GIT分享和更新项目命令之git-push

名称NAME

git-push - Update remote refs along with associated objects

概要SYNOPSIS

git push [--all | --mirror | --tags] [--follow-tags] [--atomic] [-n | --dry-run] [--receive-pack=<git-receive-pack>]
	   [--repo=<repository>] [-f | --force] [-d | --delete] [--prune] [-v | --verbose]
	   [-u | --set-upstream] [-o <string> | --push-option=<string>]
	   [--[no-]signed|--signed=(true|false|if-asked)]
	   [--force-with-lease[=<refname>[:<expect>]]]
	   [--no-verify] [<repository> [<refspec>…​]]

描述DESCRIPTION

使用本地引用更新远程引用，同时发送完成给定引用所需的对象。

当命令行未使用<repository>参数指定要推送到的位置时，请查询当前分支的branch.*.remote配置以确定要推送到的位置。 如果缺少配置，则默认为 origin分支。
当命令行未通过使用<refspec>... 变量或 --all, --mirror, --tags选项指定推入的内容时，该命令将通过参考remote.*.push配置来查找默认的<refspec>。 如果未找到，则采用push.default配置来决定要推送的内容。

当命令行和配置均未指定要推送的内容时，将使用默认行为，该行为对应于 push.default的simple 值：当前分支被推送到相应的上游分支，但作为安全措施，推送 如果上游分支与本地分支的名称不同，则终止。

选项OPTIONS

<repository>

作为推送操作目标的“远程”存储库。

<refspec>…​

指定要使用哪个源对象更新目标引用。 <refspec>参数的格式是可选的加号+，后跟源对象<src>，后跟冒号：，然后是目标参考<dst>。

我们通过git config查看一个本地仓库的push配置，如下图所示

The <src> is often the name of the branch you would want to push, but it can be any arbitrary "SHA-1 expression", such as master~4 or HEAD (see gitrevisions[7]).

The <dst> tells which ref on the remote side is updated with this push. Arbitrary expressions cannot be used here, an actual ref must be named. If git push [<repository>] without any <refspec>argument is set to update some ref at the destination with <src> with remote.<repository>.push configuration variable, :<dst> part can be omitted—​such a push will update a ref that <src> normally updates without any <refspec> on the command line. Otherwise, missing :<dst> means to update the same ref as the <src>.

If <dst> doesn’t start with refs/ (e.g. refs/heads/master) we will try to infer where in refs/* on the destination <repository> it belongs based on the type of <src> being pushed and whether <dst> is ambiguous.

• If <dst> unambiguously refers to a ref on the <repository> remote, then push to that ref.

• If <src> resolves to a ref starting with refs/heads/ or refs/tags/, then prepend that to <dst>.

• Other ambiguity resolutions might be added in the future, but for now any other cases will error out with an error indicating what we tried, and depending on the advice.pushUnqualifiedRefname configuration (see git-config[1]) suggest what refs/ namespace you may have wanted to push to.

The object referenced by <src> is used to update the <dst> reference on the remote side. Whether this is allowed depends on where in refs/* the <dst> reference lives as described in detail below, in those sections "update" means any modifications except deletes, which as noted after the next few sections are treated differently.

The refs/heads/* namespace will only accept commit objects, and updates only if they can be fast-forwarded.

The refs/tags/* namespace will accept any kind of object (as commits, trees and blobs can be tagged), and any updates to them will be rejected.

It’s possible to push any type of object to any namespace outside of refs/{tags,heads}/*. In the case of tags and commits, these will be treated as if they were the commits inside refs/heads/* for the purposes of whether the update is allowed.

I.e. a fast-forward of commits and tags outside refs/{tags,heads}/* is allowed, even in cases where what’s being fast-forwarded is not a commit, but a tag object which happens to point to a new commit which is a fast-forward of the commit the last tag (or commit) it’s replacing. Replacing a tag with an entirely different tag is also allowed, if it points to the same commit, as well as pushing a peeled tag, i.e. pushing the commit that existing tag object points to, or a new tag object which an existing commit points to.

Tree and blob objects outside of refs/{tags,heads}/* will be treated the same way as if they were inside refs/tags/*, any update of them will be rejected.

All of the rules described above about what’s not allowed as an update can be overridden by adding an the optional leading + to a refspec (or using --force command line option). The only exception to this is that no amount of forcing will make the refs/heads/* namespace accept a non-commit object. Hooks and configuration can also override or amend these rules, see e.g. receive.denyNonFastForwards in git-config[1] and pre-receive and update ingithooks[5].

