Java设计模式（一） 观察者模式
1.天气预报项目需求
天气预报项目需求,具体要求如下：
1) 气象站可以将每天测量到的温度，湿度，气压等等以公告的形式发布出去(比如 发布到自己的网站或第三方)。
2) 需要设计开放型API，便于其他第三方也能接入气象站获取数据。
3) 提供温度、气压和湿度的接口
4) 测量数据更新时，要能实时的通知给第三方
2.设计方案
1）第三方主动获取：设计一个WeatherData类，实现getTemperature()、getPressure()、getHumidity()、dataChange()方法，第三方可以通过getXxx方法接入，并得到相关信息。如果数据更新，气象站WeatherData可以通过调用dataChange() 去更新数据，当第三方再次获取时，就能得到最新数据。
2)主动推送给第三方网站：设计一个第三方类CurrentConditions(假设是一个显示当前天气情况的网站)，实现update()和display()方法。当有数据更新时，WeatherData类调用setData()更新数据，在该方法内调用dataChange()，dataChange()方法内调用第三方的update()方法。
以推送方式为例，进行代码展示。
2.1创建第三方类CurrentConditions.java
CurrentConditions.java
/**
* 显示当前天气情况（可以理解成一个第三方网站）
*
*/
public class CurrentConditions {
// 温度，气压，湿度
private float temperature;
private float pressure;
private float humidity;
//更新 天气情况，是由 WeatherData 来调用，我使用推送模式
public void update(float temperature, float pressure, float humidity) {
this.temperature = temperature;
this.pressure = pressure;
this.humidity = humidity;
display();
}
//显示
public void display() {
System.out.println("***Today mTemperature: " + temperature + "***");
System.out.println("***Today mPressure: " + pressure + "***");
System.out.println("***Today mHumidity: " + humidity + "***");
}
}2.2 创建气象站的数据中心WeatherData.java
/**
* 1. 包含最新的天气情况信息
* 2. 含有 CurrentConditions 对象
* 3. 当数据有更新时，就主动的调用 CurrentConditions对象update方法(含 display), 这样接入方就看到最新的信息
*
*/
public class WeatherData {
private float temperatrue;
private float pressure;
private float humidity;
private CurrentConditions currentConditions;
public WeatherData(CurrentConditions currentConditions) {
this.currentConditions = currentConditions;
}
public float getTemperature() {
return temperatrue;
}
public float getPressure() {
return pressure;
}
public float getHumidity() {
return humidity;
}
public void dataChange() {
//调用 接入方的 update
currentConditions.update(getTemperature(), getPressure(), getHumidity());
}
//当数据有更新时，就调用 setData
public void setData(float temperature, float pressure, float humidity) {
this.temperatrue = temperature;
this.pressure = pressure;
this.humidity = humidity;
//调用dataChange，将最新的信息推送给接入方 currentConditions
dataChange();
}
}2.3测试类
public class Test {
public static void main(String[] args) {
//创建接入方 currentConditions
CurrentConditions currentConditions = new CurrentConditions();
//创建 WeatherData 并将 接入方 currentConditions 传递到 WeatherData中
WeatherData weatherData = new WeatherData(currentConditions);
//更新天气情况
weatherData.setData(30, 150, 40);
//天气情况变化
System.out.println("============天气情况变化=============");
weatherData.setData(40, 160, 20);
}
} 目前看起来似乎这种设计方式还OK，但是当第三方网站接入数量变多，比如说成百上千个第三方需要获取气象站的数据，并且可以第一时间获取天气变化那么这个时候我们就需要修改WeatherData类，首先就是new第三方对象，在WeatherData的构造方法中实例化这个对象，当数据变化时，还需要在dataChange()中调用这个第三方的update方法，所以还是挺不方便的。观察者模式恰好可以让设计者没有这个顾虑。
3.观察者模式
观察者模式又叫发布-订阅模式。观察者模式（Observer）定义了一种一对多的依赖关系，让多个观察者对象同时监听某一个主题对象。这个主题对象在状态发生变化时，会通知所有观察者对象，使它们能够自动更新自己。在天气预报项目需求中，如果气象局的数据更新了，那么就会通知所有接入的第三方网站，让他们更新各自所显示的数据。
下面通过一个UML图，来具体的描述一下观察者模式。
以天气预报为例，所有的第三方网站去实现Observer接口，WeatherData类去实现Subject接口，以及WeatherData类去管理所有的Observers。Observer和Subject之间是依赖关系，WeatherData和Observer之间是聚合关系（has-a），因为在WeatherData中含有观察者集合（ArrayList）。UML图如下。
Subject
//接口, 让WeatherData 来实现
public interface Subject {
public void registerObserver(Observer o);
public void removeObserver(Observer o);
public void notifyObservers();
}Observer
//观察者接口，有观察者来实现
public interface Observer {
public void update(float temperature, float pressure, float humidity);
}WeatherData
import java.util.ArrayList;
/**
* 类是核心
* 1. 包含最新的天气情况信息
* 2. 含有 观察者集合，使用ArrayList管理
* 3. 当数据有更新时，就主动的调用 ArrayList, 通知所有的（接入方）就看到最新的信息
* @author Administrator
*
*/
public class WeatherData implements Subject {
private float temperatrue;
private float pressure;
private float humidity;
//观察者集合
private ArrayList<Observer> observers;
//加入新的第三方
public WeatherData() {
observers = new ArrayList<Observer>();
}
public float getTemperature() {
return temperatrue;
}
public float getPressure() {
return pressure;
}
public float getHumidity() {
return humidity;
}
public void dataChange() {
//调用 接入方的 update
notifyObservers();
}
//当数据有更新时，就调用 setData
public void setData(float temperature, float pressure, float humidity) {
this.temperatrue = temperature;
