的复数还是动词离开的单三。

记忆:

thief贼、loaf面包棒、wife妻子、
leaf树叶、knife刀、shelf架子、
wolf狼、life生命、 half一半

1.2.1 中间元音变化

第一类
人:man——men;woman——women

第二类
部位:foot——feet;tooth——teeth

第三类
动物:gooes——geese 鹅

1.2.2 整体变化

第一、单复同形

sheep——sheep 绵羊;deer——deer 鹿

各国人的变化:

口诀:

“中日瑞不变,英法荷变中间,其它s加后边”

Chinese、Japanese、Swiss 单复一致

Englishman、Frenchman、Dutchman(变中间:man→men)

a Russian——two Russians
a German——two Germans

**注:**口诀仅适用于比较常见的国家的人的变化

1.2.3成对出现的名词用复数形式

trousers裤子、glasses眼镜、scissors剪刀

1.2.4 特殊形式:

child——children				ox——oxen
criterion——criteria			mouse——mice
phenomenon——phenomena

注意
advice n.建议;是不可数名词,没有复数形式,advices是错误的!
advise v.建议

(二)不可数名词的数

1.1抽象名词的复数表示其它意义

time  (时间)——————times(时代)
work  (工作)——————works(著作/工厂)[工厂:factory、plant]
spirit(精神)——————spirits(情绪/烈酒)

1.2不可数名词的具体“量化” 问题

一条建议:a piece of advice
 一瓶水:a bottle of water

很多条建议:some pieces of advice
 三瓶水:there bottles of water

重要提示:
①单数可数名词永远不可以单独存在
比如:桌子上有苹果

There is an apple on the desk.
There are apples on the desk.
"There is apple on the desk."这句话是错误的

解决方案:
第一、把单数变为复数形式
第二、单数前面加冠词a/an/the

②含连词符的情况
“num(数词)—n.—adj.”结构内的名词永远单数.
eg:

三米长
three——meter——long
=three meters long

Ⅱ 名词所有格

什么叫所有格?——汉语“的”
's属格主要用于有生命的事物
of属格主要用于无生命的事物
eg:

有生命
the teacher's book 老师的书
passers-by's words 路人的话
无生命
the cover of the book 		书的封面
the workshops of the plant  工厂的车间

1.1 's属格用于无生命事物的特殊情况

可以按从大到小的顺序记忆

(大)
1、宇宙:the sun's rays
2、国家、城市:Shanghai's population
3、店铺、某人家
at the tailor's		在裁缝铺
at the barber's		在理发店
at the doctor's		在医生的诊所
at the dentist's	在牙医的诊所
"or、er、ist 结尾一般表示人,而且是某种专业的人"

(小)
1、买菜的过程体现三大元素
"距离、时间、价格"
a mile's distance	一英里的距离
today's newspaper	今天的报纸
there year's time	三年的时间

1.2 of所有格用在有生命的物体上

the+adj.表示一类人的时候,才可以用
eg:the need of the poor 穷人们的需要

1.3 双重属格“of短语+所有格”

a firend of Jone's 琼的一个朋友
=one of Jone's friends

二、代词(pron.)

Ⅰ 人称代词it

(1) it指代事物或者人
(常指代时间、天气、距离等)
eg:

I like _C_ in the autumn when the weather isclean and 
bright.
A.this	B.that	C.it	D.ONE

(2)it充当形式主语

_D_is our belief that the improvement inhealth care will 
lead to a stronger,more prosperous economy.
A.AS	B.That	C.This	D.It

(3)it充当形式宾语

As the busiest woman in Norton, she made _D_her duty to 
look after other people's affairs in that town.
A.this	B.that	C.one	D.it

(4)it用于强调句型

It is what you do rather than what you say _A_ matters.
A.that	B.what	C.which	 D.this

It is/was … that …这种句型一般都是强调句型
It doesn’t matter. 没关系
It matters.有关系

Ⅱ 指示代词

共包括4个: this/these 与 that/those

(1)通常
that/those 指代上文提及的事物
this/these 指代下文提及的事物

——— He was nearly drowned once.
——— When was that?

(2)为了避免重复前面的名词,可以用that或those来代替并且that或者those后面必须有后置定语
eg:

The population in Shanghai is larger than that in Guangzhou.

Ⅲ 代词one和ones

one 只能指代可数名词,表一个
泛指one的复数形式是ones,表一些
eg:

——— May I help you with some shoes.Sir?
——— Yes,I'd like to try on those black ones.

Ⅳ 不定代词

no、no one 、nothing、none

no(没有)
no one 	只指人,不能接of
nothing	指物
none ≥33者或三者以上都不)既指人又指物,后面可以接of
all ≥3

both =2	 (两者都)
	both...and...(谓动复数)
	
either	 (两者中的任何一个)
	either...or...(谓动就近)

neither	=2 (两者都不)
	neither...nor...(谓动就近)

Ⅴ few、a few、little、a little

+可数名词复数↓
few :“很少,几乎没有”
a few :“有几个,一些”

+不可数名词↓
little :“很少,几乎没有”
a little :“有几个,一些”

Ⅵ 常考的other词组辨析

1、other :
作形容词时意为"另外的,其他的"表泛指,其后常跟可数名词复数。
作代词时意为"(两个人或事物中的第二个)那个,另一个,其他",常与the、any、some等词连用

2、others :
相当于"other + 可数名词复数",意为"其余的人或物",表示特指

3、the other :
两者中的另一个(the other后面跟名词单数,也可作代词来指代名词单数),常与one搭配,构成one... the other...结构,还可表示"其余的",此时the other 后跟名词复数

4、the others :
相当于"the other + 名词复数",意为"其余的人或物",表示特指

5、another :
既可作限定词,也可作代词,只能用于三个或三个以上的人或物,泛指同类中的另一个,没有固定的范围,也可用"another + 数词 + 可数名词复数"形式,意为"另外几(天、周、米等)"

三、形容词(adj./ a.)

纯粹的形容词词序问题
过程:

美丑好坏		身高(大小)		年龄(新旧)
颜色	国籍	材料	用途

口诀:"美小圆旧黄,法国木书房"
eg:
There is a ___ desk.
black,wooden,chinese,small
正确顺序:①small	②black	③Chinese	④wooden

混合词序问题
adj.>n.(一般情况下adj.在n.之前)
后置定语特殊
第一种

以a开头的adj.
alone,asleep,alike,alive
eg:The happiest man(n.) alive(adj.).+形
	a baby asleep 一个睡着的婴儿

第二种

some—	any—	every—	no—	等和body,one,thing等组成的复合不定代词。
eg:something hot to drink	一些热的可以喝的东西

第三种

表示长、宽、高、深及年龄的形容词
eg:89 years old
	200 meters long

四、副词(adv.)

修饰v.、adj.或整个句子(作状语)
纯粹的副词词序问题
方式>地点>时间
eg:`

The students did well(方式) here(地点) yesterday(时间).

She sang beautifully(方式) in the hall(地点) last night(时间).

混合词序问题
adv.>adj.(一般情况下adv.在adj.之前)

very good		deeply moved

enough特殊对待

The boy is old enough to look after himself.

enough表示“足够”时,修饰adj./adv.只能后置

五、形容词和副词的比较级

原级比较
结构:

as + adj./adv.原级 + as 和...一样...

原级比较的否定式
结构:

...not as ... as ...
...not so ... as ...

比较级:以er(更)结尾

big——biger		small——smaller

注:原级比较不能+er

形容词、副词的比较级

规则变化+er;特殊形式变化 ——更
规则变化+est;特殊形式变化 ——最
[不规则]

far —— farther —— farthest	远(具体的远)
	—— further —— furthest	远(抽象的远)

old —— older —— oldest (表年龄大小)
	—— elder —— eldest (表长幼关系)
elder sister 长姐		elder brother 长兄

eg:
My wife has there brothers,all __older__ then she._
_The eldest_,George,is an officer.

与序数词连用,通常用最高级形式
eg:

Chirstchurch is New Zealand's __second largest__ city
after Auckland.

多音节的形容词副词
比较级 more + beautiful;more+…
最高级 the most + beautiful ;the most + …
most + beautiful;most + …

常考词:

boring 无聊的		slowly 慢的
horrible 可怕的		excited 兴奋的
delicious 美味的		interesting	有趣的
important 重要的		dangerous 危险的
famous 著名的		beautiful 漂亮的

5.1 同级比较重要句型

5.1.1 “A与B一样”

1)A + 谓语 + as + adj./adv. 原级 + as + B
2)A + 谓语 + the same + n. + as + B

当as…as…中有名词时

... as + adj. + a/an + 单数名词 +as
... as + many/mush + 名词复数/不可数名词 +as

eg:JJY is as beautiful a singer as DZQ.
	JJY has as many fans as DZQ.

5.1.2 “A与B不一样”

A + 谓语 + not + so/as + 原级 + as + B
XLX doesn't run so/as fast as JJY.

5.2 比较级比较重要句型

同于两者之间的比较

5.2.1 “A比B更…”

1)A + 谓语 + 比较级 + than B
2)A + 谓语 + 比较级 + 名词 + than B
My hair is shorter than my idol.
I have shorter hair than my idol.

5.2.2 “在A和B中,哪个/谁更…”

which/who + be + 比较级,A or B?
which is easier,English or Math?

注意需要加the的两种情况:
1)若句中含有between/of the two的介词短语时,比较级前必须加the。
即:A + be + the 比较级 + of/between the two.
She is the taller of the two sister.她是两姐妹中更高的那个。

2)越...就越...句型中,the + 比较级 必须成双成对出现
即:The + 比较级(+ n.++,the + 比较级(+ n.++.

2)inferior,superior,junior,senior,prior后跟介词to搭配,可用于两者间比较,以上形容词只能用原形。
She always feels inferior to others.她总感觉不如别人。

5.3 最高级比较的重要句型

5.3.1 “A是最…的”

1)A + be + the + 最高级(+ of/in)...
2)A + be + 比较级 + than + any other + 单数n.
						 + any of the other + 复数n.
Tom is taller than any other boy in the class.

5.4 倍数的表达句型

倍数表达:"倍数在前"

一倍:one
二倍:twice
三倍及以上:基数词 + times
倍数位于谓语之后

5.4.1 “A是B的几倍”

A ++ 倍数 + as + adj./adv.原级 + as B.

5.4.2 “A比B…几倍”

A ++ 倍数 + adj./adv.比较级 + than B.

5.4.3 “A的…是B的几倍”

A ++ 倍数 + the length/height/width/weight/size of + B.

The + 计量名词 + of A be 倍数 that of + B.
eg :The inch of  A  be twice  that of B.
	A的英寸数是B的两倍

六、介词(prep.)

1、常见介词

in/on/at/about/of/off/to/towards等

in 表时间,大时间
	表地点,在...里面
	
on、at、under、...、of(所属性)
注:介词前的名词是中心名词,后面的是补充的
A of B :B的A

object to 反对

2、英语介词后的动词+ing(构成现在分词)

I put off doing my homework.我推迟做我的家庭作业

3、常考的含有in的介词短语

in agreement	意见,看法
in harmony		和谐地,融洽地
in connection with	与……有关
in comparison	相比较
in addition		此外
in all			总计
in charge of	负责,掌管
in fact			事实上
in favor of		赞成
in general		一般来说
in honor of		为向……表示敬意
in place of		代替
in return		作为回报
in memory of 	作为对……的纪念
in short		总之
in time			及时
in spite of		尽管
in terms of		就……而言
in turn			依次,相应地
in vain 		徒劳无益

七、连词(conj.)

并列连词/从属连词

and、but、not only ... but also(不仅...而且...)

if、unless、when...

1、简单句

He often reads English in the morning.
Tom and Mike are American boys.

2、并列句

由并列连词(and、but、or等)或分号(;)
把俩个或俩个以上的简单句连在一起构成

You help him and he helps you.
The futher is bright;the road is tortuous.前途是光明的,道路是曲折的

3、复合句

The boy is my brother
The boy (who is wearing a hat) is my brother.

英语复合句公式:连词+从句

八、冠词(art.)

a/an/the 的用法
1、第一次提到用“a或an”,以后再次提到用“the”

I bought a book yesterday and the book is ten yuan.

2、非特指用a/an,特指时用the

Do you know the older of the two boys?

3、a用于辅音前;an用于元音前

a horse /:s/	马
a house /haʊs/ 房子
an apple /ˈæpl/
特殊情况:
an hour /'aʊə/(h不发音)

An hour ago,an honest man accepted an honorable mission.
  /'aʊə/	  /ˈɒnɪst/				 /'ɒnərəbl/	
 一个小时前,一位诚实的人接受了一项光荣的任务

九、数词(num.)

基数词、序数词、分数、百分数%(percent)
1、序数词前+the

the first
"最高级和序数词(-th结尾)前都要加定冠词the"

2、确切数字不加s,不确切数字加s

200		two hundred
成百的	hundreds of

3、分数的表达

子基母序,分子大于1,分母加s
1/3		one third
2/3		two thirds

4、历史上的几十年代和某人几十岁时

20世纪30年代		in 1930s
40多岁			in one's forties

应试秘籍

num(数词)——n.——adj.”结构内的名词永远单数
eg:
there——meter——long
three meters long

十、动词(v.)

表示动作或状态的词

动词的分类(4)1、实义动词
	及物动词 vt.	+宾语
		have、look
	不及物动词 vi +介词+宾语
		run、look
2、系动词
	be动词:am、is、are、was、were、been、being、be
	感官系动词:feel、smell、teast、look、sound
3、变化类系动词
	come、go、get、become、turn、...
eg:	My dream comes true.我的梦想实现了
4、终止性系动词
	turn out、prove

情态动词

表明情感态度类 +v原

will	 shall		may		can

"would	should	might	could"	记忆:吴叔买裤

must	need	dare	had better		would rather/sooner
				敢		  最好				   宁愿

助动词

无实际意义,用来帮助句子构成否定句/疑问句,以及时态语态

do/does/did	 +do
have/has/bad  +done(完成时)

动词辨析及词组(1)

award;reward

1、award 授予奖品(奖金)
award sb. sth. = award sth. to sb.