Pushing an empty <src> allows you to delete the <dst> ref from the remote repository. Deletions are always accepted without a leading + in the refspec (or --force), except when forbidden by configuration or hooks. See receive.denyDeletes in git-config[1] and pre-receive and update in githooks[5].

The special refspec : (or +: to allow non-fast-forward updates) directs Git to push "matching" branches: for every branch that exists on the local side, the remote side is updated if a branch of the same name already exists on the remote side.

tag <tag> means the same as refs/tags/<tag>:refs/tags/<tag>.

--all

Push all branches (i.e. refs under refs/heads/); cannot be used with other <refspec>.

--prune

删除没有本地副本的远程分支。

例如git push --prune remote refs/heads/*:refs/tmp/* 将确保如果不存在refs/heads/foo，将删除远程refs/tmp/foo。

--mirror

Instead of naming each ref to push, specifies that all refs under refs/ (which includes but is not limited to refs/heads/, refs/remotes/, and refs/tags/) be mirrored to the remote repository. Newly created local refs will be pushed to the remote end, locally updated refs will be force updated on the remote end, and deleted refs will be removed from the remote end. This is the default if the configuration option remote.<remote>.mirror is set.

-n

--dry-run

Do everything except actually send the updates.

--porcelain

Produce machine-readable output. The output status line for each ref will be tab-separated and sent to stdout instead of stderr. The full symbolic names of the refs will be given.

-d

--delete

All listed refs are deleted from the remote repository. This is the same as prefixing all refs with a colon.

--tags

All refs under refs/tags are pushed, in addition to refspecs explicitly listed on the command line.

--follow-tags

Push all the refs that would be pushed without this option, and also push annotated tags in refs/tags that are missing from the remote but are pointing at commit-ish that are reachable from the refs being pushed. This can also be specified with configuration variable push.followTags. For more information, see push.followTags in git-config[1].

--[no-]signed

--signed=(true|false|if-asked)

GPG-sign the push request to update refs on the receiving side, to allow it to be checked by the hooks and/or be logged. If false or --no-signed, no signing will be attempted. If true or --signed, the push will fail if the server does not support signed pushes. If set to if-asked, sign if and only if the server supports signed pushes. The push will also fail if the actual call to gpg --signfails. See git-receive-pack[1] for the details on the receiving end.

--[no-]atomic

Use an atomic transaction on the remote side if available. Either all refs are updated, or on error, no refs are updated. If the server does not support atomic pushes the push will fail.

-o <option>

--push-option=<option>

Transmit the given string to the server, which passes them to the pre-receive as well as the post-receive hook. The given string must not contain a NUL or LF character. When multiple --push-option=<option> are given, they are all sent to the other side in the order listed on the command line. When no --push-option=<option> is given from the command line, the values of configuration variable push.pushOption are used instead.

--receive-pack=<git-receive-pack>

--exec=<git-receive-pack>

Path to the git-receive-pack program on the remote end. Sometimes useful when pushing to a remote repository over ssh, and you do not have the program in a directory on the default $PATH.

--[no-]force-with-lease

--force-with-lease=<refname>

--force-with-lease=<refname>:<expect>

Usually, "git push" refuses to update a remote ref that is not an ancestor of the local ref used to overwrite it.

This option overrides this restriction if the current value of the remote ref is the expected value. "git push" fails otherwise.

Imagine that you have to rebase what you have already published. You will have to bypass the "must fast-forward" rule in order to replace the history you originally published with the rebased history. If somebody else built on top of your original history while you are rebasing, the tip of the branch at the remote may advance with her commit, and blindly pushing with --force will lose her work.

This option allows you to say that you expect the history you are updating is what you rebased and want to replace. If the remote ref still points at the commit you specified, you can be sure that no other people did anything to the ref. It is like taking a "lease" on the ref without explicitly locking it, and the remote ref is updated only if the "lease" is still valid.

--force-with-lease alone, without specifying the details, will protect all remote refs that are going to be updated by requiring their current value to be the same as the remote-tracking branch we have for them.

--force-with-lease=<refname>, without specifying the expected value, will protect the named ref (alone), if it is going to be updated, by requiring its current value to be the same as the remote-tracking branch we have for it.

