本文所有实践都是基于EOS dawn-v4.1.0，请切到该分支然后实践
切换命令:git checkout dawn-v4.1.0
cleos
cleos应用程序是用户端命令行交互模块，用于解析用户命令,执行钱包，账号等如下操作
cleos依赖keosd和nodeos等应用程序处理这些操作。
当keosd没有启动时，cleos会自动启动该程序，对应的代码如下：
void ensure_keosd_running() {
…
binPath.append("keosd"); // if cleos and keosd are in the same installation directory
if (boost::filesystem::exists(binPath)) {
//启动keosd
::boost::process::child keos(binPath, pargs,
bp::std_in.close(),
bp::std_out > bp::null,
bp::std_err > bp::null);
if (keos.running()) {
std::cerr << binPath << " launched" << std::endl;
keos.detach();
sleep(1);
} else {
}
} else {
}
}
action&message&Transaction
目前在EOS中message和action的概念是一样的，实际上action是自3.0以后的新规范，message的概念已经可以抛弃，由于3.0版本发布不久，互联网上的大部分文字和材料依然使用message的概念.
一个transaction包含一个或者多个action， 和以太坊交易概念差不多。所以，你可以简单的把action看成以太坊的transaction
key
EOS里的key就是public key公钥，类似以太坊的地址。key是通过类似RSA,椭圆曲线算法生成的公钥。
$ cleos create key
Private key: 5JdchMrwMwD1PsZKCjpbaCQ4aJ3cFKzSWmCQfRzKCiGrDWds3PU
Public key: EOS7KBTMkUq4VPakqsZUnZfBbMbS2U7cn9qSa3q6G5ZzEeUeNSVgv
以太坊地址可以收款，付款，而EOS的key只具备验证作用，只有account才具备收款，付款功能。
注意：cleos并不保存生成的私钥，所以得你自己记录private key,public key
钱包
钱包是一个私钥库，里面保存着私钥公钥对, 类似以太坊里的keystore信息。里面保存的私钥数据其实是私钥加密后数据，需要用户输入密码才能还原出真正的私钥。智能合约的action执行都需要钱包来解锁相关的公钥(key).所以钱包可以看成是钥匙箱。
创建默认钱包并导入key
创建钱包
$ cleos wallet create
Creating wallet: default
Save password to use in the future to unlock this wallet.
Without password imported keys will not be retrievable.
"PW5KWPhDnRCLBFjBuEBdUmFP4a2F8H36KvTv4DhtfHRZokrqAK9bT"
钱包本身也是有密码的，用来加密钱包数据的
导入key
$ cleos wallet import 5KQwrPbwdL6PhXujxW37FSSQZ1JiwsST4cqQzDeyXtP79zkvFD3
查看wallet里的keys
$ cleos wallet keys
[[
"EOS6MRyAjQq8ud7hVNYcfnVPJqcVpscN5So8BhtHuGYqET5GDW5CV”,
//公钥
“5KQwrPbwdL6PhXujxW37FSSQZ1JiwsST4cqQzDeyXtP79zkvFD3”
//私钥
]
]
创建其他钱包并导入key
$ cleos wallet create -n test
Creating wallet: test
Save password to use in the future to unlock this wallet.
Without password imported keys will not be retrievable.