2、reward 回报/报答
re—	一再,回
in reward for...	作为对...的回报
reward sb. for......而报答某人

动词辨析及词组(2)

out短语

pick out	挑选
leave out	删去
take out	拿出,取出;拔();...带出去,邀请(某人)外出
figure out	计算,估计;弄清楚,理解
find out	找出,查明
look out	注意,当心
speak out	大胆地说,大声地说
run	out		完成,耗尽,结束
	Time is running out.时间快没有了
sell out	卖光
	Get it now before it is sold out!在它卖光之前把它买了

break短语

break down	  不成功,出故障,抛锚;失败,破产
break up	  解散,结束,感情破裂,分手
break in	  破门而入;打断
break through 出现,突破,克服
break off	  突然停止(关系、协议)等,结束	

put短语

put off		推迟
put out		扑灭
put up		举起,抬起;张贴;投诉;留宿
put away	收起来,放好
put aside	撇开,放置一边;储存...备用
put across	讲清楚,表达,传达
put through	为…接通电话;使遭受(不愉快的经历)
put on		穿;;;;上演;举办;展出;增加(体重);打开(设备、装置等);播放(唱片、磁带或CD光盘);烹调;加热;对…下赌注;押赌注于…;提高…的成本(或价值);(行为举止)假装,矫饰

turn短语

turn down	关小,调低;拒绝
turn up		开大,调高;出现,发生
turn on		打开
turn off	关闭
turn over	翻过来,翻倒
turn in		上交,交还

hand短语

hand out	散发,分发
hand in		提交,呈送
hand down	把...传下去,世代相传
hand over	移交,转送

set短语

set aside	放在一边,搁置;存储,留下
set up		建立,成立
set in		(不好的事情)产生,开始,到来;流行
	Winter is setting in.
be set in	以...为背景

call短语

call for	需要,(公开)需求
call on		邀请,要求,其后常跟人,相当于call upon
call off	取消,把...叫走
call up		打电话给,使回忆起,征召入伍
call at		停靠
call away	叫走
call back	回电话
call in		召来,叫来,下令收回
call out	要求...来,召唤出动

bring短语

bring about 	引起; 致使; 造成
bring on		带来; 培养
bring around	使复苏; 使恢复健康; 使相信; 说服; 
bring back 		回忆; 使忆起 使返回; 归还; 带回来 恢复; 还原
bring before 	向...提交讨论
bring down		使落下, 使倒下; 降低
bring forward 	提出; 展示
bring off 		拯救; 经营成功; 完成; 实现 
bring on		导致; 引起; 促成; 造成
bring over 		使相信; 说服; 使人改变看法
bring together 	使和解
bring under 	降服; 制服; 把…控制住

make短语

make up 		弥补 ; 构成 ; 编造 ; 组成
make sense 		讲得bai通 ; 有意义 ; 有道du理 ; 言之有理
make for		走向 ; 有助于 ; 促进zhi ; 导致
make friends	交朋友 ; 友好相处 ; 交友诀窍 ; 交个朋友吧
make mistakes	犯错误 ; 犯错 ; 学会犯错 ; 出错
make headway 	取得进展 ; 有进展 ; 前进 ; 进展
make good		成功 ; 弥补 ; 旅行诺言 ; 补偿
make it 		成功 ; 达到 ; 赶上 ; 在面试
make clear 		澄清 ; 弄清楚 ; 表明 ; 说明

take短语

take off		起飞;脱下;动身;匆匆离开
take on			承担;呈现;同…较量;开始雇用
take over		接受;接管;借用;接办
take down		记下;拆卸;记下来;取下
take place		发生;进行;举行;产生
take apart		拆卸;拆开;分辨;区分
take sharp		有显着发展;形成;初具规模;成形
take notes		记笔记;做笔记;记录;作笔记
Take position	坐盘;抢占位置;抢位
take a break	休息一会儿
take a chance on	冒险
take a hand in	干预,参与,手;帮助
take a hike		走路;滚开;哪凉快那歇着去
take a look		看一下
take a rain check	改期
take a walk		散步
take action		采取行动;提出诉讼
take away		带走,拿走,取走
take care of	照顾;注意;抚养
take charge		掌管,负责;主持;不受控制
take delight in	乐于
take photos		照相,拍照;摄影
take position	坐盘;抢占位置;采取某种态度
take possession of	占有;占领
take things as they come 	既来之则安之;安于现状,对一切事情处之泰然

give短语

give up 	放弃
give away 	赠送
give in 	让步,交给
give out 	分发,用完
give over 	停止
give back 	归还,使恢复
give sth.off	流出,散发,发出
give-and-take 	互相谦让
give-away 	泄露秘密的话,表情或物品
give off	发出,放出气味、热、光等
give rise to	引起,使发生
give way to		让位于,...让路,屈服

get短语

get up 		起床,筹备;打扮 
get out 	离开,出去;泄露;出版 
get in 		进入;到达;陷入;收获 
get into 	进入;陷入;穿上;习惯于 
get back 	回来;恢复;取回;重新上台 
get on 		上车,上马;进展,使前进 
get out of	 	逃避;避免 
get married	 	结婚 
get off		v.动身;免于受罚;从…下来;脱下(衣服等) 
get better 		变得更好;康复 
get to know 	了解;认识 
get through 	通过;到达;做完;接通电话 
get hold of 	把握;抓住;得到 
get away 	离开;逃脱;出发 
get from 	从…处得到… 
get used to 	习惯于… 
get rid 	摆脱;排除;处理掉 
get back	回来 | 返回 | 取回 | 回家
get…back 	退还…,送回去;取回/找回;要回 
get back to 	再和……联系

go短语

go after 	追求,设法获得
go on 	继续
go on with 	继续
go against 	反对,违背zhi
go ahead 	向前,干吧,说吧,用吧
go by 		从旁dao经过
go down		下降,倒下
go up		上涨
go in for 	酷爱
go over 	走过去,温习
go through	仔细查看,浏览,翻阅,通过
go wrong	出毛病
go out		出去,熄灭
go around	到处去,传开
go swimming	去游泳
goes on		继续;持续
go to school	去上学
go to bed	上床睡觉
goes home	回家
go out for a walk	出去散步
go away		走开
goes down	降落
go back		回去
go on with	继续做某事
go a little way	 不大有作用,走一点点路
go a long way	 大有帮助,走了一大段路,采取主动
go about 	着手做,从事,走动,传开
go across 	走过
go against the stream 	逆流而行,反潮流
go all lengths	 竭尽全力

cut短语

cut off 	切断;中断
cut down 	削减;砍倒;杀死
cut in 		插嘴;超车;插入
cut out 	切断;删去;停止;关掉
cut back 	削减;修剪;(美)倒叙;[]急忙返回
cut short 	缩短;打断;缩减
cut from	从…上切下	
cut through 刺穿;抄近路走过
cut up 		切碎;抨击
cut away 	切掉,砍掉
cut across	 抄近路通过;径直穿过;打断
cut out for 适合于,准备;与……相配合
cut class 	逃课,旷课
cut bake on 消减,(为了健康)少吃,少喝 )

come短语

come about		发生
come across 	遇见……
come after 		跟随
come along 		随同
come and go 	来来去去
come apart 		破碎
come around 	来
come at 		到达
come away 		掉下
come back 		回来
come before 	优先于……
come between 	介入……之间
come by 		走过
come down 		降下
come for 		来迎接
come forward	挺身而出
come in 		进来
come into 		进入
come of 		由……产生
come off 		从……掉落
come on 		上演
come out 		出来
come out of 	出自
come through 	经过
come to 		来,到
come together 	和好
come under 		归入……类别
come up 		上升
come upon 		发现……
come up with 	想出,找出(答案)

高频词组

attribute to	把...归咎于;把...归功于(归因于)...
	He attribute has good health to exercise.

contribute to	(褒)促成,有助于
				(贬)造成,导致
造成...、导致...
	lead to
	bring about
	give rise to	+结果
	result in(vi)	
	result from	(vi)	+原因
	contribute to

put up with 	忍受,容忍
come up with	提供,提出
keep up with	跟上,不落在...后面;保持联系,和...来往
keep in touch with	与...保持联系
go on doing sth = go on with sth 继续做某事
instead of		代替,而不是
regardless of	不管,不顾
on account of	由于
in favor of		赞同,支持

第二章 动词时态

Ⅰ 句子成分

主 谓 宾 补() 		定 状 表 同

一、谓语动词

一个句子中主语发出的动作/状态
谓语必须由动词充当

谓语的分类

实义动词	  →独立谓语
组合谓语=部分谓语+剩余谓语
	系动词	  +表语
	情态动词	  +V原	
	助动词	  +V原/done
小结:
1、谓语动词是一个句子必须包含的成分(先找谓语)
2、谓语能够帮助确定其他句子成分(主宾表)
3、谓语一定是动词,动词不一定是谓语(非谓语动词 V非)

二、主语

一个句子想要说明的主体对象

位于句首,常由
从句——不定式(to do)——名词——动名词(doing)——代名词

eg:Reading makes man wise
	To see is to believe
	(That I love you)is just a joke. = It is just a joke that I love you.

形式主语:当主语是to do 或从句时,可用it充当形式主语,将真正的主语放在句末
"It + is/was + adj./n. +to do/主从"

三、宾语

谓语动作的承受着/接收者

常位于vi或prep之后,常由
从句——不定式(to do)——名词——动名词(doing)——代名词

eg:I think [(that) you are right.]宾从
	I think (to study abroad) necessary. = I think it necessary to study abroad.

形式宾语
当主语是to do/从句 且后有跟宾补时,可用it作形式宾语,而真正宾语放于句末。

常由 adj./n./V非 充当

四、补语

对 主语/宾语 的身份特征进行补充说明。

主补:He was appointed monitor.
宾补:The teacher appointed him monitor.

五、定语

修饰限定 n./pren. 的成分,常由
adj./ n./num./V非/从句 充当“…的”

前置定语(定语+n.)
后置定语(n.+定语)

六、状语

修饰 v./adj./全句的成分 “…地”
来补充时间、地点、原因、目的、结果、条件、让步、程度、方式等

七、表语

位于系动词之后的成分与系动词一起构成谓语,常由
adj./n./从句 充当

八、同位语

位于 n./pron. 之后,来解释说明该 n./pron. 的成分,常由
n./从句 充当

Ⅱ 句子类型

一、简单句

有且只有一个主谓结构的句子(包括五大基本类型)

主语 + 谓语(vi.)
主语 + 谓语(vt.) + 宾语
主语 + 谓语 + 宾语 + 直宾
主语 + 谓语 + 宾语 + 宾补
主语 + 系动词 + 表语

二、并列句

用并列连词将≥2个简单句连接起来的句子
简单句1 + 并列连词① + 简单句2

连词个数=谓语个数-1	(连词)
谓语个数=连词个数+1	(非谓语)

常见并列连词:andor、either...or...、neither...nor...not only ...but also ...、but、 while、yet、for(因为)
并列连词用于句中

三、主从复合句

宾从、表从、同从、定从(形容词性从句)、状从(副词性从句)

考点:连词的选择

常见的从属连词:if、unless、before、after、because、in order that、who、whom、what、where、why、that、as

第三章 时态语态

观察以下助动词

I love JJY.			 He loves JJY.			He loved JJY.
love = do love		 loves = does love		loved = did love

一、动词时态

"时"   时就是动作状态发生的时间:过去、现在、将来、过去将来
"态"   行为的表现形式:一般、进行、完成、完成进行
	我做了一个梦。(一般)
	我正在做梦。(进行)
	我已经从梦中醒来。(完成)
	从凌晨1点到现在我一直在睡觉(没有醒)(完成进行)
	
过去	现在	将来
was		am		will be
ate		eat		will eat

谓语动词 = 助动词+实义动词

助动词就是帮助实义动词“变态”的词

do类:	do does/did
will类:will(shall)/would
have类:have has/had
be类:	am is are/was were
情态助动词:can/could等

助动词表示时态

1do类表 "一般"
	do/does 一般现在		did 一般过去
2、have类表 "完成"
	have/has 现在完成	had 过去完成
3、be类表 "进行"
	am/is/are 现在进行	was/were 过去进行
4、will类表 "一般"
	will 一般将来		would 过去将来

1.1 一般时

一般现在时		do + 动词 = 动词
				does + 动词 = 单三
一般过去时		did + 动词 = 过去式
一般现在时		动词原形/单三
一般过去时		动词过去式

1.2 将来时

will类表将来+动词原形do
一般将来时		will+do
过去将来时		would+do
I/We shall		shall的主语只能是I或We
shall=will		will的主语可以是所有的人称

1.3 进行时

现在进行时		am/is/are + doing
过去进行时		was/were + doing
将来进行时		will + doing

将来 / 进行
will  be doing

1.4 完成时

have类表完成 + 过去分词done
现在完成时		have/has + done
过去完成时		had + done
将来完成时		will + have + done

将来 / 完成
will  have done

1.5完成进行时

现在完成/进行时		have/has + been + doing
过去完成/进行时		had + been + doing

时态总结

时态		现在		  	  过去					将来					过去将来
一般	   do/does			  did					will do					would do
		 (am/is/are)   		 (was/were)	
—————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————
进行	  be doing		     (was/were)doing		will be doing			would be doing	
—————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————
完成	 have/has done		  had done				will have done   		would have done
—————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————	
完成进行 have/has been doing	  had been doing		will have been doing	would have been doing	
—————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————	
本质:be的时态变化
一般现在时	am/is/are + done
一般过去时	was/were + done
一般将来时	will + be + done
过去将来时	would + be + done
现在完成时	have/has + been + done
过去完成时	had + been + done
将来完成时	will + be + being + done
现在进行时	am/is/are + being + done
过去进行时	was/were + being + done
将来进行时	will + be + being + dong
完成进行时	have/has + been + being + done

副词在助动词之后,实义动词之前

补充:1、不及物动词/系动词 无被动
	 2、表自然发生、生老病死、状态的动词无被动

二、一般过去时

表示在过去的时间里发生的动作(与现在无关)
(did;was/were)

1、明示 与表过去的时间状语连用
yestarday、last night、...ago、in 1998

(the day before)yesterday	前天
last night(Firday/week/month/year)	(last:上一个)
a moment  ago 
  一会儿  以前
three days ago 三天以前
just now	刚才

2、暗示
When I was a little girl.(观察时态was:一般过去时)

注:与“used”相关的短语
sb. used to do	过去常常做...
sb. be/get used to doing  习惯于做...
sth. be used to do	...被用来做
sth. be used for doing	...被用来做

三、一般现在时

1、表通常性、习惯性、反复性发生的动作(频率词)
always/often/usually/sometimes/every day/all the time/
hardly(ever)=seldom=scarely=realy 几乎不...
never 从来不
once/twice/three times a day
 ↑
一次(曾经,一旦)

2、表示客观事实或普遍真理
Knowledge is powper.知识就是力量
The earth moves around the sun.地球绕着太阳转
failure is the mother of success.失败是成功之母

3、按时间表将要发生的动作
eg:Look at the timetable.Hurry up!Flight 4026 __takes__off at 18:20.

4.1 主将从现

在时间状语从句和真实条件状语从句中,表将来时,主句用一般将来时,从句用一般现在时表将来。
出现在时间或条件、让步状语从句中

判断主从句 ←→ 连词 + 从句
时间状从:when、while、as、as soon as、before、after、the moment、the instant(......)
注意:the + 表时间的词都可作为连词,大概翻译为"当...时候"
条件状从:if、unless、as long as(只要)、once、on condition that(...条件下)providing(假如)supposing(假如)
eg:As soon as I earn 1 billion,I will buy a villa.

"注:主将从现的运用中,从句还可以用现在完成时,强调从句的动作发生在主句之前"


4.2 主祈从现

出现在时间或条件、让步状语从句中

		主句			 /			从句	
Please put up your hands if you have any questions.
请举起你的手					如果你没有任何问题

eg:In case he __comes__,please tell me.

四、一般将来时(重点)

表示在将来时间里发生的动作

5.1 将来时的5种表达

1、will do
2、(I/We)shall do
3、主+ am/is/are + going to do	(例如天要下雨)
				 + about to do	立刻马上即将
				 + to do	强调将来发生,按照计划将要
				 + on the point of doing sth.	正要,将要

"注:When + 一般现在时,主句用一般将来时"

in years to come 在将来的几年内
eg:In the ten years to come, what major will be the hottest in China?在未来的十年,中国最热门的专业是什么?

5.2 祈使句+and+一般将来时(并列将来)

eg:Turn on the television or open a magazine and you _
_will often see__advertisement showing happy balanced
families.

五、过去将来时

站在过去的某一时间看将来要发生的动作(站在过去看将来),常用于从句中,多用于转述。
考察时态含义:站在过去,展望未来。
“was/were + 动词不定式”可表示过去将来。

1、would do
2、should do
3、主+ was/were + going to do	
				 + about to do	
				 + to do	
				 + on the point of doing sth.
eg:I made a telephone to my son and he told me he __would__ back home this weekend.	
我之前给儿子打了个电话,他告诉我他这个周末会回家。

"was/were + 动词不定式"可表示过去将来

对比

1、The monitor said [that we __would have__(have) a middle test next Monday.]
2、We __will have__(have) a middle test next Monday.

六、现在进行时

此时此刻正在发生的动作。
常与now、at 5pm连用(am/is/are doing)

Be quiet!They are having a test now.

引申:

1、与位移性动词连用表将来(come、go、arrive、leave、take off)
eg:We are arriving at Cheng du East Station.我们即将到达成都东站

"若位移性动词遇到交通工具的时刻表,用一般现在时表将来"

对比:
Hurry up! The train __is leaving__(leave).
Hurry up! The train __leaves__(leave) at 5:30 pm.

