Information Revolution and Informatization
- Scientific and technological revolution: the development of major science and technology has become a revolutionary factor in the progress of human society
- "Humanization": the comprehensive mutation or revolutionary change of human society caused by the revolution of science and technology
Information Technology and Information Revolution
- Information Technology (IT): Applying the origin and methods of information science to study the technology of information generation, transmission, and processing, specifically including the generation, collection, exchange, storage, transmission, display, identification, extraction, control, processing, and utilization of information, etc. aspects of technology
Modern information technology includes computer technology, communication technology, sensor technology and control technology (3C1S), and microelectronic technology is their foundation
For the above sentences, the author can take "blind date" as an example to remember, first birth (microelectronics technology, computer technology), and then blind date (examination of social relationship - communication technology, sensor technology - various feelings, control technology - autonomous action)
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Features of modern information technology:
- Digitization; inside a computer, resources are essentially a bunch of binary code
- Miniaturization; desktop-all-in-one-notebook-ipad-mobile
- Networking; the application of the Internet of Things; the wide spread of network media (Douyin, Kuaishou, etc.)
- Intelligent; chatGPT, smart driving, etc.
- Systematization; application of bus card and UnionPay card
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Social automation - factory automation FA, office automation OA, home automation HA; the above can also be called "3A revolution"
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The characteristics of the information revolution: technological scientificity, groupization, intelligence, and high-tech
Informatization
- Some understanding of informatization:
- Informatization refers to the process of gradually applying information technology in national economy and social life.
- Informatization is a historical stage of the survival and development of human society after agriculturalization and industrialization, and the result is that human beings enter the information society
- Informatization is an important strategy for the government to promote economic development and social progress; national informatization includes domain informatization, regional informatization, enterprise informatization, and family and personal informatization.
- Informatization is an activity in which social organizations at all levels engage in the application of information technology to provide information resource development and utilization efficiency in order to conform to the trend of social development.
- National informatization: Under the unified planning and organization of the country, modern information technology is applied in agriculture, industry, science and technology, national defense and social life, and information resources are deeply developed and widely used to accelerate the process of national modernization
- The 24-character guideline for national informatization construction: overall planning, national leadership, unified standards, joint construction, interconnection, and resource sharing
- Six elements of the national informatization system: information resources, information network, information technology application, information technology and industry, informatization talent team, informatization policies, regulations and standards
- Information features:
- Immateriality; bits are the basic unit of the information world, and people's consumption is no longer only biased towards physical consumption
- Transtemporal: ignoring space and region, ignoring time and space; distance education, telemedicine, etc.
- Scalability; bits are shareable and easy to disseminate, the information society has a certain "wireless scalability"
information
To illustrate the above formula (Hartley):
- N stands for several beacon towers
- S represents the information that a beacon can transmit (smoke/smoke-free)
- log base 2
The concept of information and its development
- 1928, L. Hartley - Information is Data
- In 1948, Shannon—the amount of information is the reduction of random uncertainty; the basic point of view: the occurrence of communication is based on the premise that both parties in communication have uncertainty, and the purpose of communication is to eliminate uncertainty
- Zhong Yixin - The Theory of All Information
The relationship between the subject and the object is introduced on the basis of all information, and three other types of information can be derived: real information-things that exist objectively, prior information-the world is as black as crows, actual information-information obtained by the subject observing the object
Nature and Classification of Information
- The relationship between information and material and ability
- Information comes from matter, not matter itself. It is produced from the movement of matter, and can be separated from the source matter and parasitized in another matter, existing relatively independently. (Look at things with me, everything is my color)
- Information is closely related to energy. Acquisition, transmission, and processing of information always require a certain amount of energy support. The energy of control and benefits needs information to guide (“You contribute and I guide the way”)
- Information can be transformed into matter, energy, time or others under certain conditions. "Knowledge is power", "Knowledge is productivity"
- the nature of the information
- Information is universal and infinite; everywhere, all the time
- Information is attached to the medium and can be independent of the source thing
- information can be shared
- Information can vary; stored on media in different forms
- Information can be passed on but does not add value
- Information is dynamic and time-sensitive
- Information is concrete and can be perceived and processed
- Category
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According to storage medium:
- Writing media information; paper, metal, and other media
- Magnetic media information; magnetic cards, disks, tapes
- Dielectric Information; General Circuits vs. Microcircuits
- Optical media information; optical discs, light-emitting devices
- Acoustic media information; in audio equipment, recording equipment, people and sound-emitting objects
- Entity medium information; thermometers, physical models, semaphores, alarm beacons, etc.
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According to the form of information presentation:
- text information
- Image information (still/moving image)
- Voice information (language, music, sound, etc.)
- smell information
- Morphological information
- Visual, auditory, olfactory, tactile, multimedia information
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According to the way of information recording:
- Object-based information: information generated, stored and transmitted by the object itself
- Recorded information: all kinds of information stored on special media
- Intellectual information: the human brain stores uncoded knowledge information
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According to the order of information sources or the level of information utility
- Raw information: the most direct information sent by the source transaction and not processed
- Regenerated information: Indirect information that has been processed, processed, stored and recorded on the medium, and can be divided into primary, secondary, and tertiary information according to the depth of information processing.
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In "Information Resource Management", Gan Renchu divides information into four stages according to the different utility of information: sign (what), fact (what), knowledge (why) and intelligence (wisdom, how to do it).