this.pressure = pressure;
this.humidity = humidity;
//调用dataChange， 将最新的信息 推送给 接入方 currentConditions
dataChange();
}
//注册一个观察者
@Override
public void registerObserver(Observer o) {
// TODO Auto-generated method stub
observers.add(o);
}
//移除一个观察者
@Override
public void removeObserver(Observer o) {
// TODO Auto-generated method stub
if(observers.contains(o)) {
observers.remove(o);
}
}
//遍历所有的观察者，并通知
@Override
public void notifyObservers() {
// TODO Auto-generated method stub
for(int i = 0; i < observers.size(); i++) {
observers.get(i).update(this.temperatrue, this.pressure, this.humidity);
}
}
}CurrentConditions
public class CurrentConditions implements Observer {
// 温度，气压，湿度
private float temperature;
private float pressure;
private float humidity;
// 更新 天气情况，是由 WeatherData 来调用
public void update(float temperature, float pressure, float humidity) {
this.temperature = temperature;
this.pressure = pressure;
this.humidity = humidity;
display();
}
// 显示
public void display() {
System.out.println("***Today mTemperature: " + temperature + "***");
System.out.println("***Today mPressure: " + pressure + "***");
System.out.println("***Today mHumidity: " + humidity + "***");
}
}BaiduSite
public class BaiduSite implements Observer {
// 温度，气压，湿度
private float temperature;
private float pressure;
private float humidity;
// 更新 天气情况，是由 WeatherData 来调用
public void update(float temperature, float pressure, float humidity) {
this.temperature = temperature;
this.pressure = pressure;
this.humidity = humidity;
display();
}
// 显示
public void display() {
System.out.println("***百度网站 气温 : " + temperature + "***");
System.out.println("***百度网站 气压: " + pressure + "***");
System.out.println("***百度网站 湿度: " + humidity + "***");
}
}
Test
public class Client {
public static void main(String[] args) {
// TODO Auto-generated method stub
//创建一个WeatherData
WeatherData weatherData = new WeatherData();
//创建观察者
CurrentConditions currentConditions = new CurrentConditions();
BaiduSite baiduSite = new BaiduSite();
//注册到weatherData
weatherData.registerObserver(currentConditions);
weatherData.registerObserver(baiduSite);
//测试
weatherData.setData(38f, 140f, 32.3f);
//测试
weatherData.setData(29f, 120f, 36.3f);
}
} 使用观察者模式之后就不需要修改WeatherData类的代码，遵循开闭原则。
4.观察者模式在JDK的应用
Observable源码
package java.util;
/**
* This class represents an observable object, or "data"
* in the model-view paradigm. It can be subclassed to represent an
* object that the application wants to have observed.
* <p>
* An observable object can have one or more observers. An observer
* may be any object that implements interface <tt>Observer</tt>. After an
* observable instance changes, an application calling the
* <code>Observable</code>'s <code>notifyObservers</code> method
* causes all of its observers to be notified of the change by a call
* to their <code>update</code> method.
* <p>
* The order in which notifications will be delivered is unspecified.
* The default implementation provided in the Observable class will
* notify Observers in the order in which they registered interest, but
* subclasses may change this order, use no guaranteed order, deliver
* notifications on separate threads, or may guarantee that their
* subclass follows this order, as they choose.
* <p>
* Note that this notification mechanism has nothing to do with threads
* and is completely separate from the <tt>wait</tt> and <tt>notify</tt>
* mechanism of class <tt>Object</tt>.
* <p>
* When an observable object is newly created, its set of observers is
* empty. Two observers are considered the same if and only if the
* <tt>equals</tt> method returns true for them.
*
* @author Chris Warth
* @see java.util.Observable#notifyObservers()
* @see java.util.Observable#notifyObservers(java.lang.Object)
* @see java.util.Observer
* @see java.util.Observer#update(java.util.Observable, java.lang.Object)
* @since JDK1.0
*/
public class Observable {
private boolean changed = false;
private Vector<Observer> obs;
/** Construct an Observable with zero Observers. */
public Observable() {
obs = new Vector<>();
}
/**
* Adds an observer to the set of observers for this object, provided
* that it is not the same as some observer already in the set.