2、现在进行时与always = all the time,constantly,continually连用,表示说话人带有一定的感情色彩(赞扬、厌恶、不合情理等)
eg:He isn't always doing his homeword.(厌烦)
	He doesn't always do his homework.



七、过去进行时

表在过去的某一时刻正在发生的动作(was/were doing)

eg:He was watching TV at 9 pm last night.

When + 一般过去时,主句用过去进行时

八、将来进行时

表在将来的某一时刻正在发生的动作(will be doing)

eg:I will be memorizing English words at 8 am tomorrow.

九、完成进行时

表一个动作从一个时间持续到另一个时间且将继续下去
(have/has been doing)

考察方法:在完成时相应的时间状语中,若选项中无正确的完成时,则选择其对应的完成进行时

十、完成态

1、表示在某一时间之前已经完成的动作
2、表示某动作从一个时间点持续到另一个时间点
"注:一定涉及到两个时间点"

Ⅰ 现在完成时(have/has done)

本质:一段时间截止到现在

1、表示在过去的时间里所发生的动作且对现在造成影响
常用时间状语:already、yet、lately、so far、recently

2、表示过去的一个动作持续到现在
常用时间状语:up to now、for + 一段时间、since + 过去的时间(did)、during/in/over the last/past + 一段时间、recent(最近的)/recently(近来)
以上用法只用于延续性动词
非延续性动词:看"Ⅳ 完成时的重要考点"

3、一段时间只有起点
since + 过去时间点 (自从)
从句用一般过去时
eg:Since she was born.从她出生以来

4、一段时间只有终点
so far、by now、up to now、till now (到目前为止)
eg:Ever since picasso's paintings went on exhibit,there __have been__ large crowds at the museum every day.
自从毕加索的画开始展出以来,博物馆里每天都挤满了人。
"注:there be 句型要跟there be 后面的名词单复数保持一致"

固定句型

现在完成时的好朋友:
1、表示“第几次做这件事”
eg:This is my first time that I have visited China.

2、这是所经历过最...的(最高级的标志:-est/the most)
It is the bast(worst,most) + adj. + n. + that...
eg:This is the most interesting film that I have ever seen.

"注:在 It/This/That is the best/worst/most/only ... (+ adj.) + n. + that 从句结构中,从句应用现在完成时"

Ⅱ 过去完成时(had done)

表示在过去之前已经完成的某动作且对过去产生影响
[过去的过去]

条件:
1、找到did
2、did之前的动作

做题思路:过去的之前,一段时间截止到过去

考点:时间状语
本质:一段时间截止到过去的一个点
by/until/up to + 过去的时间点
如:by 1998
	by the end of last year	截止到去年年末
	until/by then (过去某时) 到那时为止
	up to that time 截止到那时
	before/by the time + 一般过去时的句子
eg:by the time he left the room.截止到他离开这个房间。
是已经去了,但现在还在那里,没有回来.

"注"
had gone 是已经去了,但现在还在那里,没有回来.
had been 是已经去过了,但现在不在那里了.

两句论过去完成时
1、两件事都发生在过去
2、先发生的用过去完成时,后发生的用一般过去时
eg:He bought a new mobile photo last Sunday,because his old one had been stolen.上星期天他买了一部新的手机,因为他的旧手机被偷了。
	When she got there,the boy had left.当她到达那里时,男孩已经离开了。

固定搭配

......(as soon as 的替换短语)
	1... no sooner ... than + ...
	2... hardly ... when + ...
	3... scarcely ... when + ...
考点:
	1)搭配
	2)时态:前用过去完成时(had done),后用一般过去时(did)
	eg:主 + had + hardly + done + ... when ++ did ...
	3)部分倒装
	eg:Hardly (had ++done + ...)when ++ did ...

例句:
He had __no sooner__ arrived home __than__ he was asked to do his homework.他一到家就被要求做家庭作业。
He had __hardly__ arrived home __when__ he was asked to do his homework.他一到家就被要求做家庭作业。

Ⅲ 将来完成时

一段时间截止到将来

by(the end of)/until/up to + 将来时间
eg:He will have filished his college life by the end of next year.

Ⅳ 完成时的重要考点

1"By the time + 从句,主句".
	从句是一般过去时(did),主句用过去完成时
	从句是一般现在时(do/does),主句用将来完成时

2"up to /by/till/until + 时间,句子."
	时间:↓		  句子:↓
	过去的时间	,过去完成时  
	现在的时间	,现在完成时  
	将来的时间	,将来完成时

3"主 + be + the + adj.最高级 + n. + (that)从句""It/This/That + be + the + 序数词 + time +(that)从句"
	从句的谓语用相应的完成时
		be 是一般现在时(am/is/are),从句用现在完成时
		be 是 一般过去时(was/were),从句用过去完成时

4"一见钟情三胞胎"......(as soon as 的替换短语)
		1... no sooner ... than + ...
		2... hardly ... when + ...
		3... scarcely ... when + ...
考点:
	1)搭配
	2)时态:前用过去完成时(had done),后用一般过去时(did)
	eg:主 + had + hardly + done + ... when ++ did ...
	3)部分倒装
	eg:Hardly (had ++done + ...)when ++ did ...

*注:
1"for + 一段时间" 所在的句子若不止一个时间状语不一定用现完
	eg:I __had waited__(wait) for him for two hours before he come.
2"for + 一段时间" 所在句子的谓语动词必须是可延续性动词
瞬间动词 —— + for + 一段时间 ——→ 可延续性动词(be + adj.)
die								be dead
graduate						be away from...
marry							be married
end								be over
leave							be away
begin/start						be on
join							be in(或be a member of)

十一、语态

主动:主语是动作的发出者
被动:主语是动作的承受着(be done)

被动语态

被动语态的构成:
be类助动词+过去分词(done)

本质:be的时态变化
一般现在时	am/is/are + done
一般过去时	was/were + done
一般将来时	will + be + done
过去将来时	would + be + done
现在完成时	have/has + been + done
过去完成时	had + been + done
将来完成时	will + be + being + done
现在进行时	am/is/are + being + done
过去进行时	was/were + being + done
将来进行时	will + be + being + dong
完成进行时	have/has + been + being + done

副词在助动词之后,实义动词之前

*补充:

1、不及物动词/系动词 无被动

2、表自然发生、生老病死、状态的动词无被动
	take place 发生,举办		remain 维持
	belong to 属于
	happen、occur、die、consist of...(...组成)
	
3、常用主动形式表被动的考点(形——→主	意——→被)
	1)钢笔好写结构
		主语常是物,表示有某种内在品质或性能
		The pen writes well.
		类似动词还有:sell、drive、read、wash、clean等
		(常搭配well、easily、badly等副词)
		eg:The cakes sell quickly.
			The car drives easily.
	
	2)需要浇花结构
		The followers need watering/to be watered.
		类似动词:want,require,deserve
		一些表示需要的动词后面表达被动有两种表达方式
			被动:	+ to be done  被
					+ doing	主
	
	"引申":值得的
		1)be worth doing 值得做某事(这个句型只能是主动,不能做被动)
			It's worth remembering all my life.这值得我终身铭记。
			The place is worth viaiting.这地方值得一游。
			
		2)be worthy of being done
			The place is worthy of being visited.这个地方值得参观。
			
		3)It is worthwhile to do sth
			It is worthwhile to visit the place.参观这个地方是值得的。

4、用被动的一个句型,“据...”
	It is/was/has been said/reported/known/supposed/estimated that 从句.	
	eg:It is said that it is going to rain tomorrow.据说明天要下雨。

5、被动形式表主动
	sb. be interested in
	sb. be excited in
	sb. be seated in
	sb. be tired of sth....厌烦
take the place of = take its place 取代,代替

十二、时态语态的做题步骤

1、先根据主谓关系确定语态
2、再根据时间状语确定时态
[若无时间状语,则根据句意判断出时态]

第三章 非谓语动词

否定式一律在其正前方加not
__ to do
__ ed
__ ing

__Not having__ finished his work,he had to stay at home at the weekend.

谓语个数=连词个数+1
首词是to、doing、ed开头,必是非谓语!
一般情况下一句一主谓,如果超过一个动词

1、用连词“andor”等构成并列句。
2、用连词“which、that、when”等构成三大从句
3、为打破一个句子只可以有一个中心谓语动词的魔咒,将第二个动词变形变为非谓语的形式

eg:I am a teacher,teach English.
1)I am a teacher and teach English.
2)I am a teacher who teaches English.
3)I am a teacher teaching English.

结论:	1、连词后的从句可有动词
		2、无连词,出现第二个谓语动词,变成非谓语动词

定义:非谓语是指在句子中不做谓语的动词
(可作 主/宾(to do/doing)/表/定(后置定语)/状语/宾补 等)
主要包括
不定式(to do)、动名词及现在分词(doing)和过去分词(done)

一、 不定式(to do)

时态:表将来
意义:表目的

1.1 to do 作主语

谓语用单数

To pass the exam in May is our ambition.

1.1.1 形式主语it

to do作主语时,可用it作形式主语,将to do 放于句末。

It is our ambition to pass the exam in May.
It is difficult to change the world

It takes sb. some time to do sth.	(花费某人时间做某事)
It be n. to do.

"句型:It is + adj./n. + (for/of sb.) to do..."
(adj.形容词形容人的品质特征时,用of sb.(某人做某事);形容事物时,用for sb.(对某人来说))

It is + adj./n. + 主从

补充:
It be + 一段时间 + before + 从句		过了多久才...
It be not + 一段时间 + before + 从句		没过多久就...

1.2 to do 做宾语

eg:I want to go home.

1.2.1 常接不定式作宾语的及物动词

agree 同意、attempt 企图、arrange 安排、beg 祈求、decide 决定、
determine 决定、except 期待、happen 偶然、hesitate 犹豫、intend 打算、
long 渴望、pretend 假装、promise承诺,欲示、prepare 准备、wish 希望、
want 希望、hope 希望、promise 允诺、demand 要求、ask 要求、refuse 拒绝、
manage 设法、choose 选择、afford 负担得起
... to do sth.

注意:党不定式做宾补时,若后有宾补(adj./n.),常用it做形式宾语,将to do 放于句末,
即:主 + vt. + it + adj./n. + to do

1.2.2 形式宾语it

+ vt. + it + adj./n. + 宾从
主 + vt. + it + adj./n. + to do

1.3 to do 做宾补

要求与命令
ask sb. to do sth.
tell sb. to do sth.

想要、邀请、期待、鼓励、建议
want sb. to do sth.
invite sb. to do sth.
expect sb. to do sth.
encourage sb. to do sth.
advise sb. to do sth.
"注意:suggest doing sth. 建议"

一个帮助看着办(既可以加不定式的to,又可以省略掉不定式的to)
help sb. to do sth.
help sb. do sth.

1.3.1 常接不定式作宾补的动词

advice 建议、allow 允许、ask 请/叫、bear 忍耐、beg 恳求、cause 导致、command 命令、drive 驱使、
elect 选举、encourage 鼓舞、expect 期待、forbid 禁止、force 强迫、heat 讨厌/厌恶、help 帮助、
intend 打算、invite 邀请、leave 留下、persuade 说服、request 要求、warn 警告、train 训练、
remind 提醒

… sb. to do sth

1.3.2 使役动词(使…,让…)

使役动词后跟动词原形

have/make/let +/+ do
-do(省略to)让某人做某事

get本意:到达
get sb. to do sth.	使......
eg:The doctor will get the patient to stop smoking.医生让病人停止吸烟。

have/make/let +/+ done
(若使役动词后面跟的动作是被动完成的,就用动词的过去分词done)
-done 让某人或某事被...

1.3.3 重要考点

have sth. done 让某事被做,即做某事
eg:	have the book printed	让书被印刷
		have your eyes examined	让你的眼睛被检查

1.3.4 被动 to 还原

使役动词后面跟的那个动词原形 + to (动原——→to do)

eg:My mother makes me learn English every day.我妈妈让我每天学习英语。
	I am made to learn English every day.我被迫每天学习英语。

正常情况下,主动语态中使役动词后面跟动词原形,而如果使役动词本身是被动的,就需要把后面跟的那个动词原形变成不定式形式

1.4 to do 作状语(目的、结果状语)

无被修饰名词

1.4.1 目的状语(为了)

作目的状语需要注意:
☆不定式放句首时,两主语要一致。

错误(wrong):To save money,every means has been tried.
正确(right):To save money,he has tried every means.
错误(wrong):To learn English well,a dictionary is needed.
正确(right):To learn English well,he needs a dictionary.
to do = in order to do	(可在句首、句中、句末)
	  = so as to do		(不能在句首,只能在句中、句末)

We work hard [to get a good result in the exam].[...]可在句首、句中、句末
[to get a good result in the exam],we work hard.

不定式作状语放句首要用逗号(,),位于句末不用逗号

1.4.2 结果状语

only to do		结果却...
only to be done	(被动)结果却被...

He hurried to the airport only __to find__(find) that his girlfriend had already left.
他匆忙赶到机场,结果发现他的女朋友已经走了。
He hurried to the airport only __to be informed__(inform) that his girlfriend had already left.
他匆忙赶到机场,结果却被告知他的女朋友已经走了。

1.4.3 表原因(放在心理感觉类的形容词后面)

happy、glad、sorry、eager、lucky、proud、...

They were very sad to hear the new.
他们听到这个消息很伤心.

1.4.4 表程度

It's too dark for us to see anything.
天太黑了,我们什么也看不见。

The question is simple for him to answer.
这个问题对他来说很简单。

1.5 to do 作表语

To be kind to the enemy is to be cruel to the people.
对敌人和谐就是对人民残忍

Her job is to clean the hall.

He appears to have caught a cold.

1.6 “疑问词 + to do”

充当名词作用(主/宾/表)

I didn't know how to contact her at that time.
I don't know what to do.

1.7 不定式的时态和语态(重点)

时态/语态		主动			被动				意义(看与谓语动词的先后)
——————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————
一般态			to do			to be done			发生在谓语之后
——————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————
完成态			to have done	to have been done	发生在谓语之前
——————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————
进行态			to be doing		to be being done	与谓语同时发生
——————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————

sb./sth. be said to do 据说某人要去做某事
sb./sth. be said to have done 据说某人已经做了某事

1.8 据说据报道句型

be said 据说	be reported 据报道	be known 据了解	 be supposed 据认为	 be estimated 据估计

主 + be + said/reported/known/supposed/estimated + to have done/ to have been done ... +过去时间状语

eg:The novels are reported to have been translated into many languages last year.
据报道,去年这些小说已被翻译成多种语言。

"注:据说、据报道这一类的句型后面跟to do 形式,而且跟to do 的完成形式"

1.9 有do无to,无do有to

用于某人实在没办法了,只能做某事;
或是某人太无聊了,只能做某事;
某人无能为力,只能做某事。
but/except (作介词时)前有do省略to,前无do,加上to

1、有do无to
can do nothing but + do		除了做后面这件事什么都做不了
have nothing to do but do(原形)	除了做某事什么都做不了

2、无do有to
谓语动词不含do,则but后跟to
have no choice but to do	没有选择只能做某事

注:do只能是do这个动词,不能是别的动词。根据but前方的形式来判断后面要不要to。

1.10 发现某事难做

根据汉语意思记

find + sth. + difficult/hard/easy + to do
find可换成think,consider

二、动名词/现在分词(doing)

时态:表现在
意义:表进行和一般或伴随

2.1 doing的时态和语态(重点)

时态/语态	主动		  被动				意义(与谓语动词的先后)
————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————
一般态		doing		  being done		发生在谓语之后或同时	
————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————
完成态		having done	  having been done	发生在谓语之前
————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————

2.2 doing作宾语

eg:He enjoy playing mahjony.
以下动词常跟doing作宾语

appreciate 感激,欣赏、avoid 避免、allow 允许、consider 认为,考虑、delay 推迟、deny 否认、
enjoy 享受,喜爱、escape 逃离、finish 完成、forbid 禁止、imagine 想象、keep 继续、mind 介意、
permit 允许、postpone 允许、postpone 推迟、put off 推迟、prevent 阻止、 quit 放弃、risk 冒险、
suggest 建议、can't help 情不自禁,practice 练习、miss 错过、keep 保持(继续)、be worth 值得

介词+doing
thanks to 由于,幸亏、confess to 承认、stick to = insist on = persist in 坚持、
look forword to 期待、devote to 奉献、object to 反对、approach to 接近/着手

2.3 可跟doing,也可跟to do作宾语的动词(重点)

(根据句意选择)

1、remember/forget	+ to do		记得/忘记要去做某事
					+ doing		记得/忘记做过某事

2、regret + to do	遗憾/抱歉要去做某事(将来)
		  + doing	后悔做过某事(过去)

3、go on/stop + to do	继续/停下来去做另一件事
			  +	doing	继续/停止正在做的事

4、mean + to do		打算做某事 = paln to do
		+ doing		意味着做...

