beautiful typography
1. There are two pieces of information in the computer: one is (control flow), that is, the operation command, its origin is (controller), and it flows to each component; the other is (data flow), which is controlled by the control information. Control, flow from one part to another, processing as it flows.
2. From a device perspective, computers have undergone five generations of changes. But from the perspective of system structure, the vast majority of computers are still Von (·Neumann bits representing sign bits) computers.
3. Using large-scale integrated circuit technology to make the computing components and control components of the computer on an integrated circuit chip, such a chip is called a single-chip microcomputer. ? ? ?
Wrong, such a chip is called a CPU
4. In the computer, the objectively existing things or attributes can be seen from a certain angle, which is called "transparency". ? ? ?
In the computer, the objectively existing things or attributes cannot be seen from a certain angle, which is called "transparency".
5. What problems can the hierarchy of memory systems solve? What are the prerequisites for implementing a memory hierarchy? What measure?
Memory hierarchies can improve the performance-to-price ratio of computer storage systems, ie, memory that approaches the highest level in terms of speed, and memory that approaches the lowest level in terms of capacity and price.
A prerequisite for implementing a memory hierarchy is program locality, that is, the locality of memory accesses is the basis for implementing a memory hierarchy.
The measurement method is mainly the hit rate of the storage system, the probability that the data can be obtained when the data is accessed from the high-level memory to the low-level memory.
6. Manage the software and hardware resources of the computer, yes? function. (operating system)
7. In the hierarchical structure of computers, why is the functional division of hardware and software logically equivalent?
The function of hardware can be done by software, the function of software can be done by hardware
8. The basic transmission mechanism of the PCI bus is burst transfer. The use of (bridge) can realize burst transmission between buses, so that all accesses appear on the bus according to the needs of the CPU.
PCI allows multiple buses (parallel) to work.
9. In each of the following situations, which of the following should use asynchronous transmission? .
CPU exchanges information with I/O CPU exchanges information with PCI bus CPU exchanges information with memory √I/O interface exchanges information with printer
10. Both dynamic RAM and static RAM are volatile semiconductor memory? ? ? √
11. 什么是总线标准？为什么要设置总线标准？目前流行的总线标准有哪些？
总线标准可视为系统与各模块、模块与模块之间的一个互连的标准界面。
解决系统、模块、设备与总线之间的不适应、不通用、不匹配的问题。
ISA、EISA、PCI、AGP、RS-232C、USB
总线中地址线的作用( )。
只用于选择存储单元 √ 用于选择指定存储器单元和I/O设备接口电路的地址 由设备向主机提供地址 起到多路复用的作用
12. 什么叫刷新？为什么要刷新？说明刷新有几种方法？
刷新的过程实质上是先将原存信息读出，再由刷新放大器形成原信息并重新写入的再生过程。刷新原因——由于某些存储单元长期得不到访问，不进行存储器的读或写操作，其存储单元的原信息将会慢慢消失，为此必须采用定时刷新的方法。常用的刷新方法有三种——集中式、分散式、异步式。集中式：在规定的一个刷新周期内，集中安排一段时间进行刷新，此刻必须停止读或写操作；分散式：每行存储单元的刷新分散到每个存取周期内完成，无CPU访存死时间，不需停止读或写操作的死时间；异步式：是集中式和分散式的折衷。
13.什么是程序访问的局部性原理？局部性原理可分为哪几类,各有何特点？
在一小段时间内，最近被访问过的程序和数据很可能再次被访问；在空间上，这些被访问的程序和数据往往集中在一小片存储区；在访问顺序上，指令顺序执行比转移执行的可能性大，?在一段小的时间间隔内，被访问过的某指令或数据，很快会被再次访问(时间局部性)；进程访问的地址空间往往集中在某个区域(空间局部性)。
13同步通信之所以比异步通信具有较高的传输速率，是因为( )。同步通信不需要应答信号且总线长度较短
同步通信用一个公共的时钟信号进行同步同步通信中，各部件存取时间较接近 √以上各项因素的综合结果
14. 在链式查询方式下，若有n个设备，则
有(n)条总线请求信号 有n-1条总线请求信号 共用一条总线请求信号无法确定
15. 简述同步通信与异步通信的区别？
16. 动态RAM的刷新是以?为单位进行的。
宏观而论DRAM刷新是以行为单位进行的。从微观看~DRAM的刷新却又是以存储单元为基本单位。
17. 计算机使用总线结构的主要优点是便于实现积木化，同时？。
减少了信息传输量 加重了系统的工作量 提高了信息传输的速度 减少了信息传输线的条数
18. 决定总线由哪个设备进行控制称为(总线仲裁 )；；实现总线数据的定时规则称为(总线协议 )。
19.根据连线的数量，总线可分为(串行)总线和并行总线，其中(串行)总线一般用于长距离的数据传送
20. 下列有关存储器的描述中，不正确的是?
多体交叉存储器主要解决扩充容量问题 cache与主存统一编址，即主存空间的某一部分属于cache
√访问存储器的请求是由CPU发出的