一、准备表
创建表：
create table department(
id int,
name varchar(20) );
create table employee(
id int primary key auto_increment,
name varchar(20),
sex enum('male','female') not null default 'male',
age int,
dep_id int);
insert into department values
(200,'技术'),
(201,'人力资源'),
(202,'销售'),
(203,'运营');
insert into employee(name,sex,age,dep_id) values
('egon','male',18,200),
('alex','female',48,201),
('wupeiqi','male',38,201),
('yuanhao','female',28,202),
('liwenzhou','male',18,200),
('jingliyang','female',18,204);
查看表结构和数据：
mysql> desc department;
+-------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
+-------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| id | int(11) | YES | | NULL | |
| name | varchar(20) | YES | | NULL | |
+-------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
2 rows in set (1.65 sec)
mysql> select * from department;
+------+--------------+
| id | name |
+------+--------------+
| 200 | 技术 |
| 201 | 人力资源 |
| 202 | 销售 |
| 203 | 运营 |
+------+--------------+
4 rows in set (0.00 sec)
mysql> desc employee;
+--------+-----------------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
| Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
+--------+-----------------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
| id | int(11) | NO | PRI | NULL | auto_increment |
| name | varchar(20) | YES | | NULL | |
| sex | enum('male','female') | NO | | male | |
| age | int(11) | YES | | NULL | |
| dep_id | int(11) | YES | | NULL | |
+--------+-----------------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
5 rows in set (0.00 sec)
mysql> select * from employee;
+----+------------+--------+------+--------+
| id | name | sex | age | dep_id |
+----+------------+--------+------+--------+
| 1 | egon | male | 18 | 200 |
| 2 | alex | female | 48 | 201 |
| 3 | wupeiqi | male | 38 | 201 |
| 4 | yuanhao | female | 28 | 202 |
| 5 | liwenzhou | male | 18 | 200 |
| 6 | jingliyang | female | 18 | 204 |
+----+------------+--------+------+--------+
6 rows in set (0.00 sec)
二、多表连接查询
SELECT 字段列表
FROM 表1 INNER|LEFT|RIGHT JOIN 表2
ON 表1.字段 = 表2.字段;
1 交叉连接：不适用任何匹配条件，生成笛卡尔积
mysql> select * from employee, department;
+----+------------+--------+------+--------+------+--------------+
| id | name | sex | age | dep_id | id | name |
+----+------------+--------+------+--------+------+--------------+
| 1 | egon | male | 18 | 200 | 200 | 技术 |
| 1 | egon | male | 18 | 200 | 201 | 人力资源 |
| 1 | egon | male | 18 | 200 | 202 | 销售 |
| 1 | egon | male | 18 | 200 | 203 | 运营 |
| 2 | alex | female | 48 | 201 | 200 | 技术 |
| 2 | alex | female | 48 | 201 | 201 | 人力资源 |
| 2 | alex | female | 48 | 201 | 202 | 销售 |
| 2 | alex | female | 48 | 201 | 203 | 运营 |
| 3 | wupeiqi | male | 38 | 201 | 200 | 技术 |
| 3 | wupeiqi | male | 38 | 201 | 201 | 人力资源 |
| 3 | wupeiqi | male | 38 | 201 | 202 | 销售 |
| 3 | wupeiqi | male | 38 | 201 | 203 | 运营 |
| 4 | yuanhao | female | 28 | 202 | 200 | 技术 |
| 4 | yuanhao | female | 28 | 202 | 201 | 人力资源 |
| 4 | yuanhao | female | 28 | 202 | 202 | 销售 |
| 4 | yuanhao | female | 28 | 202 | 203 | 运营 |
| 5 | liwenzhou | male | 18 | 200 | 200 | 技术 |
| 5 | liwenzhou | male | 18 | 200 | 201 | 人力资源 |
| 5 | liwenzhou | male | 18 | 200 | 202 | 销售 |
| 5 | liwenzhou | male | 18 | 200 | 203 | 运营 |
| 6 | jingliyang | female | 18 | 204 | 200 | 技术 |
| 6 | jingliyang | female | 18 | 204 | 201 | 人力资源 |
| 6 | jingliyang | female | 18 | 204 | 202 | 销售 |
| 6 | jingliyang | female | 18 | 204 | 203 | 运营 |
+----+------------+--------+------+--------+------+--------------+
24 rows in set (0.34 sec)
2 内连接：只连接匹配的行
mysql> select employee.id, employee.name, employee.age, employee.sex, department.name from employee, department where employee.dep_id = department.id;
+----+-----------+------+--------+--------------+
| id | name | age | sex | name |
+----+-----------+------+--------+--------------+
| 1 | egon | 18 | male | 技术 |
| 2 | alex | 48 | female | 人力资源 |
| 3 | wupeiqi | 38 | male | 人力资源 |
| 4 | yuanhao | 28 | female | 销售 |
| 5 | liwenzhou | 18 | male | 技术 |
+----+-----------+------+--------+--------------+
5 rows in set (0.00 sec)
3 外链接之左连接：优先显示左表全部记录
以左表为准，即找出所有员工信息，当然包括没有部门的员工。
本质就是：在内连接的基础上增加左边有右边没有的结果。
mysql> select employee.id,employee.name,department.name as depart_name from employee left join department on employee.dep_id=department.id;
+----+------------+--------------+
| id | name | depart_name |
+----+------------+--------------+