5、allow + sb. to do	允许某人做某事
	     + doing 允许做某事

6、mind + to do		决心做某事 = determine to do
		+ doing 	介意做某事

7、can't help + to do	不能帮助做某事
			  + doing	情不自禁做某事

8、happen + to do sth.	碰巧做某事
		  + to be doing sth.	碰巧正在做某事		

2.4 常用doing的固定句型和短语

固定句型

1、sb. spend + 时间/金钱 +(in) doing sth.
						+ on sth.
补充:It takes sb. + 时间/金钱 + to do

2、sb. have trouble/difficulty/a hard time/problem + (in) doing sth. 某人做某事有困难

3、sth. need doing(主动)

4、sth. be worth doing(主动)

5、protect sb. from doing sth. 保护某人免遭什么

固定短语

Generally speaking		通常来说
Frankly	speaking		坦白来说
Strictly speaking		严格来说
personally speaking		就我而言
Judging by/from......判断
Considering				考虑到

2.4.1 无用句型

It is no use/no good + (in) doing sth. 做某事是没用的
eg:It is no use saying more...说多了都是泪

There is no use/no good/no point/no sense + (in) doing sth. 做某事是没用的

It/There is + useless + doing 做某事不值得

2.4.2 复合结构

for + 人称代词 + doing

I'm happy for your teling me the truth.
你告诉我事实我很高兴。

I'm angry for Tom's not telling me the truth.
我很生气汤姆没告诉我事实。

my/your/her/his/our/their + doing
人/物's + doing

三、过去分词(done)

时态:表过去
意义:表被动或完成
可作定/宾补/

被动语态done和be done的区别

done表被动作非谓语,be done表被动作谓语

四、非谓语动词作定语

有被修饰的名词

1、An (interesting) stoy.
2、A car (having been repaired).
3、The next train (to arrive) is from New York.
实质:前置定语+后置定语
单个分词前置而短语和不定式后置(后置就是放在名词后面)

单个-ing/-ed前置

1-ing + 名词 :表示用途
	a swimming pool (一个游泳池) = a pool(一个池子) for swimming(用途是游泳)
	a reading room (一个阅览室) = a room(一个房间) for reading(用途是浏览)
	
2-ing	正在...的,表主动/进行
	-ed		已经...的,表完成
	a developing country (发展中的国家)
	a developed country(发达的国家)
	
	boiling	water(正在沸腾的水)
	boiled water(开水)
	
	the rising sun(冉冉上升的旭日)
	the risen sun(升起的太阳)

4.1 前置定语

-ing 常修饰物,翻译成“令人...-ed 常修饰人,翻译成“感到...”

eg1:an exciting news	一个令人兴奋的消息
	an excited man		一个感到兴奋的人
	a moving film		一个令人感动的电影

eg2:All the students were __inspired__ by the __inspiring__ speech given by the headmaster.
所有的学生都被校长的演讲所鼓舞。(give a speech 做演讲)

4.2 后置定语

非谓语可以放在名称后面作后置定语,起修饰名称的作用。

1、后置定语doing和done的区别
doing与被修饰名词是主动关系,done是被动关系

2、后置定语to be done、being done 与 done的区分
根据非谓语的时态和意义判断
	to be done :将要被...
	being done :正在被...
		  done :过去已经被...

V非作后置定语的做题步骤
1、判断n.与V非的主被动关系
	主动:to do、doing	
	被动:to be done、being done、done
2、判断V非发生的时间

eg:
1)The girl who is sitting in the corner is adorable.
 = The girl sitting in the corner is adorable.
 坐在角落里的那个女孩很可爱。

2)We visited a temple which was built 200 years ago.
 = We visited a temple built 200 years ago.
 我们参观了一座建于200年前的寺庙。

3)The vegetables which are sold in this shop are grown with out chemicals.
 = The vegetables sold in this shop are grown with out chemicals.
 这家商店出售的蔬菜都是用不含化学物质的方法种植的。
	
4)The houses which are being built are for the survivors in the quake.
 = The houses being built are for the survivors in the quake.
正在修建的房屋是为地震中的幸存者建造的。

五、 非谓语作宾补(五看三使两听一感觉一发现)

			  宾语		  宾补(只用一般态)
sb. + vt. + sb./sth.	+ do(省略了to,被动to还原)	强调宾语发出该动作的全过程或经常性的动作
						+ doing						强调宾语正在发生该动作/正在被...
						+ being done				强调宾语正在发生该动作/正在被...
						+ done						强调宾语已经被...

当谓语动词为五看三使两听一感觉一发现时,其后宾补的非谓语形式需要判断与宾语的逻辑和意义。

五看:see、watch、look at、notice、observe
三使(使役动词):have、make、let
两听:hear、listen to
一感觉:feel
一发现:find

eg:I'm going to have my radio.

V非作宾补的做题步骤

1、判断宾语(即___前的名词n.)与V非的主被动关系。
2、判断V非的意义	do		强调...
				doing	正在...
				done	强调宾语已经被...

eg:The speaker had to  try his to make himself __understood__(understand) by the audience.
	The manager has his employees __write__(write)a business report every week.
	I've heard him __speck__(speck)about you often.
	He had his leg __broken__(break) in the match yesterday.

补充:
leave/keep sb. doing sth.		使某人处于某种状态
leave/keep sb./sth. done		让 某人/某事 被...
	leave —— left —— left	离开、留下
	keep  —— kept —— kept	保持
get sb. to do sth.		使......

六、 非谓语作状语(两种固定句型)

6.1 分词作状语

(现在分词或过去分词,也就是doing或done)

结构:[____(+ 宾语/状语),]++ 其他.
或	 主 ++其他,____(+ 宾语/状语).

__Given__(give) one more chance, she will succeed.
She will succeed,__given__(give) one more chance.

做题方法:判断__"非谓语"__与主语的主被动关系
主动用doing,被动用done

注意:若是翻译成"为了..."(目的状语),用to do

6.2 状语从句的省略

前提条件:主从句主语一致且从句谓语含有be动词的某种形式,可省略从句的(主语+be)
引导词后填动词说明就是状从的省略
eg:When __completed__,the power station will have nine 70,000 kw generators.
	__While crossing__ the road,be careful.

七、独立主格结构

7.1 什么是独立主格结构

1、 We are League members.
2、 We beig League number,the work was well done.
   [——→	      A		 ←——],[——→	      B		 ←——]
当非谓语动词的主语和B中谓语的主语不一致的时候我在A句中会有自己的一个主谓结构,而A的主谓结构不叫做完整的句子,因为它是非谓语动词

7.2 独立主格结构

非谓语在独立主格中的用法区别

现在分词形式:表示动词与其逻辑主语之间是主谓关系或动作正在进行

过去分词形式:表示动词与其逻辑主语之间是动宾关系或动作已经完成

不定式形式:表示动作发生在将来

7.2.1 现在分词

__Night enshrouding__ the earth,__nobody could make out__ what the dark mass was from a distance.
黑夜笼罩大地,谁也看不清远处黑压压的一片是什么东西。

There being no bus, we had to walk home.
由于没有公共汽车,我们只好走回家。

7.2.2 过去分词

__The workers__ worked still harder,__their living conditions__ greatly improved.
由于工人们的生活条件大大提高,他们工作得更起劲了。

__He was listening__ attentively in class,__his eyes fixed on__ the blackboard.
他上课专心听讲,眼睛紧盯着黑板。

7.2.3 不定式

__The four of us agreed on__ a division of labor,__each to teanslate__ a quarter of the book.
我们四人同意分工干,每人翻译全书的四分之一。

__Many trees,flowers,and grass to be planted__,our newlybuilt __school will look__ even more beautiful.
种上许多树、花和草后,我们新建的学校看上去将更美。

7.3 with引导的独立主格结构

出题形式:[(With) + n./pron. + ____(+ 宾语/状语),]++ 其他.
或		主 ++ 其他,(With) + n./pron. + ____(+ 宾语/状语).

做题步骤:
1、判断"___"与它前面的名词或代词的主被动关系
主动:to do、doing
被动:to be done、being done、done

2、根据"__V非__"的时态和意义判断出答案
其中一般态:
	to do :时态表将来,意义表目的
	doing :时态表现在,意义表进行、一般或伴随
	done  :时态表过去,意义表被动或完成

eg:Sister __crying__(cry), I can't focus on my task.
	Hearing his father was serious ill,__he bursts in to tears__.
	When __putting__ the book on the desk,she found her lost watch.

7.4 独立结构考点

7.4.1 时间允许结构

weather/time permitting		即:"天气/时间  允许",其后用doing
eg:weather permitting,we will have a trip.
	如果天气允许,我们将去旅行。

7.4.2 with表伴随

The murder was brought in, with his hands tied behind his back.
凶手被带了进来,双手被拷在背后。

With flowers and grass growing on both sides,the river looks very beautiful.
两岸长满了花草,这条河看起来很漂亮。

7.4.3 此to 非彼to(介词短语)

be devoted to doing		致力于
contribute to doing		导致
look forward to doing	习惯于
object to doing			反对
when it comes to doing	当谈到...的时候

第四章 虚拟语气

一、If虚拟条件句

一、定义:与事实相反或不太可能发生的事。
表达主观愿望、假设或建议的预期

二、用法(考点):
记忆口诀:吴叔买裤
would(将要 ) / should(应该) /could(可以)/ might(可能)

时间	条件从句(过去式)		主句
————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————
现在 	If++did			主+ would/should/might/could +do
————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————
过去	If++had done		主+ would/should/might/could + have done
————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————
将来	If++did(最后)+ would/should/might/could +do
			 +should do(优选)
			 +were to do(其次)
————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————
"从句往前推,主句4+1"

做题步骤(三定)1、定是否是虚拟(不是主将从现)
				2、定虚拟时间
				3、定对应虚拟时间下主从句的谓语形式

虚拟语气中谓语的形式与真实的时态意义无关,与主谓一致也无关

注意!
混合虚拟(时间状语):即主从句虚拟的时间不一致
做题方法:主随主变,从随从变

eg:If you __had listened__(listen) to my advice last week,you __wouldn't make__(not make) mistakes now.

1.1 对现在的虚拟

If I worked hard,I might have money.	
如果我努力工作,我就有钱了。
If I had a lot of money,I could buy a ticket.
如果我有很多钱,我就能买一张票。
If I bougth a ticket,I would be on board.
如果我买到一张票,我就会登上船。
If I were on board,I should sail for America.
如果我登上船,我就能去美国了。

时间	条件从句(过去式)		主句
————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————
现在 	If++did			主+ would/should/might/could +do
————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————
"从句往前推,主句4+1"

1.2 对过去的虚拟

If we hadn't been on board,we would't have met this disaster.
如果我们没有登上船,我们就不会遇到这场灾难。
If the ship hadn't struck an iceberg,it wouldn't have sunk.
如果这个轮船没有撞上冰山的话,它就不会沉没了。
If there had been enough life boats we would have got on the boat.
如果有足够多的救生艇的话,我们就能够登上救生艇了。

时间	条件从句(过去式)		主句
————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————
过去	If++had done		主+ would/should/might/could +have done
————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————
注意:从句的had done 和 主句的have done对称 
"从句往前推,主句4+1"

1.3 对将来的虚拟

If we were alive, I would marry you some day.
如果我们还活着的话,总有一天我会嫁给你。
If we were to marry,we would live a happy.
如果我们结婚的话,我们会在将来过上幸福的生活。
If we should marry,we would have a lot of children.
如果我们结婚了,我们就会有很多孩子。

时间		条件从句			主句
————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————
将来		过去式			主+ would/should/might/could +do
			should do
			were to do
————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————
"将来同现在"

1.4 虚拟倒装

在If虚拟条件句中,当句中有were、had、should时,可以采用半倒装结构,且if必须去掉,把were、had、should放在句首(简称删除If首三词),即"Were/Should/Had + 主 +剩余谓语"
注:选项中有if又有半倒装,正确答案一定是虚拟倒装结构

1、If I were to do the work,I should do it some other way.
==>Were I to do the work,I should do it some other way.
	如果我做这个工作的话,我就会以别的方式来做它。

2、If it had not been for JJY,...
==>Had it not been for JJY,...

否定不提前(Hadn't提前是错误的)

3、If he were my son,I would suggest him practicing medicine after graduation.
==>Were he my son,I would suggest him practicing medicine after graduation.
	如果他是我儿子,我会建议他毕业后行医。

答案特征
were ++ to do/n.
had ++ done
should ++ do
had it not been for... 要不是

二、含蓄虚拟条件句(就是不明说)

虚拟主句:当句中有
"otherwise(否则/要不然)、or(否则)、but for(要不是因为)、without(要是没有)",主句常用虚拟语气。

对过去:would/should/might/could have done
对现在/将来:would/should/might/could do

1、不是所有条件句都是if引导的
2、有时条件从句不表示出来,只是暗含在上下文中

eg1:But for the rain,we would have finished the task yesterday.
要不是下雨,我们昨天就能完成这项任务了。

eg2:Without you help,we wouldn't have finished the job.
如果没有你的帮助,我们就不能够完成这个工作。

含蓄条件句也可以套用if条件句的公式

I passed the test.(I __wouldn't have passed__ it)(without your help).
我通过了考试。如果没有你的帮助,我就不能通过。

含有should的虚拟语气

The teacher insited that we __finish(should finish)__ our homework beofore 9:00 o'clock.
老师坚持我们应该在9点钟以前完成家庭作业。

解析:老师坚持要求表老师的一种主观愿望和态度
老师让你9点做完,但是可能作业太多做不完,也可能玩去了就没做完,所以只是老师的主观态度而已,并不能左右实际发生的事情的走向,这种条件句就叫含有should的虚拟语气

"注:这种虚拟语气表达的是主观的一种态度,而且会有一个that从句"

三、从句中的虚拟语气

虚拟从句:当句中有
"wish(希望)、if only(要是...就好了)、as if(似乎/好像)、as though(似乎/好像)、would rather(宁愿)"时,引导的从句常用虚拟语气
对过去:had done
对现在:did(were)
对将来:	wish 从句	优选did(were),其次用would do
		if only/as if/as though 从句	would do
		would rather 从句	did(were)

eg:He talked as if he had been the boss.
	I wish (that) I had listened to your advice yesterday.

