1.1.1 Basic concepts of information
The concept of information: Information is something that can be used to eliminate uncertainty.
Characteristics of Information (11)
quality attributes of information
(1) Accuracy , the degree of precision in describing the state of things
(2) Completeness , the comprehensiveness of the description of the state of things , complete information should include all important facts
(3) Reliability , which means that the source, collection method, and transmission process of information are trustworthy and meet expectations
(4) Timeliness refers to the length of the interval between the moment of obtaining information and the moment of event occurrence. No matter how accurate and complete yesterday's weather information is, it will not help guide tomorrow's dressing. From this perspective, the value of this information is zero.
(5) Economy , which means that the cost of information acquisition and transmission is within an acceptable range
(6) Verifiability refers to the extent to which the main quality attributes of information can be verified or falsified
(7) Security refers to the possibility that information can be accessed without authorization during the life cycle of information . The lower the possibility, the higher the security.
Information Transmission Model
Information transmission technology (communication, network) is the core of information technology.
In general, the main performance indicators of an information system are its availability and reliability . Effectiveness is to transmit as much information as possible in the system, while reliability requires that the information received by the sink is as consistent as possible with the information sent by the source, or that the distortion is as small as possible. In order to improve reliability, redundant coding can be added when encoding information, just like "say important words three times". Appropriate redundant coding can be restored when information is disturbed by noise, and excessive redundant coding will reduce channel performance. Availability and information transfer rate.
1.1.2 Basic concepts of information systems
Simply put, an information system is a system that inputs data, processes it, and generates information.
Adopt modern management theory (for example, software engineering, project management, etc.) as the methodology of planning, calculation, and control, organically integrate hardware, software, database, network and other components into a clear boundary information according to the planned structure and order In order to achieve the goal of the established system in the system, this process is called information system integration.
1.1.3 Basic concepts of informatization
Five levels of informatization (understanding)
(1) Product informatization. Product informatization is the foundation of informatization, which has two meanings. One means that more and more computerized (intelligent) devices are integrated into traditional products, so that products have the ability to process information, such as smart TVs, smart lamps, etc. Another meaning is that products carry more information. It is digitized and is easy to be recognized and read by computer equipment or managed by an information system, such as a car integrated with an on-board computer system.
(2) Enterprise informatization. Enterprise informatization refers to the extensive use of information technology in product design, development, production, management, operation, etc., to assist production and manufacturing, optimize work processes, manage customer relationships, build enterprise information management systems, and cultivate information talents. And build and improve the process of information management system. Enterprise informatization is the foundation of national economic informatization, involving manufacturing systems, ERP, CRM, SCM (supply chain), etc.
(3) Industrial informatization. Refers to traditional industries such as agriculture, industry, transportation, manufacturing, and service industries that widely use information technology to complete the informatization of processes and products, and further improve productivity; establish various types of databases and networks, and vigorously develop and utilize information Resources, realize the optimization and reorganization of various resources and elements in the industry, so as to realize the upgrading of the industry.
(4) Informatization of the national economy. It refers to the realization of a unified large flow of information within the large economic system, making finance, trade, investment, planning, customs clearance, marketing, etc. form a large information system, and making the four links of the economy such as production, circulation, distribution, and consumption further linked through information. into a whole.
(5) Informatization of social life. Refers to the entire social system including business, education, government affairs, public services, transportation, daily life, etc., adopting advanced information technology, integrating various information networks, vigorously developing information services related to people's daily life, and enriching people's material and spiritual Life expands the time and space of people's activities and improves the quality of people's life and work. Smart cities (see Section 1.6.4 for details) and Internet finance, which are currently emerging, are the embodiment and important development direction of informatization of social life.
The connotation of informatization
(1) The main body of informatization is all members of society, including governments, enterprises, institutions, groups and individuals;
(2) Its time domain is a long-term process;
(3) Its airspace is all areas of politics, economy, culture, military and society;
(4) Its means are advanced social production tools based on modern information technology;
(5) Its approach is to create social productive forces in the information age and promote the reform of social production relations and social superstructure;
(6) Its goal is to comprehensively improve the comprehensive strength of the country, the civilized quality of the society and the quality of life of the people;
National Information System
(1) "Two networks" refer to the government affairs intranet and the government affairs extranet.