* The order in which notifications will be delivered to multiple
* observers is not specified. See the class comment.
*
* @param o an observer to be added.
* @throws NullPointerException if the parameter o is null.
*/
public synchronized void addObserver(Observer o) {
if (o == null)
throw new NullPointerException();
if (!obs.contains(o)) {
obs.addElement(o);
}
}
/**
* Deletes an observer from the set of observers of this object.
* Passing <CODE>null</CODE> to this method will have no effect.
* @param o the observer to be deleted.
*/
public synchronized void deleteObserver(Observer o) {
obs.removeElement(o);
}
/**
* If this object has changed, as indicated by the
* <code>hasChanged</code> method, then notify all of its observers
* and then call the <code>clearChanged</code> method to
* indicate that this object has no longer changed.
* <p>
* Each observer has its <code>update</code> method called with two
* arguments: this observable object and <code>null</code>. In other
* words, this method is equivalent to:
* <blockquote><tt>
* notifyObservers(null)</tt></blockquote>
*
* @see java.util.Observable#clearChanged()
* @see java.util.Observable#hasChanged()
* @see java.util.Observer#update(java.util.Observable, java.lang.Object)
*/
public void notifyObservers() {
notifyObservers(null);
}
/**
* If this object has changed, as indicated by the
* <code>hasChanged</code> method, then notify all of its observers
* and then call the <code>clearChanged</code> method to indicate
* that this object has no longer changed.
* <p>
* Each observer has its <code>update</code> method called with two
* arguments: this observable object and the <code>arg</code> argument.
*
* @param arg any object.
* @see java.util.Observable#clearChanged()
* @see java.util.Observable#hasChanged()
* @see java.util.Observer#update(java.util.Observable, java.lang.Object)
*/
public void notifyObservers(Object arg) {
/*
* a temporary array buffer, used as a snapshot of the state of
* current Observers.
*/
Object[] arrLocal;
synchronized (this) {
/* We don't want the Observer doing callbacks into
* arbitrary code while holding its own Monitor.
* The code where we extract each Observable from
* the Vector and store the state of the Observer
* needs synchronization, but notifying observers
* does not (should not). The worst result of any
* potential race-condition here is that:
* 1) a newly-added Observer will miss a
* notification in progress
* 2) a recently unregistered Observer will be
* wrongly notified when it doesn't care
*/
if (!changed)
return;
arrLocal = obs.toArray();
clearChanged();
}
for (int i = arrLocal.length-1; i>=0; i--)
((Observer)arrLocal[i]).update(this, arg);
}
/**
* Clears the observer list so that this object no longer has any observers.
*/
public synchronized void deleteObservers() {
obs.removeAllElements();
}
/**
* Marks this <tt>Observable</tt> object as having been changed; the
* <tt>hasChanged</tt> method will now return <tt>true</tt>.
*/
protected synchronized void setChanged() {
changed = true;
}
/**
* Indicates that this object has no longer changed, or that it has
* already notified all of its observers of its most recent change,
* so that the <tt>hasChanged</tt> method will now return <tt>false</tt>.
* This method is called automatically by the
* <code>notifyObservers</code> methods.
*
* @see java.util.Observable#notifyObservers()
* @see java.util.Observable#notifyObservers(java.lang.Object)
*/
protected synchronized void clearChanged() {
changed = false;
}
/**
* Tests if this object has changed.
*
* @return <code>true</code> if and only if the <code>setChanged</code>
* method has been called more recently than the
* <code>clearChanged</code> method on this object;
* <code>false</code> otherwise.
* @see java.util.Observable#clearChanged()
* @see java.util.Observable#setChanged()
*/
public synchronized boolean hasChanged() {
return changed;
}
/**
* Returns the number of observers of this <tt>Observable</tt> object.
*
* @return the number of observers of this object.
*/
public synchronized int countObservers() {
return obs.size();
}
} 需要注意的是，我们之前的例子是通过ArrayList去管理Observer类的，但是源码中使用的是Vector。这是因为Vector是线程安全的，在大多数方法都使用synchronized关键字修饰，arrayList是线程不安全的。
Observer源码
package java.util;
/**
* A class can implement the <code>Observer</code> interface when it
* wants to be informed of changes in observable objects.
*
* @author Chris Warth
* @see java.util.Observable
* @since JDK1.0
*/
public interface Observer {
/**
* This method is called whenever the observed object is changed. An
* application calls an <tt>Observable</tt> object's
* <code>notifyObservers</code> method to have all the object's
* observers notified of the change.
*
* @param o the observable object.
* @param arg an argument passed to the <code>notifyObservers</code>
* method.
*/
void update(Observable o, Object arg);
}Observable 的作用和地位等价于前面的Subject，不同的是Subject是接口。 Observable是个具体的类，Observer 的作用和地位等价于Observer，有update方法。
参考：
https://blog.csdn.net/u012771445/article/details/81273103