3.1 would reather 用法

主语 + would rather + sb. + did(过去时)	对现在或将来的愿望
						  + had done(过去分词)	对过去的愿望
						  
would rather sb did (didn't do) sth	宁愿某人做了或没做某事
would rather sb. had done sth.,表示宁愿某人过去做过某事。

would rather+从句, 引导从句的that常省略。
1、与现在相反的事实:
 	I'd rather (that) you stayed at home today. (But you are out.)
 	我宁愿你今天呆在家里。(但你出去了。)
 
2、与过去相反的事实:
	I'd rather (that) you had stayed at home yesterday. (But you were out.)
	我宁愿你昨天呆在家里。(但你出去了。)
	
3, 与将来相反的事实,虚拟形式,不一样:
	I 'd rather (that) you stayed at home tomorrow.(But you won't.)
	我宁愿你明天呆在家里。(但你不会)。
	
二、would rather sb do没虚拟语气用法。

I have no information one way or the other, but I would rather he do it than not do it.  我没有办法得到情报,但是我宁愿他去做。

四、含有should的虚拟语气

坚持、命令、建议、要求、惊异、失望、理应如此
“态度词” + that

谓语动词是
主动:
(should)+动词原形,其中should可以省略
结构为should + do,其中should可以省略
被动:
(should) be done
表示虚拟
"一句话秘诀:时态人称不用顾,省略should还用to"

关键:找标志词;套结构
从句————找标词(3类)

4.1 从例题说should虚拟语气出题方法

1、It's necessary that the problem __C__ in some way or other.
A. is settled	B.has been settled	C.be settled	D.was settled
这种问题有必要以别的方式被解决。
解析:当一个说话人说有必要把这件事做一下,属于说话人的主观态度
主观态度 + that 两个条件同时满足,就该用含有should的虚拟语气

2、It is requested that the rent for the house __D__ in advance.
A.will have to be paid	B. has to be paid	C.should have to be paid	D.should be paid
有人要求预付这所房子的租金。
解析:要求——→态度 + that		用should + 动原

3、It is necessary that he __A__ the tesk by the end of last week.
A.fulfill	B.will fulfill	C.will have fulfilled	D.fulfills
有必要他这周周末的时候把这个工作做完。

4、It is very important that enough money __A__ to found the project.
A.be coolected	B.must be collected	C.is collected	D.can be collected
筹集足够的钱来建立这个项目是非常重要的。
解析:当说话人说一件事很重要时,是说话人主管的态度 + that 用should + 动原

5、My advice is that she __A__ to apologize to him.
A.go	B.went	C.goes	D.has gone
我的建议是她和他道歉。

6、One of the requirements for a fire is that the material __C__ to its burning temperature.
A.is heated		B.went will be heated	C.be heated		D.will be heated
对火的一个要求是将材料加热到其燃烧温度。

4.2 首先在宾语从句中

一坚持、二命令、三要求、四建议、我们再加上一个desire渴望
坚持	命令		要求		建议
insit	oder		request		advice
		command		require		suggest
					demand		propose
								recommend

eg1:He suggested that we (should) start off early the next day.
他建议我们第二天早上早点出发。
eg2:They insisted that the boy (should) go with them.
他坚持要那个男孩和他们一起去。

4.3 在表语从句和同位语从句中

主要标志词是一些名词,这些名词很简单,就是上述动词的名词变形。

主要有:advice、demand、order、proposal、suggestion、requestment、desire

4.4 标词是形容词

It's necessary/important/imperative/essential that + 从句
(表达重要紧急必要迫切)类似的词有,一些动词的ed形容词变形。

比如:ordered、desired、requested、suggested、recommended、required、insisted、desirable、advisable、strange、natural

eg1:Experiments __C__ that accurate measurements be made.
A.show		B.prove		C.demand	D.head
实验要求进行准确的测量。

一个句子中不会莫名其妙出现一个be,一个句子要么用am/is/are,要么用was/were 不会单独出现一个词be,这个be是前面省略了should
选择技巧:一般情况下,选项中出现be开头,并判断出来了是虚拟语气,那么就选这个选项

eg2:It is required that the rent for the house __D__ in advance.
A.will have to be paid	B.has to be paid	C.should have to be paid	D.should be paid
C选项的解析:should和have to 同时存在是有问题的,因为have to翻译成必须、不得不,而should也翻译成必须,两个必须同时存在就重叠了

eg3:I don't think it is advisable that Tom __C__ to the job since he has no experience.
A.is assigned	B.will be assigned	C.be assigned	D.has been assigned

4.5 状从的虚拟(以防,万一)

1、以防、以免、害怕
in case
for fear that
lest
以上这三个词后面的从句一般跟should + 动原
这里的should根据不同的题有时可省有时不能省

4.6 该是做什么的时候到了句型

It's (hight/about) time (that) ...
"该是...的时候了" that从句谓语形式有两种
1、动词的过去式(did/were)
2、should + 动词原形,should不能省略

解释说明:首先,如果在一道题当中看到了这个句型,也就是It's high time that句型,就要开始选答案了,这个答案会有两种情况,第一种是动词过去式,第二种是should + 动原,这里面的should是不能省略的。

eg1:It's high time we __B__ something to stop road accidents.
A.are doing		B.did		C.will do		D.do
该是我们做些什么来阻止交通事故的时候了。

eg2:It's high time __A__ about the traffic problem.
A.something was done
B.something is done
C.anything will be done
D.nothing to be done
该是对交通问题采取措施的时候了。

eg3:It's high time you __C__ the problem carefully about what you will do in the future.
A.are studied	B.must study	C.studied	D.study
该是你仔细研究这个问题的时候了,关于你将来要做什么。

五、情态动词 + have done

5.1 表虚拟,“本…却没有”

should have done	本应该做却没有
shouldn't have done	本不应该做却做了
could have done		本能够做却没有
needn't have done	本不需要做却做了

5.2 表对过去的猜测

must have done		一定做过...
can't/couldn't have done	不可能做了...

第五章 主谓一致

贯穿所有语法的一个内容
本质:主语与谓语之间的对应关系
1、考点:谓语动词
2、解题思路:主语到底是单数是复数?
英语会涉及到人称和单复数与动词相对应的问题

主语单 + 动词s(单三)
eg:A girl walks.	动词的单数是单三

主语复数s + 动原		动词的复数是动原
eg:Two girl walk.

具体说明:名词 + 动词 在正常情况下只有一方能加s,如果名词不加s说明名词是单数,动词就加s。相反,如果名词加了s,说明名词是复数,动词就不加s。
即	名() + 动s
	名s	+ 动

eg:Half of his money __D__ stolen the other day.
A.are	B.were	C.is	D.was
解析:money为不可数名词,所以谓语用单三

注意:不可数名词前有量词修饰时,谓语单复数由量词决定
a large amount of meat is	大量的肉
large amounts of meat are	大量肉类

其他量词:	a quantity of 大量的
			quantities of 

			a bit of 一点
			bits of

一、谓语动词用单数的情况

1.1 主语抽象表单一

动名词短语(以ing打头的短语)、不定式短语(以to do打头的短语)、名词性从句(句子做主语)、疑问词+to do做主语时,谓语用单数

1)Saying is easier than doing.	说比做容易
2)To teach others is to teach yourself.	教别人就是教你自己
3)What to do next is up to you.	接下来做什么取决于你
4)Whatever he says is of no importance.	无论他说什么都不重要

1.2 时重长度与价值

度量名词(时间、距离、金额等)做主语,谓语用单数。
1)Five times five makes twenty five.	5x5=25
2)Thirty dollars is too high a price for the book.	30美金对于这本书来说太贵了。
3)Another 10 years has passed since he left.	自从他离开以来,另外的十年又过去了。

1.3 不定代词皆为单

当each、either、neither、none、no one等不定代词做主语时,谓语动词用单数

(每一个,没有,其一,说明都是单数的意义)
1)Each has his merits.	各有所长
2)Neither of the plans suits me.	这两项计划都不适合我
3)None of the students was there.	没有一个学生在那里

1.4 and连接俩名词,同一概念即用单

beard and butter	面包和黄油
fork and knife		叉和刀
War and peace is a constant theme his history.
战争和和平是他历史上一个永恒的主题

"正常情况下,A and B 是复数"

1.5 every、each、many a 连接名词要用单

在each... and (each)...,every... and (every)...,many a ... and many a ...等结构后,谓语动词只能用单

eg1:Each boy and (each) girl is asked for help.	
	每一个男孩和女孩都被要求帮助。

eg2:Every meeting room and (every) bedroom is occupied.
	每一个会议室和每一个卧室都被占用了。

many + 可数名词复数
many a + 名词单数 + 动词单数

1.6 学科、国家及组织,专有名词常用单

表示学科以及表示国家、组织等名称的专有名词是复数形式,但谓语动词用单数(虚化的概念)

如:mathematics(数学)、physics(物理学)、politics(政治学)、economics(经济学)、statistics(统计学)
the United Nations 联合国、the New York Times 纽约时报、Gneral Motors 通用汽车

1.7 形复意单

news 消息/新闻、means 方法、works 作品/工厂、a series of 一系列,貌似复数,实则单数

1)Every means has been tried but without result.每一种方法都被尝试过了,但是没有结果。
2)No news is good news.没有消息就是好消息。
3)My uncle's works is in New York.我叔叔的工厂在纽约。

二、谓语动词用复数的情况

2.1 由and、both…and…连接的并列主语,谓语动词用复数

注意:当and连接的两个名词只有一个定冠词the修饰时指同一个人。
eg:The singer and dancer is on the stage.
这个又跳又唱的人在舞台上。

英语当中的名词在无特殊情况下前方一定要加一个冠词(a/an/the),如果一个名词前方什么都不加,那种情况叫零冠词,零冠词的情况非常非常少。

2.2 人们加警察,家禽并牛群,服装鞋帽及手套,常做复数没问题

集体名词:
people(人们)		police(警察)
poultry(家禽)		cattle(牛群)
public(公众)		youth(年轻人)

衣服类:
clothes(衣服)		shoes(鞋)
gloves(手套)		cap=帽子=hat

以上名词后面谓语动词常用复数

eg1:The Chinese people are brave and hardworking.
中国民族勤劳勇敢。

eg2:The cattle are grazing in the sunshine.
牛群在阳光下吃草。

2.3 the + 形容词,指人一般用复数

定冠词the + 形容词 表示一类人
如:the rich、the poor、the young、the old、the sick

三、谓语动词可单可复的情况

3.1 就近原则

3.1.1 两or 一nor 加but,就近原则记心间

1or
	either...or...			二者择一
	neither...nor...		既不...也不...
	not only... but also...	不仅...而且...
	not... but...			不是...而是...
等连接的并列主语

eg1:Neither money nor fame __has__(have) influence on me.
钱和名誉对我都没有影响。
eg2:Not only you but also he __is__(be) wrong.
不仅你而且他都是错误的(你和他都是错误的)。

3.1.2 倒装句和there be 句型也用就近原则

eg1:between the two windows hangs a picture and two bags.
在这两个窗户中间悬挂着一幅画和两个袋子。

eg2:There is a cup of tea and some apples on the table.
有一杯茶和一些苹果在桌子上。

3.2 就远原则

和、也、除了和包括,就远原则挂嘴边
当主语中含有"with"或"逗号",就是就远原则

(together/along) with	和
as well as		和/也
no less than	不少于
except、besides、in addition to	  除了
including	包括

eg1:His wife as well as he __A__ invited to the business party.
A.has been		B.have been		C.has		D.are
他的妻子和他都被邀请去参加这个商业晚会。

eg2:The teacher,together with his students,is planting trees in the street.
老师和他的学生一起正在种树。

就远原则就是当主语有2个,中间有个连词把他们连接在一块,后面的动词要跟这个离得远的那个主语保持一致。

3.3 all主指人用复,指物用单

eg:
All that can be done has been done.所有能做的事情都被做了。
All are present besides the professor.除了教授外,所有的人都在这里。

3.4 若与冠词相联系,请君一定细辨析

the用单,a/an用复		(特指看成单,非特指看成复)

(1)

one of + 复数名词 + who + 谓语动词复数
the (only) one of + 复数名词 + who + 动词单数

eg1:He is one of those persons who come from the USA.
他是那些来自美国的人之一。

eg2:He is the only one of those persons who comes from the USA.
他是那些人中唯一来自美国的人。

(2)

1、the number of 单数		“...的数量”
eg1:A number of students are playing football.
	大量的学生在踢足球

eg2:the number of the student is 2000.
	学生的数量是20002、the variety of 单数		“...的多样性”
   a variety of 复数		“各种各样的”
eg1:__D__ of land in that district ____ covered with trees and grass.
A.Two fifth ; is	B.Two fifths ; are		
C.Two fifth ; are	D.Two fifths ; is
那个地区2/5的土地都覆盖着树和草。

eg2:The father writes in his will that every son and daughter ____ a share of his property.
A.has	B.to have	C.having	D.have
这位父亲在遗嘱中写道,他的每个儿女能分得他的财产。
注:will有遗嘱和决心的意思

第六章 从句

一、定语从句(重点)

1、定义:在主从复合句中,修饰限定名词或代词的句子
2、结构(三要素):先行词+关系词+从句

先行词:被从句修饰限定的n.或pron.
关系词:紧跟在先行词后引导定语从句的词
从句:修饰限定先行词的句子

pron. + [A]	定从
n. + [A]	定从/同从
n. + n.	 或 pron. + pron. 定从省that 	

3、定语从句的分类(两类)
限从、非限从

区别/类型		限从			非限从
—————————————————————————————————————————————
格式上(逗号)		无逗号		有逗号
—————————————————————————————————————————————
翻译(参考)		...的		主从拆开翻
—————————————————————————————————————————————
先行词			n./pron.	常为整个主句
—————————————————————————————————————————————
关系词			97(除去that,why)
—————————————————————————————————————————————

划主从句的步骤

1、找谓语
2、找连词个数和位置(连词个数=谓语个数-13、划从句(从连词开始,下一个谓语之前结束)

1.1 定语从句的关系词及其用法

1、关系词的作用
	1)代替先行词
	2)在从句中充当某种句子成分(主////状)

2、关系词的分类
	1)关系代词(6个):who、whom、whose、which、that、as
	2)关系副词(3个):when、where、why

1.1.1 关系代词的用法

关系代词在从句中充当主/宾/表,其后跟主要成分不完整的从句。
(注:whose作定语。其后从句主要成分完整)

先行词/从句中所作成分		主语(不可省)		宾语/表语(常可省)	定语
————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————
指人					who(优选)/that	whom/that			whose
————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————
指物					which/that		which/that			whose
————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————

小结:

五字方针:人 +++ 省略
1、无限制情况下都可用that(作宾可省)

2、人 + who()/whom()
如果那句话的先行词是人,我们用who或whom,通常whom只能作宾语,who一般作主语,有时也可作宾语
"注:若充当介词宾语且介词提前时,只能用whom且不能省,即形成:介词+whom"

3、物 + which

4、whose表所属关系:n. _()_ n.
whose + n. = 指人	:the + n. + of whom
					:of whom + the + n.
			 指物	:the + n. + of which
			 		:of which + the + n.
如:There is a house __whose__ roof is broken.
解析:屋顶是属于房子的,表所属,所以用whose

5、关系代词在从句中作宾语可省略(作主不能省)
eg :He is the man whom I admire. = He is the man I admire.
	She is the most beautiful girl that I have ever seen. = She is the most beautiful girl I have ever seen.

由此可得出阅读理解中可以用的方法:当一句话读起来特别奇怪,奇怪在哪?就是俩个不相关的名词放在一起的时候,就要考虑它是一个省略宾语的定语从句(省略关系词的定语从句)

7、特殊代词as(正如...一样)
such... as...
the same... as...
so... as...
as... as...

eg:Can machines perform the same tasks as man does?
	机器能够做和人类一样的工作吗?

先行词和关系词合二为一(名从与定从的转换)

anyone who = whoever
all that = what

带介词的定语从句

如果空前本身就有介词
介词 + which/whom
人+介词:whom
物+介词:which
注:如果定语从句空前而选项中有介词,那么排除其他选项,只能选which和whom中的一个
The gril to whom Tom spoke is Mary.