| 1 | egon | 技术 |
| 5 | liwenzhou | 技术 |
| 2 | alex | 人力资源 |
| 3 | wupeiqi | 人力资源 |
| 4 | yuanhao | 销售 |
| 6 | jingliyang | NULL |
+----+------------+--------------+
6 rows in set (0.00 sec)
4 外链接之右连接：优先显示右表全部记录
以右表为准，即找出所有部门信息，包括没有员工的部门。
本质就是：在内连接的基础上增加右边有左边没有的结果。
mysql> select employee.id,employee.name,department.name as depart_name from employee right join department on employee.dep_id=department.id;
+------+-----------+--------------+
| id | name | depart_name |
+------+-----------+--------------+
| 1 | egon | 技术 |
| 2 | alex | 人力资源 |
| 3 | wupeiqi | 人力资源 |
| 4 | yuanhao | 销售 |
| 5 | liwenzhou | 技术 |
| NULL | NULL | 运营 |
+------+-----------+--------------+
6 rows in set (0.00 sec)
5 全外连接：显示左右两个表全部记录
全外连接：在内连接的基础上增加左边有右边没有的和右边有左边没有的结果。
mysql> select * from employee left join department on employee.dep_id = department.id
-> union
-> select * from employee right join department on employee.dep_id = department.id
-> ;
+------+------------+--------+------+--------+------+--------------+
| id | name | sex | age | dep_id | id | name |
+------+------------+--------+------+--------+------+--------------+
| 1 | egon | male | 18 | 200 | 200 | 技术 |
| 5 | liwenzhou | male | 18 | 200 | 200 | 技术 |
| 2 | alex | female | 48 | 201 | 201 | 人力资源 |
| 3 | wupeiqi | male | 38 | 201 | 201 | 人力资源 |
| 4 | yuanhao | female | 28 | 202 | 202 | 销售 |
| 6 | jingliyang | female | 18 | 204 | NULL | NULL |
| NULL | NULL | NULL | NULL | NULL | 203 | 运营 |
+------+------------+--------+------+--------+------+--------------+
7 rows in set (0.04 sec)
注意 union与union all的区别：union会去掉相同的纪录
三、符合条件连接查询
示例1：以内连接的方式查询employee和department表，并且employee表中的age字段值必须大于25,即找出年龄大于25岁的员工以及员工所在的部门
mysql> select employee.name, department.name from employee inner join department on employee.dep_id = department.id where age > 25;
+---------+--------------+
| name | name |
+---------+--------------+
| alex | 人力资源 |
| wupeiqi | 人力资源 |
| yuanhao | 销售 |
+---------+--------------+
3 rows in set (0.10 sec)
示例2：以内连接的方式查询employee和department表，并且以age字段的升序方式显示
mysql> select employee.name, employee.age, department.name from employee inner join department on employee.dep_id = department.id order by age asc;
+-----------+------+--------------+
| name | age | name |
+-----------+------+--------------+
| egon | 18 | 技术 |
| liwenzhou | 18 | 技术 |
| yuanhao | 28 | 销售 |
| wupeiqi | 38 | 人力资源 |
| alex | 48 | 人力资源 |
+-----------+------+--------------+
5 rows in set (1.81 sec)
四、子查询
1：子查询是将一个查询语句嵌套在另一个查询语句中。
2：内层查询语句的查询结果，可以为外层查询语句提供查询条件。
3：子查询中可以包含：IN、NOT IN、ANY、ALL、EXISTS 和 NOT EXISTS等关键字
4：还可以包含比较运算符：= 、 !=、> 、<等
1 带IN关键字的子查询
查询平均年龄在25岁以上的部门名
mysql> select id, name from department where id in (select dep_id from employee group by dep_id having avg(age) > 25);
+------+--------------+
| id | name |
+------+--------------+
| 201 | 人力资源 |
| 202 | 销售 |
+------+--------------+
2 rows in set (0.11 sec)
查看技术部员工姓名
mysql> select name from employee where dep_id in (select id from department where name="技术");
+-----------+
| name |
+-----------+
| egon |
| liwenzhou |
+-----------+
2 rows in set (0.00 sec)
2 带比较运算符的子查询
比较运算符：=、!=、>、>=、<、<=、<>
查询大于所有人平均年龄的员工名与年龄
mysql> select name, age from employee where age > (select avg(age) from employee);
+---------+------+
| name | age |
+---------+------+
| alex | 48 |
| wupeiqi | 38 |
+---------+------+
2 rows in set (0.00 sec)
查询大于部门内平均年龄的员工名、年龄
mysql> select name, age from employee as t1 inner join (select dep_id, avg(age) as avg_age from employee group by dep_id) as t2 on t1.dep_id = t2.dep_id where t1.age > t2.avg_age;
+------+------+
| name | age |
+------+------+
| alex | 48 |
+------+------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
3 带EXISTS关键字的子查询
EXISTS关字键字表示存在。
在使用EXISTS关键字时，内层查询语句不返回查询的记录。
而是返回一个真假值，True或False
当返回True时，外层查询语句将进行查询；当返回值为False时，外层查询语句不进行查询。
mysql> select * from employee where exists (select id from department where id=200); # id存在
+----+------------+--------+------+--------+
| id | name | sex | age | dep_id |
+----+------------+--------+------+--------+
| 1 | egon | male | 18 | 200 |
| 2 | alex | female | 48 | 201 |
| 3 | wupeiqi | male | 38 | 201 |
| 4 | yuanhao | female | 28 | 202 |
| 5 | liwenzhou | male | 18 | 200 |
| 6 | jingliyang | female | 18 | 204 |
+----+------------+--------+------+--------+
6 rows in set (0.10 sec)
mysql> select * from employee where exists (select id from department where id=204); # id不存在
Empty set (0.00 sec)