“PW5KNZ27fR8qcYpsw2B5uM7yir1CnYVSejAi8R3sYdRK4DyW6BN6v"
$ cleos wallet import 5JdchMrwMwD1PsZKCjpbaCQ4aJ3cFKzSWmCQfRzKCiGrDWds3PU
$ build/programs/cleos/cleos wallet keys
[[
//这个是default钱包的key
"EOS6MRyAjQq8ud7hVNYcfnVPJqcVpscN5So8BhtHuGYqET5GDW5CV",
“5KQwrPbwdL6PhXujxW37FSSQZ1JiwsST4cqQzDeyXtP79zkvFD3”
],[
//这个是test钱包的key
"EOS7KBTMkUq4VPakqsZUnZfBbMbS2U7cn9qSa3q6G5ZzEeUeNSVgv",
"5JdchMrwMwD1PsZKCjpbaCQ4aJ3cFKzSWmCQfRzKCiGrDWds3PU"
]
]
列出所有钱包
$ build/programs/cleos/cleos wallet list
Wallets:
[
"default *",
"test *"
]
解锁及锁定钱包
$ cleos wallet unlock -n test
$ cleos wallet lock -n test
-n xxx是指定操作的钱包名字，如果不带-n xxx则是操作默认钱包
钱包数据文件
$ls ~/eosio-wallet/
config.ini
default.wallet test.wallet
$ cat ~/eosio-wallet/default.wallet
{
"cipher_keys": "0bcea4c898817192773ca628e9f829eed0c1e5024bf3de3d5032e2e029842b9756b46e37357403858a6f38a67268f30d9f70d8ce45e930802927f227d65b0162615872173637142a645cb50f1816d47c187e6345f8ced73896efe5a5a636197595f457641379408afb501dc483b108c131cf4f7fdd3381497c6a3245b9773c02217a4cd77b30f4da23a519c5caa01e56"
}
可见一个钱包对应~/eosio-wallet/的一个文件，文件里面的内容就是密码加密私钥后的内容
Account(账号)
EOS的账号对应以太坊的智能合约地址，它扩展了账号的概念，一个账号由智能合约+权限管理构成。
权限管理
权限管理模块可以精细的定义一个Account/key或者几个Account/key(比如多重签名机制)对账号数据的访问权限。目前有两个默认的权限类型
- owner权限
可以修改任意账号和key的权限
- active
可转账，DPOS投票，及其它上层定义的权限修改
用户也可自定义权限类型。同时引入了权重和阈值的概念，该机制使得多重签名实现非常简单，也更有扩展性，permission格式如下
{
"threshold": 100,/*An integer that defines cumulative signature weight required for authorization*/
"keys": [], /*An array made up of individual permissions defined with an EOS PUBLIC KEY*/
"accounts": [] /*An array made up of individual permissions defined with an EOS ACCOUNT*/
}
配置示例如下：
默认权限配置
| Permission | Accounts/Keys | Weight | Threshold |
| owner | 1 | ||
| EOS7KBTMkUq4VPakqsZUnZfBbMbS2U7cn9qSa3q6G5ZzEeUeNSVgv | 1 | ||
| active | 1 | ||
| EOS7KBTMkUq4VPakqsZUnZfBbMbS2U7cn9qSa3q6G5ZzEeUeNSVgv | 1 |
组合和自定义权限
| Permission | Account/Key | Weight | Threshold |
| owner | 2 | ||
| @bob | 1 | ||
| @stacy | 1 | ||
| active | 1 | ||
| @bob | 1 | ||
| @stacy | 1 | ||
| publish | 2 | ||
| @bob | 2 | ||
| @stacy | 1 | ||
| EOS7KBTMkUq4VPakqsZUnZfBbMbS2U7cn9qSa3q6G5ZzEeUeNSVgv | 1 |
- bob和stacy两个账号一起才能行使owner权限
- bob, stacy两个账号的任一一个都可以行使active权限
- bob可以行使publish权限,但是stacy和”EOS7KBTMkU…"没法单独行使publish权限，但是他们一起可以行使publish权限
这些权限的检测一般在执行action操作时执行。
创建账号account
cleos create account [OPTIONS] creator name OwnerKey ActiveKey
该命令本身是一个action,会产生一个transaction,最后会保存在链上的，所以该操作依赖nodeos程序，必须启动nodeos程序。上面的OwnerKey，ActiveKey都是公钥。creator必须是一个已经存在的账号，这里就有个问题了，我们第一次创建账号，从哪里获取这个creator账号？这个账号就是eosio, eosio这个特殊账号是在nodeos启动时自动生成的，且这个账号的private key,和public key是hardcode固定的。当然搭建私有网络你可以通过修改config文件来修改这两个值，但是你同时也得修改这个私有网络的其他节点对应的private key, public key值。
$ cleos create account -j eosio testaccount EOS6MRyAjQq8ud7hVNYcfnVPJqcVpscN5So8BhtHuGYqET5GDW5CV EOS6MRyAjQq8ud7hVNYcfnVPJqcVpscN5So8BhtHuGYqET5GDW5CV
{
"transaction_id": "18440905e1dc17eecee17eaa50f5c589f703c3c4f66738316c2f56d12ce7ec84",
"action_traces": [{
...
"data": {
"creator": "eosio",
"name": "testaccount",
"owner": {
"threshold": 1,
"keys": [{
"key": "EOS6MRyAjQq8ud7hVNYcfnVPJqcVpscN5So8BhtHuGYqET5GDW5CV",
"weight": 1
}
],
"accounts": [],
"waits": []
},
"active": {
"threshold": 1,
"keys": [{
"key": "EOS6MRyAjQq8ud7hVNYcfnVPJqcVpscN5So8BhtHuGYqET5GDW5CV",
"weight": 1
}
],
"accounts": [],
"waits": []
}
},
….
},
...