注意介词前移问题
原语序:The girl Tom spoke to whom is Mary.(形式有错)
正确语序是to whom 挪到了先行词后方,因为先行词后方要跟从句,既然是从句就应该跟一个关系词,所以whom是关系词,whom就放在那里,to就是介词+whom

介词是根据动词搭配来的,例如动词是说和某人说话,就用speak to sb.
∴本句介词是to

1.1.2 关系副词的用法

从句中不缺主宾表(仅需补充状语),用关系副词
(缺时间缺地点缺原因的时候用关系副词)
关系副词在从句中充当状语,其后跟主要成分完整的从句

1、when 表时间
This is the time when we first met each other.
这是我们第一次见面的时间。

2、where 表地点
It is the factory where we worked.
这就是我们工作的工厂

3、why 表原因
It's the reason why we come back
这就是我们为什么回来的原因

补充:关系副词 = 介词 + which			介词 + 关代 ≠ 关副
when = in/on/at/during/... which
where = in/on/at/under/... which
why = for which(非限从中不能用why只能用for which)
注意:介词的选择主要取决于先行词的搭配

where:表地点的先行词 + where + 完整从句
	in(大地点) + which		空间上的
	at(小地点) + which		水平面上的
	on(抽象地点)+ which	
	over(表上面,空间的) + which

when:表时间的先行词 + where + 完整从句
	during(时间段)+ which
	on(具体某天)+ which
	at(时间点)+ which
	in(年,月)+ which

why:表原因的先行词(the reason)+ why + 完整从句
							   + for which

1.1.3 定语从句的陷阱

暗箭一:只能用that的情况(最不避人物)
1、修饰词 + 先行词 + that
先行词被
	1)序数词 first,last,next等(如果先行词有这些序数词修饰,那么关系词只能用that)
	2)最高级 the most;the best;the biggest等(最高级修饰名词,关系词只能用that)
	3)唯一性 the very
		the very person 就是那个人

2、先行词(不定代词+多多少少)+ that
all、each、both、much、many、little
something、anything、nothing、everying

3、who/which —————— that 避免重复
eg:Who is the man that is standing in the garden?

4、先行词既有人又有物
eg:The famous writer and his books /that the TV is saying now has aroused great interest among students.
暗箭二:只能用who的情况
1、先行词是some、any、every、no和body、one一起构成复合不定代词somebody、someone等
eg:Anybody who is tall can play basketball.

2、先行词是one、ones、those时只能用who
eg:The ones who work hard can go to university.
	God helps those who help themselves.天助自助者
	Success will belong to those who never say "impossible".成功属于那些永远不说不可能的人
注:如果一些翻译题出现了“那些什么什么样的人”就应该用those who 句型
暗箭三:the way 作先行词 + that/in which/ \
“正确打开方式”
the way in which
the way that
the way

1.1.4 非限制性定语从句

特点:有逗号

Ha is a boy who has magic power.
哈利波特是一个有魔法的男孩。(这就是限制性定从,限制了这个男孩有魔法)
Ha,who is a boy,has magic poper.
哈利波特,是一个男孩,有魔法。(这是非限制性定从,没有那么严格的限制,只是告诉你一个事实,叫做哈利波特是一个男孩而且他有魔法)
Ha has magic power,which is true.
哈利波特有魔法,这是真的。

which翻译成这
这是个非限制定从,只不过比较特殊一些,特殊之处在于which此时指代一个句子(在定语从句中,逗号后面的which通常翻译成这,而且指代前面一整句话)

1、which 只能位于主句后,且前有逗号翻译成“这”,指代逗号前一整句话。
eg:The earth goes around the sun,which is know to us all.
地球围着太阳转,这是我们大家都知道的。

2、as,可放主句前,主句后,还可以分割主句,as有"正如.../正像..."的意思
eg:As is know to us all,the earth goes around the sun.

非限制定从和限制定从的区别
如果你发现那句话空前有逗号的话说明它是非限制性定从,有逗号的话绝对不能选“why”和“that”的,如果我们想用“that”的时候就要用“which”,如果想表示原因,不用“why”用“for which”来代替why。
其他关系词的选择同限制性定从一样。

I think 作插入语
which I think is
我这样认为

eg:He has made another wonderful discovery,__A__ of great improtance to science and man.
A.which I think is		B.which I think it is		C.of which I think it is		D.I think which is
他又有了一个伟大的发明,这对科学和人类都有极大的重要性。
as的万能句型
As is often the case	情况常常如此
As often happens		这种情况常常发生
As is natural			很自然
As is hoped				正如所希望的
As we had expected		正如我们所期待的
As is know to everybody	众所周知
As is reported in the newspaper	正如报纸所报道的
As sb. expected,...		正如某人所期待的

二、状语从句

“状”语 = “壮”语,让句子壮大

1、	He speaks English.	他说英语
	He speaks English will.	他英语说的很好
	单词作状语
	
2、	The sun rises and sets.	太阳升起又落下
	The sun rises in the east and sets in the west.	太阳从东边升起从西边落下	
	介词短语作状语

3、	I come here because I want to see you.	我回来因为我想见你
	句子作状语

我们发现状语其实是一个附加的成分,它去掉或者加上对句子的核心含义没有太大影响,它仅仅起到一个让句子的语意更加精准,更加明确的作用,也就是我们通俗说的让句子壮大

2.1 地点状语从句

通常由	where	(在...地方)
		wherever	(无论任何地方)
		anywhere	(任何地方)
		everywhere	(每个地方)引导

eg:Where there is smoke,there is fire.有烟的地方就有火
	Wherever you go you should mind your behaviours.无论你去哪里你都应该注意你的言行。

After the earthquake,a new school building was put up __B__ there had once been a theatre.
A.that		B.where		C.which		D.when
地震后,一座新的学校大楼在曾经是剧院的地方建了起来。

2.2 时间状语从句

1...时候
when、while、as、whenever(无论...时候)、each time(每当...)、every time(每次)
凡是一个疑问词+ever都翻译成无论
as表示时间通常是一种伴随的状态,比如说小学时写的作文:我们一边听歌一边擦黑板,这种一边...一边...就是as,表示伴随

2、在...之前/后
before、after、since(自从)、till/until(直到)

3、一......
as soon as(主将从现)
immediately、directly、instantly	副词作连词
no sonner... than、hardly... when	考试中重点
the minute、the second、the moment(瞬间)、the instant(瞬间)	名词作连词

4not...until(直到......)☆
eg1:When a woman begins to think,her first thought is a new dress.
当一个女人开始思考的时候,她想到的第一件事情就是去买一件新裙子。

eg2:I didn't recognize her until she made up.
	直到她化了妆我才认出她来。

2.2.1 when、while、as的区别“当…时”

1while:两个持续性动作同时发生		(然而,轻微对比/转折)
eg:I kept silent while he was writing.
当他写作的时候我保持沉默。
解析:本句话的两个动作分别是保持沉默和写作,都是持续性的,既然想保持一个动作,保持一个状态,它必然是持续性的,等待的过程有长有短,但都是持续性的所以用while。

短暂性的动词是马上就结束了,比如冥想,一下子就完了就是短暂性动作

2、as表伴随,"随着..."
			"正当..."
			"一边...一边..."
eg1:As time passed,things seemed to get better.
	随着时间的流逝,事情好像变得更好一点了。
eg2:She sang as she went along.
	当她走路的时候她唱歌(一边走路一边唱歌)。

3、when可代替as和while
when + 瞬间动词(come、arrive)

2.2.2 while在句中的不同含义

(while和as一样都是多意词)

1、While I was walking down the street,I came across an old friend.
当我沿着街道走的时候,我遇见了一位老朋友。
(while=when)

He like pop music,while I an fond of folk music.他喜欢流行音乐,而我喜欢民族乐。
(be fond of 喜欢)while = but/however)
表示两者的对比
比如说两个朋友去商店买衣服,一个人说:我喜欢那件红色的。而她的朋友说:而我喜欢那件蓝色的。她们俩个就有对比了。一个喜欢红,一个喜欢蓝,这个严格来说不是转折,而是两个人一般兴趣爱好意见不同然后进行了一个对比,此时这种语境就用while

2.2.3 when还可以表示

(正在/正要...突然...)
(正在/正要...就在那时...)
突然的语境一般有:
例如一个人在街上走啊走,突然或就在那时,他看见一个小偷。这是第一个语境
还可以说:那个小孩就要哭了,就在那时,他的妈妈回来了
还可以说:一个人正要去游泳时,就在那时,他的朋友阻止了他
也就是一个人正打算做某事,或是正在做某事的时候,另外一件事突然发生,把他要做的这件事给止住了,这种语境就用when

1)They were walking down the street when they saw an accident.
	当他们正在街上走的时候,就在那时他们看见了一场交通事故。

2)I was about to go swimming when our guide stopped me.
	我正打算去游泳的时候,我们的导游阻止了我。

3)The baby was on the point of crying when his mother finally came home.
	这个小孩就要哭了,就在那时他的妈妈回到了家。

2.3 原因状语从句

引导词:because、as、since、for

eg1:Since you are free today,can you help my with my English?
	因为你今天很闲,所以你今天能帮我学英语吗?

eg2:It rained last night,for the ground is wet this morning.
	昨天晚上下雨了,因为早上地面是湿的。

"注:for是在句子中用在逗号之后的连词"

now that 既然		given that 鉴于		in that 在于/...点上/因为

eg1:I am happy in that he helps me.
	因为他帮助了我我很高兴。

seeing that/considering that	鉴于/因为

2.3.1 必须用because

1、引导表语从句(就是系动词后面的句子)
eg:It was because he didn't recoginze you.
	那是因为他没有认出你。

2、从属连词前有only、just、simply修饰(例如only because,just because)
eg:You shouldn't get angry just /because some people speak ill of you.
你不应该生气/仅仅因为有人说你的坏话。

2.3.2 for引导的句子不能放在句首,前面要有逗号隔开

We must start early,for we have a long way to go.
我们必须早点出发,因为我们有很长的路要走

2.4 结果状语从句

一件事导致的后果

考点:	so ... that ...
		such ... that...
		如此...以至于...

固定用法:	so + many/much/few/little
			such + a lot of/ lots of

so + 形容词/副词 + a/an
such + a/an + 形容词/副词
只要紧接a/an前方就用such,反过来,如果没有紧接a/an就用so

eg:such a nice boy that ...
	so nice a boy that ...

so beautiful/diligent/carefully... that ...

考点:so that(因此/以便)、as a result(结果)
eg:He was caught in the rain yesterday;__D__,he fell ill this morning.
A.on the contrary	B.in contrast	C.in other words	D.as a result
他昨天淋雨了,结果,他今天早上生病了。
记住上个面4个选项:A正相反、B正相反、C换句话说、D结果

2.5 条件状语从句

1if,unless(如果不)		unless=if... not...除非
eg:If you don't hurry up,you will be late.
	如果你不赶快的话,你就会迟到。

2、假如
	1)providing/provide/supposing/suppose that
	词根provid和suppose,两个动词的ing为正确形式,其次当你发现这个单词表示假如时,它中心对称,首位字母中心对称就是正确,不正确加d就错的
	
	2)on condition (that)		在某种情况下就是假如
	eg:Providing it rains tomorrow,we won't go on a picnic.
		如果明天下雨,我们就不去野餐了

	3)as long as,so long as 只要	/ only if 只有
	eg:You may stay here as long as you like.
		只要你喜欢你都可以呆在这里

eg:You can only fly to london this everying __B__ you don't mind changing planes in Paris.
A.except	B.provided		C.although		D.where
你只能晚上坐飞机去伦敦了,假如你不介意在巴黎换机的话。
provided = providing
except不能直接加句子,如果加句子要在except后面加一个that构成except that这个连词。

2.6 目的状语从句

考点:	so that、in order that...	为了,以便
		lest、for fear that、in case	以防、以免(常考虚拟)

eg1:He works hard so that he may pass the exam.
	为了能够通过考试他学习得非常努力。

eg2:He works hard lest he (should) fail in the exam.
	他学习得非常努力以防他考试不及格。

eg3:He was asked to speak londer so that all the students in the classroom could hear him.
	他被要求说的大声一点,以便教室里所有的学生都能听见他的声音。

2.7 让步状语从句

考点:尽管/即使
though、although、as、while、even if/though、in spite of the fact that

eg1:We wouldn't lose heart even if we failed many times.
	即使我们失败了很多次我们也不会灰心。

eg2:Yong though/as she is,she is very smart.
	尽管她很年轻,她非常地聪明。
这个不能换成although,although只能位于句首,而as和though可以放在句子的第二位
Although she is young = Young though/as she is

2.8 无论no matter + 疑问词

疑问词:what/who/where/when/which/how
eg:no matter what = whatever
	no matter who = whoever
	……	……	……
(whatever、whoever、wherever、whenever、however、whichever)

eg1:Wherever/No matter where you go,I will be right here waitting for you.
	无论你去哪里,我都会在这儿等你。
	

eg2:Whoever/No matter who you are,you must obey the regulation.
	无论你是谁,你都必须遵守规则。

考点:however和no matter how 后须跟adj./adv.
how + adj./adv.
1)He will never succeed in spassing the CET-6,__A__ hard he tires.
A.however	B.whatever	C.despite	D.though
他永远都不会通过六级,无论他多么努力。

tough he tries hard
despite = in spite of 	尽管

2)We must begin testing this instrument,no matter __B__ difficult it is.
A.however	B.how	C.whatever	D.what
我们必须开始检测这个设备,无论有多难

2.9 比较状语从句

涉及至少两者,两者才能比较

2.9.1 than 比 -er + than

英语比较级的标志是形容词/副词的词尾+er(比较级是形容词和副词才有的)还需要加另一个词than
	bigger than	更大
	more than	更多
	less than	更少

2.9.2 as… as… 和…一样

eg:There is as much milk in this bottle as in that bottle.
	这个瓶子的牛奶和那个瓶子的牛奶一样多。

as big as(原级比较)

the same ... as ......一样
not the same ... as ......不一样
eg:Your watch is not the same as mine.
	你的手表和我的不一样

补充:	just as ...,so ...		正如...所以...
		A is to B what/as X is to Y
		A之于B正如X之于Y
		(A、B、X、Y如果是数字,用 as)

2.9.3 “the 比”句型“越…,就越…”

写法:The + adj./adv.比较级(+n.) ++,the + adj./adv.比较级(+n.) ++.
时态:前用一般现在时,后用一般现在时或一般将来时
eg:The more a man eats,the fatter he _will be_/_is_.
	
	The happier you are,the longer you live.
	你越开心,你活的越久

2.10 方式状语从句

引导词:	as	正如,正像...
		as if/though	好像
		the way	想...那样
eg1:When in Rome,do as the Romans do.
	入乡随俗

eg2:He spoke as if he know the question very well.
	他说得好像他非常了解这个问题似的。

eg3:I don't like the way he treated us.
	我不喜欢他对待我们的方式。

eg4:Literature must consist of words, __C__ music must consist of sounds.
A.even though	B.so that	C.just as	D.ever since
文学必须包含单词正如音乐必须包含声音一样。
A:即使,B:表目的,为了,C:正如...一样,D:自从

三、名词性从句

主要看句意

考点:	1、名词性从句连词的选择
		2、名词性从句语序问题

语序在倒装里会讲到有正常语序、半倒装、全倒装,而现在讲的倒装指的是"陈述语序""疑问语序"。所谓陈述语序就是正常说话的语序:主语+动词;疑问语序就是:动词+主语

考点:名词性从句语序

我是谁	who am I?
忘了我是谁	forget who I am
结论:名词性从句永远用陈述语序
所有宾语从句都应该用陈述语序,也就是所有的名词性从句都应该用陈述语序。如果一道题是名词性从句的题,但是用了疑问语序,首先排除。

考点:名词性从句的连词

that			没意思
if、whether		是否
连接代词:what(什么)which(哪一个)who()whatever(无论什么)whichever(无论哪一个)whoever(无论是谁)
连接副词:how(如何)when(什么时候)where(哪里)why(为什么)whenever(无论什么时候)wherever(无论哪里)

1、that的用法

	 主		 系	  表
(台湾属于中国)是不容置疑的
 ↑这件事情
 That Taiwan belongs to China is undoubted

英语有个原则就是一句话只能出现一个核心谓语动词,如果出现两个核心的谓语动词,那么一般会构成一个主从复合句,他比汉语要更精准,汉语十个动词方一句话中都没问题,但是英语不行,英语越过一个核心的谓语动词那么剩下一个动词我们就要用一个从句进行连接。

总结:无色无味that
you are right
请写出:我知道(你是对的)
I know ______.
I know that you are right.
如果这句话不缺少任何意思就用that,连词加到找到的从句的最前方

2、whether/if 的用法

whether和if出现在选项中,首选whether

(他是不是应该结婚)是个问题
(Whether he should get married)is a question.
当一句话中出现了是否/是不是这一类的字眼就应该用关系词whether

总结:“是否”用whether或if
Is she happy?
请写出:我不知道她是不是开心?
注意:	1)“是不是”——————whether
		2)陈述语序
I don't know whether she is happy.

