解析Flutter项目main.dart源码
经过本专栏的第一篇博文之后，相信大家对于Flutter的易开发性以及部署开发环境都有了一定的了解，那么今天我们主要接着上一篇的博文讲解，为什么main.dart的代码显示了上篇博文的界面，所以我们先来一步一步分析main.dart源码：
void main() => runApp(MyApp());
首先，我们打开main.dart文件之后，最上面的代码就是这一段，而void main()就是程序的入口函数，不管是学或C还是Java的都应该一眼就能看出来该函数的意思。
MyApp解析
接着是一段继承至StatelessWidget的MyApp类，代码如下：
class MyApp extends StatelessWidget {
// This widget is the root of your application.
@override
Widget build(BuildContext context) {
return MaterialApp(
title: 'Flutter Demo',
theme: ThemeData(
// This is the theme of your application.
//
// Try running your application with "flutter run". You'll see the
// application has a blue toolbar. Then, without quitting the app, try
// changing the primarySwatch below to Colors.green and then invoke
// "hot reload" (press "r" in the console where you ran "flutter run",
// or simply save your changes to "hot reload" in a Flutter IDE).
// Notice that the counter didn't reset back to zero; the application
// is not restarted.
primarySwatch: Colors.blue,
),
home: MyHomePage(title: 'Flutter Demo Home Page'),
);
}
}
这个类就相当与用Java编写Android时的Application类，StatelessWidget表示无状态控件（第三篇专门讲解dart语言），MaterialApp可以理解为ui的风格，而其中theme就是主题，比如primarySwatch表示主题色调，上面颜色为blue。
home: MyHomePage(title: 'Flutter Demo Home Page')
这段代码代表主页，主页的标题就是Flutter Demo Home Page，如下图所示：
MyHomePage 解析
既然有MyHomePage这个类，那么当然就有其实现，所以接下来的代码就是其MyHomePage类：
class MyHomePage extends StatefulWidget {
MyHomePage({Key key, this.title}) : super(key: key);
// This widget is the home page of your application. It is stateful, meaning
// that it has a State object (defined below) that contains fields that affect
// how it looks.
// This class is the configuration for the state. It holds the values (in this
// case the title) provided by the parent (in this case the App widget) and
// used by the build method of the State. Fields in a Widget subclass are
// always marked "final".
final String title;
@override
_MyHomePageState createState() => _MyHomePageState();
}
它继承至StatefulWidget，StatefulWidget与StatelessWidget相反，是一个有状态的控件，如果你的页面需要动态的更新UI，那么就必须继承这个StatefulWidget有状态的控件，相反，如果你只是静态的展示图片，文字等，就继承至StatelessWidget无状态控件就行。
MyHomePage({Key key, this.title}) : super(key: key);
接着就是这个构造函数，其中的title就是通过上面的MyHomePage(title: ‘Flutter Demo Home Page’)赋值的，而且只能赋值一次，因为他的类型为final String。
_MyHomePageState createState() => _MyHomePageState();
接下来就是上面这段代码，这里可以简单的理解为所有实现有状态控件StatefulWidget的类都必须重写该方法，而前面的“_”在dart语言中代表私有，类似于Java中的private，只能内部访问。
_MyHomePageState 解析
接着main.dart文件就是如下代码（这也是主页显示的详细控件代码集）：
class _MyHomePageState extends State<MyHomePage> {
int _counter = 0;
void _incrementCounter() {
setState(() {
// This call to setState tells the Flutter framework that something has
// changed in this State, which causes it to rerun the build method below
// so that the display can reflect the updated values. If we changed
// _counter without calling setState(), then the build method would not be
// called again, and so nothing would appear to happen.
_counter++;
});
}
@override
Widget build(BuildContext context) {
// This method is rerun every time setState is called, for instance as done
// by the _incrementCounter method above.
//
// The Flutter framework has been optimized to make rerunning build methods
// fast, so that you can just rebuild anything that needs updating rather
// than having to individually change instances of widgets.
return Scaffold(
appBar: AppBar(
// Here we take the value from the MyHomePage object that was created by
// the App.build method, and use it to set our appbar title.
title: Text(widget.title),
),
body: Center(
// Center is a layout widget. It takes a single child and positions it
// in the middle of the parent.
child: Column(
// Column is also a layout widget. It takes a list of children and
// arranges them vertically. By default, it sizes itself to fit its
// children horizontally, and tries to be as tall as its parent.
//
// Invoke "debug painting" (press "p" in the console, choose the
// "Toggle Debug Paint" action from the Flutter Inspector in Android
// Studio, or the "Toggle Debug Paint" command in Visual Studio Code)
// to see the wireframe for each widget.
//
// Column has various properties to control how it sizes itself and
// how it positions its children. Here we use mainAxisAlignment to
// center the children vertically; the main axis here is the vertical
// axis because Columns are vertical (the cross axis would be
// horizontal).
mainAxisAlignment: MainAxisAlignment.center,
children: <Widget>[
Text(
'You have pushed the button this many times:',
),
Text(
'$_counter',
style: Theme.of(context).textTheme.display1,
),
],
),
),
floatingActionButton: FloatingActionButton(
onPressed: _incrementCounter,
tooltip: 'Increment',
child: Icon(Icons.add),
), // This trailing comma makes auto-formatting nicer for build methods.
