Uncle's Demand Management Wisdom of Ordering

The source of all projects is demand, and the scope of work to be completed by the project can be better planned when the demand is clear. The first phase discusses the three constraints of project management, namely scope, time and cost. Time and cost are centered on the project's scope of work, which in turn is centered on project requirements. It can be seen that the demand is the origin of the project.
  However,  requirements management is not a simple matter, and people's needs and ideas can easily change, resulting in constant rework of project work. This is likely to lead to rising costs, time delays, and a chain reaction of team emotional instability and complaints. According to the Global Project Management Institute (PMI), the probability of project failure due to poor requirements management is as high as 37%.
   Let's take a look at how to manage demand through a story of "uncle ordering food".
   【Original demand】
  An uncle went to a restaurant and sat down to order food.
  Uncle: Waiter, give me Kung Pao Chicken!
  Waiter: Alright!
   【Changes in demand midway】
  Chef does half of it.
  Uncle: Waiter, don't put meat in the dishes.
  Waiter: What if you don't put meat?
  Uncle: Just leave out the meat, and do the rest according to normal procedures.
  Waiter: Okay, wait a moment.
   [The demand changes are too large, and the rework cost is too high]
  The waiter told the chef.
  Chef: Your uncle, all my meat is back in the pot.
  However, the chef still picked it out bit by bit.
   【Underestimate the cost of changing requirements】
  Uncle: Waiter, can you add some yuba to the dish?
  Waiter: OK, this should be simple.
   [New requirements introduce new costs]
  Chef: I don't know that yuba has to be soaked in water in advance? Fry half way through? Tell him that if you want to eat yuba, you need to wait for a long time.
  Waiter: Ah, why didn't you tell me earlier?
  Chef: How did I know he was going to put yuba into the Kung Pao Chicken.
  However, the chef still went to soak the yuba.
   【Exotic demand】
  Uncle: Waiter, is there diced tomato in the dish? I go to other restaurants to eat but they all have eggplant.
  Waiter: Okay, wait a moment, wait a moment...
   [Exotic needs must also be realized]
  大厨:宫保鸡丁里放茄丁??
  服务员:茄丁抄好了扔里边不就行了吗”
  大厨:那TM还能叫菜吗?哪个系的?
  服务员:客户要,你就给炒了吧。
  大厨:你顺道问问他腐竹还要不要,我这盆腐竹还占着地方呢!不要我就扔了。
   【最终决战】
  10分钟后
  大爷:咦,我上次吃的不是这个味啊?
  从厨房杀出来的大厨(手里拿着一个板砖):我拍*****
   如何应对顾客的“奇葩”需求
  从上面的大爷点菜故事中你是否有似曾相识的感觉? 是否看出哪些地方不合理了?
  其实段子里的大爷对应客户的角色,服务员对应项目经理的角色,而大厨对应项目成员的角色。项目管理中很大一部分工作都在“为客人点菜”,也就是需求管理。需求管理分为两个方面:需求从哪里来,需求到哪里去了。
  1.需求的来源管理:如何挖掘需求,哪些需求值得去做,需求有哪些分类;
  2.需求的实现管理:如何做好优先级排期,临时需求怎么处理等。
  那你有可能会问,究竟如何做好需求管理呢? 我们还是来一下合理的点菜对话:
  大爷去饭店,坐下来。
  大爷:服务员,给我来份宫保鸡丁!
  服务员:好的,请问您有什么忌口吗?
  大爷:有,最近在减肥,不要放肉。
  服务员:这宫保鸡丁不放肉的话可就不是宫保鸡丁了。
  大爷:但我喜欢吃宫保鸡丁,所以请你们给我炒一道没有肉的宫保鸡丁。
  服务员:您看这样行不行,我们可以用茄丁来代替鸡丁,味道差别不大,并且更健康。
  大爷:这样也行。
  服务员:还有其他想吃的吗?
  大爷:我还喜欢吃腐竹。
  服务员:好的,我们这有凉拌腐竹,上菜速度快,可以先给您先上一份。
  大爷:好,那快点上菜吧。
  从上面我们分析出,首先弄清楚客户的真实需求,再给到团队来实现需求,客户吃到了腐竹、茄丁,以及宫保鸡丁的味道,厨房也能正常的干活,是个双赢的结果。
   需求管理的来源和实现
  从前后两个段子对比中,我们可以总结出需求管理的两个方法。一个方法是需求启发,目的是搞清楚需求的来源;另一个方法是需求模型,目的是弄明白需求的实现。
  那怎样做好需求启发呢? 就要通过问问题。问问题可以区分伪需求和表面需求。客户想做什么?需要达成目的?一个需求的用户角色定义是什么,基于什么样的用户场景,能够带来什么样的价值。就像刚才的例子所说,一个饿了的客户,只想吃饱肚子,给他一份宫保鸡丁满足需求。另外一个特别喜欢吃宫保鸡丁的客户,最近在减肥,处理的方法就完全不一样了。因此我们可以通过像第二个段子中所说的,通过提问来去伪存真,找到客户的真是需求。
  明确了客户的真实需求后,接下来就是要考虑需求实现了。我们已经了解到了客户的需求:客户想吃腐竹,带茄丁不带肉的宫保鸡丁,那么如何操作,先做哪个?
  关于需求优先级划分以及如何实现需求,我们可以用一个经典的需求模型来解决:卡诺模型(Kano model)。卡诺模型把需求分为三类:
  · 基本型需求:基本需求往往属于此类。对于这类需求,必须满足,可以做的按部就班,少量创新。
  · 期望型需求:用户、竞争对手和自身都需要关注的需求,平时工作中需要重点关注的需求。
  · 兴奋型需求:用户自身都没有想到的需求,满足此类需求很容易引起产品的爆点。
  回到刚才所说的例子,做一份宫保鸡丁属于基本需求,想吃到腐竹是期望需求。而兴奋型需求,则是类似海底捞的做法:等待的过程中给你提供刷鞋,美甲等更多的服务,给用户带来惊喜。
  实现优先级上,首先满足基本需求,其次是期望型需求,然后根据用户情况,调整兴奋型需求的优先级。
  通过需求启发和类似于卡诺模型的需求模型,我们就可以从来源和实现两个角度管理好需求了。
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