3、wh- 用法

他什么时候来还不知道
When will he come remains unknown?	语序有误
(When he will come) remains unknow.

总结:特殊疑问句变名词性从句,还用原来的引导词,改为陈述语序

我知道她将要说什么
I know (what will she say). 错误
I know what she will say.

补充说明:名词性从句一共是三大连词,做题紧扣这三大类连词就行了
第一大类是没有意思的that,第二大类是表示是否的whether/if,第三大类就是该用哪个词就用哪个意思的特殊疑问词。
我们想表达什么就用what,想表示谁就用who,想表示什么意思就选哪个特殊的疑问词就行了

3.1 主语从句

考点:疑问词+ever(无论)
eg1:(whichever of us gets home first) starts cooking.
	我们当中无论哪一个先到家都应该开始做饭。

eg2:(Whoever is interested in the job) may apply for it.
	无论谁对这个工作感兴趣都可以申请它。

3.1.1 “所字结构”what作宾语

What I do/need/miss/love...
我所 做/需要/错过/...的
eg:That's (what he said to me.)
	那是他对我所说的
	he said ... to me.
	他对我说一件事情,但是他对我说的东西你并不知道,这就是所字结构。

“所...的”
所字结构的特征是:这个动词是及物动词且缺宾语,我们又不知道这个宾语到底是什么,此时就用模糊的what来代替。
不太明确的宾语、主语和表语都用what
(技巧:一般作名词性从句的选择题,大多都是选的what)

eg1:(What I actually need) is not a skirt but a new pair of shoes.
	我所真正需要的不是一件裙子而是一双新鞋。

eg2:(What he said in the meeting) is very important.	
	他在会议上所说的事情非常重要。

在句子当中不影响句意的介词短语和副词可以删掉不看以免影响你分析句子成分

3.1.2 “使字结构”what作主语

模糊的主语和宾语通常用what代替

eg:(What moved me) is (that the old man waited for his on son all day).
	使我感动的是这个老人等了他的儿子一天

A is B
eg:(What moved me) is (that the old man waited for his son all day).
先找连词,从连词断开

3.1.3 It 作形式主语句型

1、It + 名词 + that从句
	It is a fact (that)		事实是
	It is no doubt (that)	毫不怀疑
	It is no wonder (that)	不足为奇

形式主语肯定是在句首的,有形式主语就有真正的主语,一个it作形式主语放在句首,那么后面还有个真正的主语

2、	It is + 过去分词 + that从句
	It is reported (that)	据报道
	It must be pointed out that		必须指出

3、it + 不及物动词 + that从句
	It appears/seems that	似乎
		It happens that		碰巧

仅仅补充(但是需要记住):	It is likely that从句	什么事情很有可能
						be like		像
						likely		可能的
						chances are that...	有可能的

3.2 表语从句

表语从句跟在系动词之后,用于陈述事实。

系动词
	一be
	二好像:seem、appear
	四变:get、become、turn、go
	五感官:feel、taste、smell、sound、look
	持续系动词:keep、remain
规则同主语从句

eg1:It seems that it is going to snow.	好像天要下雪了
that只起到连接作用,无意义,不可省

eg2:The question is whether we should go on with the work.	问题是我们是否应该继续工作
If不能为引导词

eg3:The problem is what we should do to help him. 问题是我们应该做什么去帮助他

eg4:That's where you are wrong.	那就是你做错的地方

eg5:The trouble is that we are short of funds.	麻烦是我们缺少资金

eg6:His first question was whether JJY had arrived yet.	他第一个问题是JJY是否已经到了。

eg7:Chengdu is not what it used to be.	成都不再是它过去的样子了

3.3 同位语从句

用一句话跟在内涵丰富的名词后面对其内容进行解释说明(是什么?)

如:fact(事实)、news(新闻/消息)、idea(想法/主意)、plan(计划)、promise(承诺)、truth(事实)、belief(信仰)、conclusion(结论)、evidence(证据)

所谓的同位语就是同位,什么叫同位?
我和老师就是同位,你和学生就是同位,同位就是用另外一种方式再把你要说的东西解释一遍。
什么叫做内涵丰富?以news为例。
新闻消息你感觉它是一条还是无数条?肯定是无数条呗。
这个世界过去、现在以及将来会存在并发生无数条消息。那么,我这句话要说的是哪一条消息,我就用一个句子来解释,我告诉你。我这句话说的是哪一条消息,我就用一个句子来解释说明一下,这句话就是news的同位语。
再比如说promise承诺,这个世界上有千千万万的承诺。有些是真有些是假,那我怎么知道你说的这句话是哪一个承诺呢?为了让这个句子更加明确,我就用一个同位语来解释我这句话说的是哪一个承诺,那么这句话就是promise的同位语。

规则同主语从句
eg1:The idea (that all people are selfish) is woring.
	这个想法和主意失败了(所有人都是自私的这个想法是错误的)

eg2:We heard the news (that our team had won).
	我们听说这个消息(我们队已经赢了这个消息)

eg3:I have a dout (whether he will help us).
	我有一个疑问(他是不是会帮助我们)

eg4:I have no idea (what you are talking about).
	我不知道你在说什么

特别注意:if不能引导同位语从句
用一句话来具体的说那个抽象名词在本句话中表达的是哪一个意思
eg1:I have no idea (whether our team will win the game tomorrow).
	我不知道我们的队伍明天是否会赢得比赛。

eg2:Do you have any idea (what is actually going on in the classroom)?
	你知道教室发生了什么吗?
[解析]have any idea意思就是有啥想法吗?就是:知道吗?
go on 继续/进行/发生
have idea 知道
I have no idea 我不知道(没有任何想法)
what's going on 怎么啦

eg:There can be no dout (__C__ someone had visited the house before they arrived).
A.what		B.which		C.that		D.as
毫无疑问(在他们到来之前有人已经拜访过这个房子了)
There is no doubt that...	毫无疑问

3.4 宾语从句

宾语从句的几种形式

3.4.1 动词宾语

eg1:Do you know when we shall have a meeting?
	你知道我们什么时候要开会吗?

eg2:Can you tell me what's your name?
	你能告诉我你的名字是什么吗?

接双宾动词show(展示)、tell(告诉)、give(给)、pass(传递)、teach(教)、ask sb. sth.
双宾语就是后面又有人又有物,给某人某物;教某人某物以及告诉某人某物,把某物传递给某人这一类的句子都叫做双宾语。
eg1:He gave me a cup of tea.	双宾语
	他给了我一杯茶

eg2:Show JJY this house.	双宾语
	给JJY展示这个房子

3.4.2 介词宾语

I was suprised at what he said.
我对他所说的话非常吃惊
对某事吃惊就用介词at		be suprised at

3.4.3 形容词宾语

有些形容词具有动词的含义

eg:I am sorry that I am late.
	我很抱歉我迟到了。

	I am glad that you can join us.
	我很高兴你能加入我们。
	
	Are you sure that his answer is right?
	你确定他的回答是正确的吗?

3.4.4 陈述句作宾语

eg:I know ((that) you have passed the exam).
	我知道你已经通过了考试

用that引导,that可以省略
本句话为何用that引导,因为这句话不缺任何意思,比如说把that去掉也可以翻译,that在一句话中不翻译出来的时候,它就是名词性从句的一个特殊的关系词。没有任何意义的关系词

3.4.5 一般疑问句作宾语

Whether和if引导都可以(whether > ifif只能引导一般的宾语从句,其它的几个从句都不能引导,表是否的意思
eg:I wonder (whether/if he needs my help).
	我想知道他是否需要我的帮助

只能用whether的情况
注意:	介词后面	如:talk about whether...
		不定式前	如:whether to stay home or go shopping.ornot连用时
		引导主语从句/表语从句/同位语从句
在名词性从句当中whether和if同时出现的时候通常是选whether的

3.4.6 特殊疑问句作宾语

eg1:You don't know (when you are lucky).
	你不知道你什么时候就走运了

eg2:She explained (why she came late).
	她解释她为什么来晚了

eg3:She has got (what she wanted).
	她已经得到了她想要的东西

3.4.7 whoever、whatever、whichever、whenever

eg:She can marry (whoever she shooses).
	她能够和她选择的任何人结婚

Free tickets will be given to (__C__ phones us frist).
A.that	B.whoever	C.whomever	D.who
免费的票将会被给任何先给我们打电话的人

3.4.8 宾语从句的时态一致

主句————过去,宾从————过去
主句————过去,宾从————一般现在(真理性事实)

eg1:JJY asked me why KFC __raised__ its price again.
	JJY问我为什么肯德基又提高了价格

eg2:My mother told me the sun __rises__ from the east.
	妈妈告诉我太阳从东边升起
(raise、rise)太阳升起用rise,提升价格用raise

时态一致是这样的:主要集中于过去时,当这个宾语从句的主句是过去时的时候,他的从句也应该用过去时,但是有个例外情况就是那个从句是客观事实,客观事实在任何情况下都是一般现在时。

第七章 倒装

“主谓颠倒”即为倒装!

At the foot of the mountain ____.
A.a village lies 	正常语序(主+动)
B.lies a village 	完全倒装(动+主)
C.does a village lie	部分倒装(半倒装)
D.lying a village	不存在一个谓语动词

全倒装是整个动词提前,而半倒装仅仅是提助动词

思考:为什么会出现倒装?倒装考什么?
因为句首有一坨不明物体出现,这个句首是一个介词短语,正常情况下句首是一个名词,当句首出现一个介词短语的时候他就会倒装。倒装一定要看句首,虽然倒装不止这一种情况,倒装考哪些情况用完全倒装,哪些情况用半倒装。考试的重点是半倒装

三种“语序”
1、正常语序 = 主语 + 谓语
2、完全倒装 = 谓语 + 主语
	即“谓语动词”整个儿挪到主语前面
3、部分倒装=助动词 + 主语 + 实义动词(剩余谓语)
	即谓语动词的“一部分” ————————助动词挪到主语前面

一、全倒装

Here come the bus.	公交车来了
Here are some suggestions for you.	这是你的一些建议
By the table sits a foreign boy.	一个外国的男孩坐在桌子边上
Across the river lies a bridge.	一个桥横跨过这条河
观察上面4个句子能得出什么结论?
当句首是表示地点和方位的时候,主谓颠倒
[规则]以here、there、up、down等副词以及表地点、方位的短语为首的句子,后面主谓全倒装。

当一句话表示时间、表示地点和方位的副词和介词短语的时候,要用上主谓全倒装。
例如:here/there,in/out、up/down、away、under、in front of、at the top of …

Now和Then置于句首的完全倒装

原句:Your turn comes now.	现在轮到你了
例句:Now comes your turn.

[练习]The king came then.	然后国王来了
	Then came the king.

小规则:主语是代词时不能倒装

给你:Here you are.
我们都齐了:Here we are!
在这里/给你:Here it is.
在全倒装的情况下,如果主语是代词,我们不需要倒装

二、半倒装(重点)

2.1 否定句首半倒装

never(从不)、seldom(很少)、scarcely(几乎不)、rarely(很少)、nowhere(什么地方都没有)、hardly(几乎不)
绝不:	under/in no circumstance	
		on no account
		at no time
		in no case
		in no way
		by no means
little(几乎没有,很少)

eg1:Never in my life have I seen so beautiful a place like that.
	我的一生当中从来没有见过那么漂亮的一个地方

eg2:By no means can we yield to the pressure.
	我们决不能屈服于压力

四大加分句型

1、Hardly ... when ...
含义:一......
考点:	否定句首半倒装
		Hardly后用过完
		when后用一般过去时
用法:Hardly + 半倒装 + when + 陈述句
Hardly=Hcarcely	几乎不
考法:Hardly + had sb. done + when + sb. + did

eg:Hardly had he got out of the court when the reporters raised a lot of questions to him.
	他一走出法庭记者就向他提了许多问题

2、no sooner ... than ...
含义:一......
考法:No sooner + had sb. done + than + sb. + did
eg:No sooner  had he got out of the court than the reporters raised a lot of questions to him.

3、Not only ... but (also) ...
含义:不仅...而且...
用法:No only + 半倒装 + but also + 陈述句

eg1:Not only can JJY sing so well,but all her family are excellent singers.
	JJY不仅唱得好,而且她的家人也都是非常棒的歌手

eg2:Not only will I visit Suining,but I will go to Shanghai.
	我不仅要去遂宁,我还要去上海

4、Not until ...,...
含义:直到......
用法:Not until + ... + 半倒装

eg:Not until I came home last night,did Mom go to bed.
	直到我昨晚回到家,妈妈才去休息

正常情况下not until 在中间 ... not ... until
"才半倒,翻译成才的那一半要用半倒装"

总结:[四大加分句型]
前倒后不倒:
Hardly 半倒 when 陈述	“一......”
Nn sooner 半倒 than 陈述	“一......”

前不倒后倒:
Not until 陈述,半倒		“直到......

2.2 “仅半倒”

Only + 状语 置于句首用“半倒”
eg1:Only than can I have the chance to realize my dreams.
	只有那时我才有这个机会去实现我的梦想

eg2:Only in this way can you achieve great success in the future.
	只有这样你才能在将来取得极大的成功

eg3:Only by doing some down-to-earth work shall we solve all the problem.
	只有做一些脚踏实地的工作我们才能解决所有的问题

eg4:Only when you grow up can you understand me.
	只有当你长大了你才能理解我

2.3 如此半倒

so + adj./adv. + 半倒 + that + 陈述
such + n. + 半倒 + that + 陈述
eg1:So fast does he run that we can't catch up which him.
	他跑得那么快以至于我们都追不上他

eg2:Such fine weather is it that we are going to have a picnic.
	如此好的天气我们都打算去野餐

2.4 虚拟半倒

在If虚拟条件句中,当句中有were、had、should时(详情看虚拟语气那章)
答案结构为:	were ++ to do
			were ++ n.
			had ++ done
			should ++ do

2.5 尽管半倒

[尽管]although、though
Although he is young,he has written many popular books.
尽管他很年轻,他已经写了很多畅销书了
=Yong as he is,...
我想强调年轻就把年轻提前
强调部分提前,although变"as"

强调 名词、形容词、动词、副词 四种词
Try as he might,he failed in the race.
尽管他可能尝试了,他还是在这个比赛当中失败了

Fast as he run,he a failed in the race.
尽管他跑得很快,他还是失败了
"答案结构为:名形动副 + as + 主语 +其他"

as这个词表示尽管的时候我们用半倒装
如果选项中有 "词 + as" 的通常是正确答案
注:强调名词提前时不带前冠词(a/an the)
Though he is a little boy,he has written many books.
尽管他是一个小男孩,他已经写了许多畅销书了
错误写法:A little boy as he is,...
正确写法:Little boy as he is,...