--force-with-lease=<refname>:<expect> will protect the named ref (alone), if it is going to be updated, by requiring its current value to be the same as the specified value <expect> (which is allowed to be different from the remote-tracking branch we have for the refname, or we do not even have to have such a remote-tracking branch when this form is used). If <expect> is the empty string, then the named ref must not already exist.

Note that all forms other than --force-with-lease=<refname>:<expect> that specifies the expected current value of the ref explicitly are still experimental and their semantics may change as we gain experience with this feature.

"--no-force-with-lease" will cancel all the previous --force-with-lease on the command line.

A general note on safety: supplying this option without an expected value, i.e. as --force-with-lease or --force-with-lease=<refname> interacts very badly with anything that implicitly runs git fetch on the remote to be pushed to in the background, e.g. git fetch origin on your repository in a cronjob.

The protection it offers over --force is ensuring that subsequent changes your work wasn’t based on aren’t clobbered, but this is trivially defeated if some background process is updating refs in the background. We don’t have anything except the remote tracking info to go by as a heuristic for refs you’re expected to have seen & are willing to clobber.

If your editor or some other system is running git fetch in the background for you a way to mitigate this is to simply set up another remote:

git remote add origin-push $(git config remote.origin.url)
git fetch origin-push

Now when the background process runs git fetch origin the references on origin-pushwon’t be updated, and thus commands like:

git push --force-with-lease origin-push

Will fail unless you manually run git fetch origin-push. This method is of course entirely defeated by something that runs git fetch --all, in that case you’d need to either disable it or do something more tedious like:

git fetch              # update 'master' from remote
git tag base master    # mark our base point
git rebase -i master   # rewrite some commits
git push --force-with-lease=master:base master:master

I.e. create a base tag for versions of the upstream code that you’ve seen and are willing to overwrite, then rewrite history, and finally force push changes to master if the remote version is still at base, regardless of what your local remotes/origin/master has been updated to in the background.

-f

--force

Usually, the command refuses to update a remote ref that is not an ancestor of the local ref used to overwrite it. Also, when --force-with-lease option is used, the command refuses to update a remote ref whose current value does not match what is expected.

This flag disables these checks, and can cause the remote repository to lose commits; use it with care.

Note that --force applies to all the refs that are pushed, hence using it with push.default set to matching or with multiple push destinations configured with remote.*.push may overwrite refs other than the current branch (including local refs that are strictly behind their remote counterpart). To force a push to only one branch, use a + in front of the refspec to push (e.g git push origin +master to force a push to the master branch). See the <refspec>... section above for details.

--repo=<repository>

This option is equivalent to the <repository> argument. If both are specified, the command-line argument takes precedence.

-u

--set-upstream

For every branch that is up to date or successfully pushed, add upstream (tracking) reference, used by argument-less git-pull[1] and other commands. For more information, see branch.<name>.mergein git-config[1].

--[no-]thin

These options are passed to git-send-pack[1]. A thin transfer significantly reduces the amount of sent data when the sender and receiver share many of the same objects in common. The default is --thin.

-q

--quiet

Suppress all output, including the listing of updated refs, unless an error occurs. Progress is not reported to the standard error stream.

-v

--verbose

Run verbosely.

--progress

Progress status is reported on the standard error stream by default when it is attached to a terminal, unless -q is specified. This flag forces progress status even if the standard error stream is not directed to a terminal.

--no-recurse-submodules

--recurse-submodules=check|on-demand|only|no

May be used to make sure all submodule commits used by the revisions to be pushed are available on a remote-tracking branch. If check is used Git will verify that all submodule commits that changed in the revisions to be pushed are available on at least one remote of the submodule. If any commits are missing the push will be aborted and exit with non-zero status. If on-demand is used all submodules that changed in the revisions to be pushed will be pushed. If on-demand was not able to push all necessary revisions it will also be aborted and exit with non-zero status. If only is used all submodules will be recursively pushed while the superproject is left unpushed. A value of no or using --no-recurse-submodules can be used to override the push.recurseSubmodules configuration variable when no submodule recursion is required.

--[no-]verify

Toggle the pre-push hook (see githooks[5]). The default is --verify, giving the hook a chance to prevent the push. With --no-verify, the hook is bypassed completely.

-4

--ipv4

Use IPv4 addresses only, ignoring IPv6 addresses.

-6

--ipv6

Use IPv6 addresses only, ignoring IPv4 addresses.