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string类的构造函数：
string(const char *s); //用c字符串s初始化
string(int n,char c); //用n个字符c初始化
此外，string类还支持默认构造函数和复制构造函数，如string s1；string s2="hello"；都是正确的写法。当构造的string太长而无法表达时会抛出length_error异常
string类的字符操作：
const char &operator[](int n)const;
const char &at(int n)const;
char &operator[](int n);
char &at(int n);
operator[]和at()均返回当前字符串中第n个字符的位置，但at函数提供范围检查，当越界时会抛出out_of_range异常，下标运算符[]不提供检查访问。
const char *data()const;//返回一个非null终止的c字符数组
const char *c_str()const;//返回一个以null终止的c字符串
int copy(char *s, int n, int pos = 0) const;//把当前串中以pos开始的n个字符拷贝到以s为起始位置的字符数组中，返回实际拷贝的数目
string的特性描述:
int capacity()const; //返回当前容量（即string中不必增加内存即可存放的元素个数）
int max_size()const; //返回string对象中可存放的最大字符串的长度
int size()const; //返回当前字符串的大小
int length()const; //返回当前字符串的长度
bool empty()const; //当前字符串是否为空
void resize(int len,char c);//把字符串当前大小置为len，并用字符c填充不足的部分
string类的输入输出操作:
string类重载运算符operator>>用于输入，同样重载运算符operator<<用于输出操作。
函数getline(istream &in,string &s);用于从输入流in中读取字符串到s中，以换行符‘\n‘分开。
string的赋值：
string &operator=(const string &s);//把字符串s赋给当前字符串
string &assign(const char *s);//用c类型字符串s赋值
string &assign(const char *s,int n);//用c字符串s开始的n个字符赋值
string &assign(const string &s);//把字符串s赋给当前字符串
string &assign(int n,char c);//用n个字符c赋值给当前字符串
string &assign(const string &s,int start,int n);//把字符串s中从start开始的n个字符赋给当前字符串
string &assign(const_iterator first,const_itertor last);//把first和last迭代器之间的部分赋给字符串
string的连接：
string &operator+=(const string &s);//把字符串s连接到当前字符串的结尾
string &append(const char *s); //把c类型字符串s连接到当前字符串结尾
string &append(const char *s,int n);//把c类型字符串s的前n个字符连接到当前字符串结尾
string &append(const string &s); //同operator+=()
string &append(const string &s,int pos,int n);//把字符串s中从pos开始的n个字符连接到当前字符串的结尾
string &append(int n,char c); //在当前字符串结尾添加n个字符c
string &append(const_iterator first,const_iterator last);//把迭代器first和last之间的部分连接到当前字符串的结尾
string的比较：
bool operator==(const string &s1,const string &s2)const;//比较两个字符串是否相等
运算符">","<",">=","<=","!="均被重载用于字符串的比较；
int compare(const string &s) const;//比较当前字符串和s的大小
int compare(int pos, int n,const string &s)const;//比较当前字符串从pos开始的n个字符组成的字符串与s的大小
int compare(int pos, int n,const string &s,int pos2,int n2)const;//比较当前字符串从pos开始的n个字符组成的字符串与s中pos2开始的n2个字符组成的字符串的大小
int compare(const char *s) const;
int compare(int pos, int n,const char *s) const;
int compare(int pos, int n,const char *s, int pos2) const;
compare函数在>时返回1，<时返回-1，==时返回0
string的子串：
string substr(int pos = 0,int n = npos) const;//返回pos开始的n个字符组成的字符串
string的交换：
void swap(string &s2); //交换当前字符串与s2的值
string类的查找函数：
int find(char c, int pos = 0) const;//从pos开始查找字符c在当前字符串的位置
int find(const char *s, int pos = 0) const;//从pos开始查找字符串s在当前串中的位置
int find(const char *s, int pos, int n) const;//从pos开始查找字符串s中前n个字符在当前串中的位置
int find(const string &s, int pos = 0) const;//从pos开始查找字符串s在当前串中的位置
//查找成功时返回所在位置，失败返回string::npos的值
int rfind(char c, int pos = npos) const;//从pos开始从后向前查找字符c在当前串中的位置
int rfind(const char *s, int pos = npos) const;
int rfind(const char *s, int pos, int n = npos) const;
int rfind(const string &s,int pos = npos) const;
//从pos开始从后向前查找字符串s中前n个字符组成的字符串在当前串中的位置，成功返回所在位置，失败时返回string::npos的值
int find_first_of(char c, int pos = 0) const;//从pos开始查找字符c第一次出现的位置
int find_first_of(const char *s, int pos = 0) const;
int find_first_of(const char *s, int pos, int n) const;
int find_first_of(const string &s,int pos = 0) const;