2.6 “也倒,确实不倒”

正常口语对话当中表示统一的一种表达方式

1、	A喜欢英语:A likes English.	(likes = does like)
	B也喜欢英语:So does B.	(so + 助动词 + 主语)

2、	A不喜欢英语:A doesn't like English.
	B也不喜欢英语:Neither/Nor does B	(Neither/nor + 助动词)	

也倒的意思是:...也一样
肯定的也用"so",否定的也用"Neither/Nor"放句首

3、	他喜欢英语:He likes English(肯定)
	确实如此:So he does		(So + 主语 + 助动词)
2、	A不喜欢英语:A doesn't like English.(否定)
	确实如此:Neither/Nor he does	(Neither/nor + 主语 + 助动词)	
确实不倒的意思是:确实如此

2.7 倒装解题技巧

1、看选项:出现语序差异,可能在考倒装
2、看句首:方位词?Now/then?有无代词?全倒,除此之外都是半倒
全倒答案结构为:动词 + 主语

3、看句型:	加分句型、否定句首半倒装
			only + 状语
			如此以至于
			虚拟语气
			尽管
			也倒确实不倒
半倒答案结构为:助动词(五类)+ 主语

第八章 反义疑问句

陈述句,__be//+ 主__?  (主:I/We/you/he/she/it/there/they)
陈述句需要找主谓
解法:一判定二找动词三换代
Let's 包含听话的人在内
Let us 不包含听话人
Let's go out,shall we?
Let us go out,will you?

(1)祈使句的反义疑问句(表命令、建议、要求的句子)
一般情况下疑问部分用will you,以let’s开头的祈使句,疑问部分用shall we.

eg:Xiaoming,you clean up the black board,will you?
第二人称一般情况下省略,所以是祈使句

(2)并列句的反义疑问句,只对并列连词后面的句子进行反疑(就近原则)

eg:He was the first to finish the match but he got injured badly,didn't he?

(3)复合句的反疑,一般情况下根据主句变反疑

eg:This is the book that my father gave me,isn't it?
特殊情况下看从不看主(必须满足三个前提条件)“I/We + think/suppose...+宾从”
	陈述部分有think/believe/suppose/imagine/expect...等意见类动词所引导的宾从
	陈述句主语的主语是一人称(I/We)
	陈述句主句是一般现在时
注:如果满足以上三个前提,注意进行“否定转移”,即将主句中的否定转移到宾语从句中去,反疑仍看从不看主

I don't think that he is a reliable man,is he?

“can”

1、能够	——————→ can/can't +2、表猜测(可能)——————→ isn't/aren't/don't/doesn't

补充

1、“ought to”——————→ought/should(n't) +?

2、need/dare	1)情态——————→need/dare(n't) +2)实义——————→do/does/didn't +3、当句中谓语动词是'd rather/ 'd better或者's done结构时,反疑需把'd和's的形式先还原成would rather/had better或者is done/has done
She'd rather go home,wouldn't she?
She'd better go home,hadn't she?
's——————→is/was

4、当陈述句用I wish 提问,反疑用may I提问
陈述句以	I am 开头,反疑用aren't I?
		I am not开头,反疑用am I?

5、前否后肯,前肯后否。
陈述句有否定词,就看做否定,反疑用肯定
注:陈述句中的词仅带有否定的前缀或后缀时,如-less、li、ir-、non-、dis-、un-等,陈述句仍然是肯定句,反疑用否

6、指人的不定代词变反疑用they,并且be//助与they保持一致
Eveyone knows him,don't they?
当陈述句主语为物的不定代词或为it、to do、doing、that、this和数量相关的复数名词(there、hours)或一句话时反疑为单数it

7、在以what和how引导的感叹句中,需要根据句意补充句子真正的主语和谓语(若有主谓,则不需要补充)再进行反疑
What a beautiful day (it is),isn't it?	今天真美,不是吗?
How fast he runs,doesn't he?	他跑得真快,不是吗?

must的反疑(重点)

翻译成
"必须"(must do)			——————→ needn't +?
"禁止、不准"(mustn't do)	——————→	must +"表猜测"(一定,肯定)
	1)对现在情况的猜测(must do)		——————→isn't/aren't/don't/doesn't +?
	2)对过去情况的猜测(must have done)
		有明确的的表过去的时间状语	——————→wasn't/weren't/didn't +?
		无明确的表过去的时间状语		——————→haven't/hasn't +?

第九章 强调句型

JJY likes singing in the theater.	JJY喜欢在剧场唱歌
1、强调JJY
It is JJY that likes singing in the teater.
2、强调singing
It is singing that JJY likes in the teater.
3、强调in the teater
It is in the teater that JJY likes singing.
想强调in the teater,可是它有介词,介词不能省,介词必须原封不动的放在这,和名词一起构成介词短语来进行强调

强调谁就把谁放在It is和that中间
强调句:
1、句首It is … that … 90%确定为强调
2、把It is 和that去掉,看这句话是否句意完整(可重组看意思)

[基本结构]
It is/was + 被强调部分 + that + 句中剩余部分
现在用is,过去用was(想强调的事发生在现在就用is,发生在过去就用was)
想强调将来也必须用It is		没有It will be that的形式
做题判断时,去掉It is/was 和that后看是否构成完整的一句话

强调主语:	that/who
强调宾语:	that/whom
其他任何情况下都只能用that

I like JJY.
It is JJY that/whom	I like.
It is I what/who like JJY.
强调主语是人可以用who,强调宾语是人可以用whom

注意:	1、强调主语时,注意主谓一致
		2、原句是现在时和将来时,强调用is
			eg:He did cosmetic surgery in South Korea.
				It was in South Korea that he did cosmetic surgery.
		3not...until...的强调
		It was not until A that B		直到......
		It was not until she had arrived home __B__ she remembered her appointment with doctor.
		A.when	B.that	C.and	D.where
		直到她到家了她才想起来她和医生有个约定

第十章 感叹句

What a diligent boy he is!
How diligent a boy he is!

what是对名词的感叹
how是对形容词/副词的感叹

简化:	What a diligent boy!
		How diligent!
		How diligent a boy!

第十一章 祈使句

1、句首动词原形
Shut the door!	关上门

2、Please
Please have a cup of coffee! 请喝一杯咖啡
This way please.	这边请

3、以Let us 或 Let's开头
Let's go.	我们走吧
Let them go by train.	让他们去坐火车吧
Let's tell him the truth.	让我们告诉他这个事实

作文模板

建议:先熟背译文

解决问题型

	In recent years,incerasing numbers of people are paying attention to [某现象或者某问题].
It is obvirous that + [危害一/消极作用一].What's more,+ [危害二/消极作用二].Therefore,
special measure should be taken to deal with + [具体问题].
	On the one hand,[解决方法一(the public)].On the other hand,[解决方法二(the authorities)].
In addition,[解决方法三(the relevant administration departments)].
	Of course,these methods above may not surely solve the problem,but it is worth trying.
As far as I am concerned,+[我的思考或者看法].Undoubtedly, it is necessary for sb. to do...
Only in this way can we solve the problem.

译文:
	近年来,越来越多的人都在关注[某现象或者某问题]。很明显[危害一/消极作用一]。另外,[危害二/消极作用二]。
因此,应该采取特殊措施去解决该问题。
	一方面,[解决方法一(个人/公众)]。另一方面,[解决方法二(政府)]。除此之外,[解决方法三(相关部门)]。
	当然,这些措施不一定可以解决问题,但是值得一试。就我个人而言我觉得,[我的思考或者看法]。毋庸置疑,
要根本解决这一问题对...是有必要的。只有通过这种方式我们才可以解决这个问题。

现象阐述型

	Nowadays,there exists a social (an economic/an environmental) phenomenon on + [具体现象],
which has given rise to great concern among people around us.According to a survey/study/
research,+ [调查内容].
	There stand a couple of reasons contributing to this phenomenon.First and formost,
+ [原因一].What's more,+ [原因二].Additionally,+ [原因三].As a result,+ [结果].
	As far as I am concerned,+ [我的观点].Furthermore,+ [进一步说明].Therefore,from the above
discussion I can come to the conclusion that + [最终结论].

译文:
	如今,存在着一种社会/经济/环境现象[具体现象],这在我们周围的人中引起了广泛关注。根据调查,[调查内容]。
	有很多原因导致这个现象。首先,[原因一]。其次,[原因二]。除此之外,[原因三]。结果,[结果]。
	就我个人而言我觉得,[我的观点]。并且,[进一步说明]。因此,综上所述,我得出...结论。

分析利弊型

	Nowadays,many people prefer + [主题] because it plays a significant role in our daily life.
Generally speaking,its advantages can be seen as follows.On the one hand,+ [优点一].On the
other hand,+ [优点二].
	However,just as a popular saying goes,"every coin has two sides",[主题] is no exception.
The negative aspects are also apparent.One of the most obvious disadvantages is that + [缺点一].
To make matters worse,+ [缺点二].
	To sum up,we should try to bring the advantages of [主题] into full play,and reduce 
the disadvantages to the minimum at the same time.Only in that case will we definitely
make a better use of the [主题].That is because it is its uses that determine its value to
our society.

译文:
	如今,很多人更喜欢[主题]因为它在人们日常生活中扮演了重要的角色。一般来说,它的优点如下。一方面,[优点一]。
另一方面,[优点二]。
	然而,正如一句流行的谚语所说,“任何事物都有两面性”,[主题]也不例外。它的消极方面也很明显。最明显的缺
点之一就是[缺点一]。更糟糕的是,[缺点二]。
	总之,我们应该努力把[主题]的优势充分发挥,并同时把它的缺点最小化。只有在这种情况下我们才一定会更好地利
用[主题]。那是因为是它的用途决定了它对社会的价值。

对比选择型

	When it comes to + [讨论对象],people's idea/views/notions/opinions vary from person to 
person.Some people take it for granted that + [观点一].They argue that+ [选择观点一的理由一].
Besides,[选择观点一的理由二].
	However,others hold adopt a totally different view.They maintain that + [选择观点二的理由一].
In addition,they hold the perspective that + [选择观点二的理由二].
	Weighing up these two arguments,I should not hesitate a moment to prefer the latter/the former.
From my perspective,I approve of the idea that + [我的理由].From what I have discussed above,I can 
draw the conclusion that + [重申观点].

译文:
	当谈论到[讨论对象],人们的观点各不相同。一些人认为那是理所当然的。他们认为[选择观点一的理由一]。
除此之外,[选择观点一的理由二]。
	然而,其他人采取了完全不同的观点。他们认为[选择观点二的理由一]。除此之外,他们认为[选择观点二的理由二]。
	权衡这俩个论点,我会毫不犹豫地选择后者/前者。从我的角度来看,我赞成这个观点+[我的理由]。综上所述,
我可以得出结论[重申观点]

观点论证型(立论)

	Nowadays,people in a significant number are getting to realize that + [观点].No one can
deny that + [观点正确性表现].Therefore,[小结观点].
	Many remarkable reasons contribute to this argument.A case in point is that + [例一].
For another example,+ [例二].Moreover,+ [例三].
	Judging from all given evidences,we can safely come to the decision that + [重申观点].
Furthermore,[个人建议].Therefore,总结全文.

译文:
	如今,大多数的人意识到[观点]。没有人能够否认[观点正确性表现]。因此,[小结观点]。
	许多显著的原因促成了这一论点。一个典型实例是[例一]。其次,[例二]。进一步而言,[例三]。
	根据以上所有的证据判断,我们可以有把握地得出这样的结论[重申观点]。进一步而言,[个人建议]。
因此,[总结全文]

观点论证型(驳论)

	When it comes to + [主题],it is widely acknowledged that + [观点].They argue that + [进一步说明观点].
It seems to be so at the first sight.However,on reflection,we are convinced that + [与上述观点相反的论点].
There are several significant reasons as follows.
	Above all,+ [论据一].For example,+ [支持论据一的事例].Furthermore,+ [论据二].For instance,+ [支持论据二的事例].
	Taking into account all these factors offered above,we many carefully reach the conclusion 
that + [重申本文论点].Therefore,+ [与该观点相符合的做法或者态度].

译文:
	当谈及到[主题],普遍的认知是[观点]。他们认为[进一步说明观点]。乍一看似乎如此。然而,经过深思,我们相信
[与上述观点相反的论点]。有几个重要原因如下。
	首先,[论据一]。例如,[支持论据一的事例]。进一步而言,[论据二]。例如,[支持论据二的事例]。
	考虑到上述所有因素,我们可以得出这个结论[重申本文论点]。因此,[与该观点相符合的做法或者态度]

书信类

英文书信顶格写,但需要每段空一行

申请信

Dear Mr./Ms.:

I am writing to apply for the job/post/position as ... The following are my advantage.

... ... ...

I am confident that I'm equal to (doing) ...

I would greatly appreciate it if you could take my application into consideration.

With many thanks,
Zhang San

译文:
亲爱的先生/女士:

我写信是为了申请...这个工作/职位/职位。以下是我的优势。

... ... ...

我确信我能胜任()...

如果您能考虑我的申请,我将不胜感激。

With many thanks,
非常感谢,
张三

建议信

Dear Sir/Madam:

I know you have trouble in ... from your letter.I am writing to offer you some advice.

The following are my suggestions.

... ... ...

I hope you wil take my advice into consideration.If you have any questions or requirements,
please do not hesitate to tell me.

Sincerely yours,
Zhang San

译文:
尊敬的先生/女士:

从你的信中,我知道你在...上有困难。我写这封信的目的是给你一些建议。

以下是我的建议。

... ... ...

我希望你会考虑我的建议。如果你有任何问题或要求,请毫不犹豫地告诉我。

谨致问候,
张三

感谢信

Dear Mr./Ms.:

I'd like to take this opportunity to express my appreciation for your timely help and support.

I will be more than pleased if I have the opportunity to repay your kindness by ...

Yours,
Zhang San

译文:
尊敬的先生/女士:

我想借此机会对你及时的帮助和支持表示感谢。

如果我有机会报答你的好意,我将非常高兴。。。

你的,
张三

邀请信

Dear Sir/Madam:

We are having/planning ... on ...(data) and it would be great if you can join us.

Here are some details about this activity.

Sincerely hope you come.

Your friend,
Zhang San

译文:
尊敬的先生/女士:

我们将于...(日期)举行...如果你能加入我们就太好了

以下是有关此活动的一些细节。

真诚地希望你能来。

你的朋友,
张三

询问信

Dear ...:

I'm writing to inquire if it is possible for you to provide me with some information regarding/concerning...

Another point I'm not certain about is ... I'd also like to seek some help information about...

Your friend,
Zhang San

译文:
亲爱的…:

我写信是想问你能否提供一些关于...的信息。

我不确定的另一点是...我还想寻求一些关于...的帮助/信息

你的朋友,
张三

补充:2020热点作文模板

新型冠状病毒(COVID-19)

参考http://www.ruiwen.com/zuowen/100zi/2081988.html

   The Spring Festival in 2020 is a memorable one.Because novel coronavirus pneumonia is a new year's 
disease,people across the country have had a different spring festival.We usually visit our relatives 
and friends during the Spring Festival,but this Spring Festival is an exception,which advocates less 
going out and less parties.
	However,there are a group of people who, regardless of themselves,give up their holidays,leave 
their families and fight against the virus.They wear isolation suits,can't see their faces,can only 
see the nameson their backs.they are soldiers in white.For the sake of the countryand the people,
they rush to the front line,go retrograde,and go to the battlefield where is no smoke of gun powder.
Because of their existence,we are full of confidence in this war epidemic!
	The whole nation is with you, I sincerely wish the angel in white to go home as soon as possible.

译文:
	2020年的春节是一个值得纪念的春节。由于新型冠状病毒肺炎是一种新年疾病,全国各地的人们度过了一个不同的春节。
我们通常在春节期间走亲访友,但今年春节是个例外,提倡少出门,少聚会。
	然而,有一群人,不顾自己,放弃假期,离开家人,与病毒作斗争。他们穿着隔离服,看不到自己的脸,只能看到背上
的名字。他们是穿着白色衣服的士兵。为了国家和人民,他们冲向前线,走逆行之路,奔向没有硝烟的战场。因为他们的存
在,我们对这场战争充满信心!
	全国人民与你们同在,衷心祝愿白衣天使早点回家。

结束语

这是我全部的英语笔记了,我感觉我作为一个初学者,这些语法知识对我很有帮助所以分享给大家。如有补充,欢迎评论区留言

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转载自blog.csdn.net/qq_42294351/article/details/106255717