- 按信息生成范围划分
- 宇宙空间信息；地球以外物质运动所产生的信息
- 自然信息；地球自然界中各种信息以及人造物质所产生的信息
- 社会信息；人类各种活动所产生、传递与利用的信息
- 人脑信息；人脑加工并存储在人脑中的信息
- 按应用领域划分
- 政府信息、企业信息、工业信息、农业信息、军事信息、商业信息、科教信息、文化信息等
- 历史信息、现实信息、未来（潜在）信息
- 真实信息、虚假信息、不定信息
- Related concepts
- Messages and information: messages have only qualitative descriptions, information has quantitative descriptions
- Intelligence and Information: Intelligence is information of special significance to the subject
- Data and information: data refers to unprocessed raw data, and information refers to "processed" data
- Experience, knowledge, intelligence and information: information is processed and refined into knowledge, knowledge is activated by purpose into intelligence, and intelligence is the highest level of information
- Experience: The successful operating procedures formed by people in the process of solving practical problems have been proved to be effective by practice, but have not been strictly proved
- Knowledge: the crystallization of experience and biochemistry, rising to rational regularity, is advanced, abstract and universally applicable information
- Intelligence: Targeted acquisition of problem-environmental information, appropriate processing of the extracted knowledge, and finally the ability to combine target information to generate problem-solving strategies, solve problems, and achieve the subject’s goals
information measure
- Information measure based on data volume
- Measuring the amount of information based on Shannon entropy
Hartley formula is a special case of Shannon formula
- pi represents the probability of a certain state occurring
Information Functions and Processes
- The information function is as follows
- Information is a resource that exists
- Information is the source of knowledge
- Information is the basis for decision-making
- Information is the soul of control
- Information is the stuff of thought
- Information is the real yardstick
- Information is the basis of management
- Information is the guarantee of the organization
- information process
Information process: information moves from low to high according to a certain logic
Information Resource Management (IRM) Overview
information resource
- Resources: In nature and human social life, an objective existence method that can be used to create material wealth and spiritual wealth, and has a certain amount of accumulation. The three intrinsic properties are as follows:
- Necessity; can meet human material or spiritual needs
- scarcity; limited resources, restricted use of resources
- Optional; different resource combinations will produce different effects, resource allocation issues
- Resource Classification
- From the perspective of human existence; matter, energy, information
- From the perspective of social attributes; natural resources, social resources
- From the perspective of recycling; renewable resources, non-renewable resources
- Information resources: in the narrow sense - the collection of useful information that has been processed and accumulated in a large amount in human social and economic activities; A collection of useful information that is sequenced and accumulated in large quantities, a collection of information producers that produce useful information for a certain purpose, and a collection of information technology that processes, processes, and transmits useful information
- information resource characteristics
- Indivisibility - the effort required to produce one is virtually indistinguishable from producing multiples of the same information product
- Accumulative or non-consumable - information can be continuously accumulated, even renewable, that is, the more it is used, the more new information is generated, and the fuller its utility
- Cognitive relativity—the same information has different meanings and values for different people or organizations at different times
- Dissimilarity—proposed by KE Boulding in 1966; for a given information resource, it must be a collection of information with different contents, and each information in the collection has unique properties
- Controllability—information resources have the ability to develop and control other resources, whether it is material data or energy data, its development and utilization need to rely on information support
- Classification of information resources
- Different classification of social organization attributes; government information resources, enterprise information resources, public information resources
- Value-added status division; basic information resources, value-added information resources
- The scope of use is different; public information resources, proprietary information resources, personal information resources
Main content of information resource management
In 1979, American J. Diebold published a paper "IBM: The New Challenge" on the topic of information resource management.
- Definition of information resource management:
- In a narrow sense—taking information as the management object, researching the technical methods and management issues in the links of information collection, storage, retrieval, processing, analysis, transmission and sharing, so as to improve the efficiency of the information process and meet people's needs in the best way need
- In a broad sense - the process of effectively determining, acquiring, synthesizing and utilizing various (broad sense) information resources to meet current and future information needs (M.White) is "management of information content and its supporting tools", "is The process of planning, organizing, budgeting, accounting, auditing, and ass ancient (Horton) for (broadly defined) information resources
- Looking at Information Resource Management Differently
- From the perspective of management objects: management information, personnel, information technology, etc.
- From the content of the management process: planning, organization, development, utilization and control of information resources
- From the perspective of management means: information resource management includes four categories: technical means, economic means, administrative means and legal means.
- From the perspective of management level: macro-resolve the common and strategic problems faced by international, national and regional information resource management activities, micro-a social organization uses modern information technology to effectively develop and utilize internal and external information resource management, Management activities carried out for its career development
- From the perspective of management application fields: government information resource management, enterprise information resource management, public information resource management, etc.
The emergence and development of information resource management
- The Background of Information Resource Management
- The Information Explosion - The Volume of Documentary Records and Documentation Explodes
- Development of three applied disciplines (database management, records or document management, data processing management)
- The status of information resources has improved
- Stages of Information Resource Management Development
The theory of information resources management was gradually formed in the late 1970s and early 1980s. It abandoned the management idea dominated by "technology application" and emphasized the management concept of "information resources" as the leading and technology as a service
Note: In addition to the above-mentioned four-stage theory, some other scholars have put forward relevant views as follows: three-stage theory-Lu Taihong, Xie Yangqun, Ma Feicheng, etc.; four-stage theory-R.Nolan, M.Michal, Zhong Shouzhen, etc.; Stage Theory—Horton, A.Smith&D.Medley, Ma Feicheng, etc.