drf-jwt认证组件、权限组件、频率组件的使用

drf-jwt认证组件、权限组件、频率组件的使用

三大认证流程图:

认证组件

在restframework中自带认证组件,而其自带的认证组件是如何认证校验的呢:

class BaseAuthentication:
    """
    All authentication classes should extend BaseAuthentication.
    所有身份验证类都应扩展BaseAuthentication。
    """

    def authenticate(self, request):
        """
        Authenticate the request and return a two-tuple of (user, token).
        验证请求并返回(user, token)的二元组。
        """
        raise NotImplementedError(".authenticate() must be overridden.")

    def authenticate_header(self, request):
        """
        Return a string to be used as the value of the `WWW-Authenticate`
        header in a `401 Unauthenticated` response, or `None` if the
        authentication scheme should return `403 Permission Denied` responses.
        
        返回一个字符串,用作“ 401 Unauthenticated”响应中的“ WWW-Authenticate”标头的值;如果身份验证方案应返回“ 403 Permission Denied”响应,则返回“ None”。
        """
        pass


class BasicAuthentication(BaseAuthentication):
    """
    HTTP Basic authentication against username/password.
    针对用户名/密码的HTTP基本身份验证。
    """
    www_authenticate_realm = 'api'

    def authenticate(self, request):
        """
        Returns a `User` if a correct username and password have been supplied
        using HTTP Basic authentication.  Otherwise returns `None`.
        如果使用HTTP Basic身份验证提供了正确的用户名和密码,则返回“用户”。 否则返回“无”。
        """
        auth = get_authorization_header(request).split()#按空格拆分,拆分的结果长度为2才合法

        if not auth or auth[0].lower() != b'basic':#auth的结构大致是“basic abc.def.hig ”
            #如果没有token,认证方法直接返回None,代表游客方式访问
            return None

        #判断auth是否被切成了两份
        if len(auth) == 1:
            msg = _('Invalid basic header. No credentials provided.')
            raise exceptions.AuthenticationFailed(msg)
        elif len(auth) > 2:
            msg = _('Invalid basic header. Credentials string should not contain spaces.')
            raise exceptions.AuthenticationFailed(msg)
        #作用:当提交的token格式有误则抛出异常,(非法用户访问,可用于反爬)
        try:
            #反解token(auth是被查分的列表,0是头,1是token)
            auth_parts = base64.b64decode(auth[1]).decode(HTTP_HEADER_ENCODING).partition(':')
        except (TypeError, UnicodeDecodeError, binascii.Error):
            msg = _('Invalid basic header. Credentials not correctly base64 encoded.')
            raise exceptions.AuthenticationFailed(msg)
            #如果反解失败则抛出异常,代表该用户是非法用户

        userid, password = auth_parts[0], auth_parts[2]
        return self.authenticate_credentials(userid, password, request)
        #token反解成功,返回(user,token)组成的元组,代表合法用户
        #元组0位的user会被存储到request.user中
        #元组1位的token会被存储到request.auth中,通常也可以不保存,所以可以用none填充。
        
    def authenticate_credentials(self, userid, password, request=None):
        """
        Authenticate the userid and password against username and password
        with optional request for context.
        针对用户名和密码对用户标识和密码进行身份验证,并提供可选的上下文请求。
        """
        credentials = {
            get_user_model().USERNAME_FIELD: userid,
            'password': password
        }
        user = authenticate(request=request, **credentials)

        if user is None:
            raise exceptions.AuthenticationFailed(_('Invalid username/password.'))

        if not user.is_active:
            raise exceptions.AuthenticationFailed(_('User inactive or deleted.'))

        return (user, None)

    def authenticate_header(self, request):
        return 'Basic realm="%s"' % self.www_authenticate_realm

这里我们不采用rest-framework的身份认证组件而是采用drf-jwt框架的认证组件,下面看一下相关源码:

class BaseJSONWebTokenAuthentication(BaseAuthentication):
    """
    Token based authentication using the JSON Web Token standard.
    """

    def authenticate(self, request):
        """
        Returns a two-tuple of `User` and token if a valid signature has been
        supplied using JWT-based authentication.  Otherwise returns `None`.
        """
        jwt_value = self.get_jwt_value(request)
        #从请求中拿出token
        if jwt_value is None:
            return None
        #如果没有token则返回None,以游客方式访问
        

        #反解token,反解失败,抛出异常,用户为非法用户;反解成功则反解的数据就是载荷,存放在payload中
        try:
            payload = jwt_decode_handler(jwt_value)
        except jwt.ExpiredSignature:
            msg = _('Signature has expired.')
            raise exceptions.AuthenticationFailed(msg)
        except jwt.DecodeError:
            msg = _('Error decoding signature.')
            raise exceptions.AuthenticationFailed(msg)
        except jwt.InvalidTokenError:
            raise exceptions.AuthenticationFailed()