(2) "One" station refers to the government portal website.
(4) "Four databases", that is to establish four basic databases of population, legal entities, spatial geography and natural resources, and macroeconomics.
(5) "Twelve Gold", 12 key business systems named after the word "Gold". Divided into three categories:
The first category is the construction of office business resource systems and macroeconomic management systems that play a central role in strengthening supervision, improving efficiency and promoting public services (Jinhong);
The second category is the construction of the five business systems of Golden Tax, Golden Customs, Financial Finance, Financial Supervision (including Gold Card), and Golden Examination to enhance government revenue capacity and ensure the rationality of public expenditures
The third category is the construction of the five business systems of Jindun, Jinbao, Jinnong, and Jinshui Jinzhi that guarantee social order and lay a solid foundation for national economic and social development.
Six elements of national information system
(1) Information resources . The development and utilization of information resources is the core task of national informatization , the key to the actual effect of national informatization construction, and also the weak link of China's informatization. The degree of development and utilization of information resources is an important symbol to measure the level of national informatization.
(2) Information network . Information network is the infrastructure for the development and utilization of information resources , including telecommunication networks, radio and television networks and computer networks. These three networks have their own formation process, service objects and development models, and their functions overlap and complement each other. In the process of national informatization, the information network will gradually realize the integration of the three networks, and finally achieve the integration of the three networks.
(3) Application of information technology . The application of information technology refers to the wide application of information technology in various fields of economy and society, which directly reflects the efficiency, effect and benefit . It meets the needs and benefits of national informatization construction.
(4) Information technology and industry . The information industry is the material basis of informatization , including the development, production, and sales of products and technologies such as microelectronics, computers, and telecommunications, as well as software, information system development, and e-commerce. Fundamentally speaking, national informatization can only improve its comprehensive national strength if it has strong independent intellectual property rights in products and technologies.
(5) Informatization talents . Talent is the foundation of the success of informatization , and a reasonable talent structure is the core and key of informatization talents. A reasonable structure of informatization personnel requires not only informatization technical personnel at all levels, but also sophisticated informatization management personnel, marketing personnel, legal, regulatory and intelligence personnel.
(6) Informatization policies, regulations and standards . Informatization policies and regulations, standards, and norms are used to standardize and coordinate the relationship between various elements of the informatization system, and are the guarantee for the rapid, orderly, healthy and sustainable development of national informatization .
1.1.4 Information system life cycle
Life cycle phase division
(1) The software life cycle usually includes : feasibility analysis and project development plan, demand analysis, outline design, detailed design,
Coding, testing, maintenance and other phases .
(2) The life cycle of an information system can be simplified as system planning (feasibility analysis and project development plan), system analysis (needs analysis), system design (outline design, detailed design), system implementation (coding, testing), operation and maintenance and other stages.
(3) In addition, in order to facilitate the discussion of project management for information systems, the life cycle of information systems can also be simplified into four stages: project establishment (system planning), development (system analysis, system design, system implementation), operation and maintenance, and extinction. The development phase not only includes system analysis, system design, system implementation, but also system acceptance.
(4) From the perspective of project management, the life cycle of the project is divided into four typical stages: initiation, planning, execution and closure.
Five-Stage Lifecycle
System planning stage: study the necessity and possibility of the system--after the approval of the feasibility study report, write the construction plan and implementation plan-- system design task book .
System analysis stage: the task is to answer the question of "what to do" of the system and form a system specification (SRS requirements specification specification) .
System design stage: The question answered is "how to do it", including two stages of overall design (outline design) and detailed design, forming a system design specification .
System implementation stage: Form a system test analysis report .
System operation and maintenance stage: maintenance and evaluation, record operation status.
--------Reference intercepted from "National Computer Technology and Software Professional Technical Qualification Level) Examination Designated Book-- Information Department Project Manager Tutorial "