);
}
}
首先，我们看到该类定义了一个整形变量int _counter = 0;就是下图中点加号操作的变量，如下图所示：
接着就是一个私有的自增方法，用于点击按钮后，增加上面的整形变量值的操作（_counter++表示自增）：
void _incrementCounter() {
setState(() {
// This call to setState tells the Flutter framework that something has
// changed in this State, which causes it to rerun the build method below
// so that the display can reflect the updated values. If we changed
// _counter without calling setState(), then the build method would not be
// called again, and so nothing would appear to happen.
_counter++;
});
}
在接下来的代码就是我们主页的详细布局控件，详细代码如下：
@override
Widget build(BuildContext context) {
// This method is rerun every time setState is called, for instance as done
// by the _incrementCounter method above.
//
// The Flutter framework has been optimized to make rerunning build methods
// fast, so that you can just rebuild anything that needs updating rather
// than having to individually change instances of widgets.
return Scaffold(
appBar: AppBar(
// Here we take the value from the MyHomePage object that was created by
// the App.build method, and use it to set our appbar title.
title: Text(widget.title),
),
body: Center(
// Center is a layout widget. It takes a single child and positions it
// in the middle of the parent.
child: Column(
// Column is also a layout widget. It takes a list of children and
// arranges them vertically. By default, it sizes itself to fit its
// children horizontally, and tries to be as tall as its parent.
//
// Invoke "debug painting" (press "p" in the console, choose the
// "Toggle Debug Paint" action from the Flutter Inspector in Android
// Studio, or the "Toggle Debug Paint" command in Visual Studio Code)
// to see the wireframe for each widget.
//
// Column has various properties to control how it sizes itself and
// how it positions its children. Here we use mainAxisAlignment to
// center the children vertically; the main axis here is the vertical
// axis because Columns are vertical (the cross axis would be
// horizontal).
mainAxisAlignment: MainAxisAlignment.center,
children: <Widget>[
Text(
'You have pushed the button this many times:',
),
Text(
'$_counter',
style: Theme.of(context).textTheme.display1,
),
],
),
),
floatingActionButton: FloatingActionButton(
onPressed: _incrementCounter,
tooltip: 'Increment',
child: Icon(Icons.add),
), // This trailing comma makes auto-formatting nicer for build methods.
);
}
其中Scaffold可以看作是Material Design中的一个模板，通过它你可以定义appBar,body,drawer等控件。
appBar: AppBar(
// Here we take the value from the MyHomePage object that was created by
// the App.build method, and use it to set our appbar title.
title: Text(widget.title),
),
上面这段代码就是定义标题栏的，可以看到这里定义了标题栏的标题，就是MyHomePage刚传入进入的标题，widget其实就是MyHomePage。
body: Center(
// Center is a layout widget. It takes a single child and positions it
// in the middle of the parent.
child: Column(
// Column is also a layout widget. It takes a list of children and
// arranges them vertically. By default, it sizes itself to fit its
// children horizontally, and tries to be as tall as its parent.
//
// Invoke "debug painting" (press "p" in the console, choose the
// "Toggle Debug Paint" action from the Flutter Inspector in Android
// Studio, or the "Toggle Debug Paint" command in Visual Studio Code)
// to see the wireframe for each widget.
//
// Column has various properties to control how it sizes itself and
// how it positions its children. Here we use mainAxisAlignment to
// center the children vertically; the main axis here is the vertical
// axis because Columns are vertical (the cross axis would be
// horizontal).
mainAxisAlignment: MainAxisAlignment.center,
children: <Widget>[
Text(
'You have pushed the button this many times:',
),
Text(
'$_counter',
style: Theme.of(context).textTheme.display1,
),
],
),
),
紧接着就是body代码，相当于HTML中的内容，也相当于主页控件的内容，body:center代码内容居中，其中child定义的控件层级，Column代表一行，那么顾名思义Row就表示一列。
mainAxisAlignment: MainAxisAlignment.center,
这段代码，表示child内部控件也居中显示（mainAxisAlignment翻译成中文就是主轴对准的意思），children: 表示子控件，是一个List类型。
Text(
'You have pushed the button this many times:',
),
其中有一个文本，文本的内容是“You have pushed the button this many times:”
Text(
'$_counter',
style: Theme.of(context).textTheme.display1,
),
接着又是一个文本控件，显示开头类定义的一个私有的整形变量_counter，这里引用的方式与jQuery很像，其样式为style: Theme.of(context).textTheme.display1。
floatingActionButton: FloatingActionButton(
onPressed: _incrementCounter,
tooltip: 'Increment',
child: Icon(Icons.add),
), // This trailing comma makes auto-formatting nicer for build methods.
最后是一个自增的浮动按钮，在Java编写的Android程序中同样也有floatingActionButton控件，详细这里很好理解，这里定义了点击该按钮的操作方法onPressed:为上面自增的函数_incrementCounter，tooltip代表长按按钮显示的文字效果，这里为英文的自增。接着就是这个按钮的图标为child: Icon(Icons.add)。
以上就是main.dart的全部的代码，对于初学者来说，博主觉得有必要先理解源代码的意思，然后在学习dart语言，这样看起来就比较容易多了。