//从pos开始查找当前串中第一个在s的前n个字符组成的数组里的字符的位置。查找失败返回string::npos
int find_first_not_of(char c, int pos = 0) const;
int find_first_not_of(const char *s, int pos = 0) const;
int find_first_not_of(const char *s, int pos,int n) const;
int find_first_not_of(const string &s,int pos = 0) const;
//从当前串中查找第一个不在串s中的字符出现的位置，失败返回string::npos
int find_last_of(char c, int pos = npos) const;
int find_last_of(const char *s, int pos = npos) const;
int find_last_of(const char *s, int pos, int n = npos) const;
int find_last_of(const string &s,int pos = npos) const;
int find_last_not_of(char c, int pos = npos) const;
int find_last_not_of(const char *s, int pos = npos) const;
int find_last_not_of(const char *s, int pos, int n) const;
int find_last_not_of(const string &s,int pos = npos) const;
//find_last_of和find_last_not_of与find_first_of和find_first_not_of相似，只不过是从后向前查找
string类的替换函数：
string &replace(int p0, int n0,const char *s);//删除从p0开始的n0个字符，然后在p0处插入串s
string &replace(int p0, int n0,const char *s, int n);//删除p0开始的n0个字符，然后在p0处插入字符串s的前n个字符
string &replace(int p0, int n0,const string &s);//删除从p0开始的n0个字符，然后在p0处插入串s
string &replace(int p0, int n0,const string &s, int pos, int n);//删除p0开始的n0个字符，然后在p0处插入串s中从pos开始的n个字符
string &replace(int p0, int n0,int n, char c);//删除p0开始的n0个字符，然后在p0处插入n个字符c
string &replace(iterator first0, iterator last0,const char *s);//把[first0，last0）之间的部分替换为字符串s
string &replace(iterator first0, iterator last0,const char *s, int n);//把[first0，last0）之间的部分替换为s的前n个字符
string &replace(iterator first0, iterator last0,const string &s);//把[first0，last0）之间的部分替换为串s
string &replace(iterator first0, iterator last0,int n, char c);//把[first0，last0）之间的部分替换为n个字符c
string &replace(iterator first0, iterator last0,const_iterator first, const_iterator last);//把[first0，last0）之间的部分替换成[first，last）之间的字符串
string类的插入函数：
string &insert(int p0, const char *s);
string &insert(int p0, const char *s, int n);
string &insert(int p0,const string &s);
string &insert(int p0,const string &s, int pos, int n);
//前4个函数在p0位置插入字符串s中pos开始的前n个字符
string &insert(int p0, int n, char c);//此函数在p0处插入n个字符c
iterator insert(iterator it, char c);//在it处插入字符c，返回插入后迭代器的位置
void insert(iterator it, const_iterator first, const_iterator last);//在it处插入[first，last）之间的字符
void insert(iterator it, int n, char c);//在it处插入n个字符c
string类的删除函数
iterator erase(iterator first, iterator last);//删除[first，last）之间的所有字符，返回删除后迭代器的位置
iterator erase(iterator it);//删除it指向的字符，返回删除后迭代器的位置
string &erase(int pos = 0, int n = npos);//删除pos开始的n个字符，返回修改后的字符串
string类的迭代器处理：
string类提供了向前和向后遍历的迭代器iterator，迭代器提供了访问各个字符的语法，类似于指针操作，迭代器不检查范围。
用string::iterator或string::const_iterator声明迭代器变量，const_iterator不允许改变迭代的内容。常用迭代器函数有：
const_iterator begin()const;
iterator begin(); //返回string的起始位置
const_iterator end()const;
iterator end(); //返回string的最后一个字符后面的位置
const_iterator rbegin()const;
iterator rbegin(); //返回string的最后一个字符的位置
const_iterator rend()const;
iterator rend(); //返回string第一个字符位置的前面
rbegin和rend用于从后向前的迭代访问，通过设置迭代器string::reverse_iterator,string::const_reverse_iterator实现
字符串流处理：
通过定义ostringstream和istringstream变量实现，<sstream>头文件中
例如：
string input("hello,this is a test");
istringstream is(input);
string s1,s2,s3,s4;
is>>s1>>s2>>s3>>s4;//s1="hello,this",s2="is",s3="a",s4="test"
ostringstream os;
os<<s1<<s2<<s3<<s4;
cout<<os.str();
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