}
],
}
}
会产生两种默认权限owner(蓝色字体)和active(紫色字体)
创建账号其实就是创建一个action
chain::action create_newaccount(const name& creator, const name& newaccount, public_key_type owner, public_key_type active) {
return action {
tx_permission.empty() ? vector<chain::permission_level>{{creator,config::active_name}} : get_account_permissions(tx_permission),
eosio::chain::newaccount{
.creator = creator,
.name = newaccount,
.owner = eosio::chain::authority{1, {{owner, 1}}, {}},
.active = eosio::chain::authority{1, {{active, 1}}, {}}
}
};
}
你在nodeos程序端会看到一个trxs
1254502ms thread-0 producer_plugin.cpp:585 block_production_loo ] Produced block 000006d1c28d6c68... #1745 @ 2018-05-22T02:20:54.500 signed by eosio [
trxs: 1
, lib: 1744, confirmed: 0]
查看账号信息
$ cleos get account testaccount
privileged: false
permissions:
owner 1: 1 EOS6MRyAjQq8ud7hVNYcfnVPJqcVpscN5So8BhtHuGYqET5GDW5CV
active 1: 1 EOS6MRyAjQq8ud7hVNYcfnVPJqcVpscN5So8BhtHuGYqET5GDW5CV
memory:
quota: -1 bytes used: 2.66 Kb
net bandwidth: (averaged over 3 days)
used: -1 bytes
available: -1 bytes
limit: -1 bytes
cpu bandwidth: (averaged over 3 days)
used: -1 us
available: -1 us
limit: -1 us
修改权限命令格式
$ cleos set account permission [OPTIONS] account permission authority [parent]
- account，表示要修改的账户
- permission 表示要设置的权限(上面的owner,active,publish)
- authority 权限内容，JSON字符串
- parent 上级权限
修改active权限
$ cleos set account permission testaccount active '{"threshold" : 1, "keys" : [], "accounts" : [{"permission":{"actor":"bob","permission":"active"},"weight":1}, {"permission":{"actor":"stacy","permission":"active"},"weight":1}]}’ owner
executed transaction: b1bc9680a9ba615a6de8c3f7c692d7d28ff97edae245bb40f948692b14ea6c15 160 bytes 189 us
# eosio <= eosio::updateauth {"account":"testaccount","permission":"active","parent":"owner","auth":{"threshold":1,"keys":[],"acc...
warning: transaction executed locally, but may not be confirmed by the network yet
$ build/programs/cleos/cleos get account testaccount
privileged: false
permissions:
owner 1: 1 EOS6MRyAjQq8ud7hVNYcfnVPJqcVpscN5So8BhtHuGYqET5GDW5CV
active 1: 1 bob@active, 1 stacy@active,
memory:
quota: -1 bytes used: 2.674 Kb
net bandwidth: (averaged over 3 days)
used: -1 bytes
available: -1 bytes
limit: -1 bytes
cpu bandwidth: (averaged over 3 days)
used: -1 us
available: -1 us
limit: -1 us
新增自定义权限
$ cleos set account permission testaccount publish '{"threshold" : 2, "keys" : [{"permission":{"key":"EOS8X7Mp7apQWtL6T2sfSZzBcQNUqZB7tARFEm9gA9Tn9nbMdsvBB","permission":"active"},"weight":1}], "accounts" : [{"permission":{"actor":"bob","permission":"active"},"weight":2}, {"permission":{"actor":"stacy","permission":"active"},"weight":1}]}’ active
executed transaction: a0f8d79f92e375b13c6f6da55b5b1f1aeebcbf1240a9bd287d3c845fc6b6941d 200 bytes 171 us
# eosio <= eosio::updateauth {"account":"testaccount","permission":"publish","parent":"active","auth":{"threshold":2,"keys":[{"ke...
warning: transaction executed locally, but may not be confirmed by the network yet
$ cleos get account testaccount
privileged: false
permissions:
owner 1: 1 EOS6MRyAjQq8ud7hVNYcfnVPJqcVpscN5So8BhtHuGYqET5GDW5CV
active 1: 1 bob@active, 1 stacy@active,
publish 2: 1 EOS1111111111111111111111111111111114T1Anm2 bob@active, 1 stacy@active,
memory:
quota: -1 bytes used: 3.066 Kb
net bandwidth: (averaged over 3 days)
used: -1 bytes
available: -1 bytes
limit: -1 bytes
cpu bandwidth: (averaged over 3 days)
used: -1 us
available: -1 us
limit: -1 us
权限应用场景
一个account(账号）可以有智能合约，智能合约有各种action，每个action可以指定permission,这样就可以限制action的执行权限了，具体细节我会在后面的博文里单独介绍
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