            #载荷校验得到登录用户
        user = self.authenticate_credentials(payload)

        #得到登录用户,返回(user,token)
        return (user, jwt_value)

    def authenticate_credentials(self, payload):
        """
        Returns an active user that matches the payload's user id and email.
        """
        User = get_user_model()
        username = jwt_get_username_from_payload(payload)

        if not username:
            msg = _('Invalid payload.')
            raise exceptions.AuthenticationFailed(msg)

        try:
            user = User.objects.get_by_natural_key(username)
        except User.DoesNotExist:
            msg = _('Invalid signature.')
            raise exceptions.AuthenticationFailed(msg)

        if not user.is_active:
            msg = _('User account is disabled.')
            raise exceptions.AuthenticationFailed(msg)

        return user


class JSONWebTokenAuthentication(BaseJSONWebTokenAuthentication):
    """
    Clients should authenticate by passing the token key in the "Authorization"
    HTTP header, prepended with the string specified in the setting
    `JWT_AUTH_HEADER_PREFIX`. For example:

        Authorization: JWT eyJhbGciOiAiSFMyNTYiLCAidHlwIj
    """
    www_authenticate_realm = 'api'

    def get_jwt_value(self, request):
        auth = get_authorization_header(request).split()
        auth_header_prefix = api_settings.JWT_AUTH_HEADER_PREFIX.lower()
#这里的校验和rest-framework类似
        if not auth:
            if api_settings.JWT_AUTH_COOKIE:
                return request.COOKIES.get(api_settings.JWT_AUTH_COOKIE)
            return None

        if smart_text(auth[0].lower()) != auth_header_prefix:
            return None

        if len(auth) == 1:
            msg = _('Invalid Authorization header. No credentials provided.')
            raise exceptions.AuthenticationFailed(msg)
        elif len(auth) > 2:
            msg = _('Invalid Authorization header. Credentials string '
                    'should not contain spaces.')
            raise exceptions.AuthenticationFailed(msg)

        return auth[1]

    def authenticate_header(self, request):
        """
        Return a string to be used as the value of the `WWW-Authenticate`
        header in a `401 Unauthenticated` response, or `None` if the
        authentication scheme should return `403 Permission Denied` responses.
        """
        return '{0} realm="{1}"'.format(api_settings.JWT_AUTH_HEADER_PREFIX, self.www_authenticate_realm)

我们还可以自定义认证组件,方法是自己新建一个authentications文件,然后重写校验代码,并在settings中进行配置,但是我们一般不采用自定义的方法而是使用drf-jwt认证组件进行身份认证。由于身份认证只是判断一下来访问的客户端是什么身份,并不做其他的处理,所以我们一般需要对其进行全局配置,因为所有来访问的人是什么身份,以便权限组件进行用户权限的处理。

认证组件的全局配置:

'''
1.settings文件全局配置drf-jwt框架的认证类
REST_FRAMEWORK = {
    # 认证组件
    'DEFAULT_AUTHENTICATION_CLASSES': [
        'rest_framework_jwt.authentication.JSONWebTokenAuthentication'
    ],
}

2.在自定义的authentications文件中导入认证组件
from rest_framework_jwt.authentication import JSONWebTokenAuthentication
class MyAuthentication(JSONWebTokenAuthentication):
    def authenticate(self, request):
        """
        1) 从请求头中拿到前台提交的token(一般从HTTP_AUTHORIZATION中拿,也可以与前台约定)
              -- 如果设置了反爬等措施,校验一下反爬(头 token)
        2)没有token,返回None,代表游客
        3)有token,进入校验
              -- 不通过:抛AuthenticationFailed异常,代表非法用户
              -- 通过:返回 (user, token),代表合法用户
        """
        pass#这里的pass相当于return None
'''

自定义认证类的步骤:

# 自定义认证类
# 1) 如果使用session认证,drf默认提供了SessionAuthentication
# 2) 如果使用drf-jwt认证框架,drf-jwt框架提供了JSONWebTokenAuthentication
# 3) 如果是自定义签发与校验token,才需要将校验token的算法封装到自定义的认证类中
from rest_framework.authentication import BaseAuthentication
class MyAuthentication(BaseAuthentication):
    def authenticate(self, request):
      
        pass#这里的pass相当于return None

权限组件

权限组件的校验套路都是一样的,如果验证通过就return True,如不通过就return False。

class AllowAny(BasePermission):
    """
    Allow any access.
    This isn't strictly required, since you could use an empty
    permission_classes list, but it's useful because it makes the intention
    more explicit.
    """

    def has_permission(self, request, view):
        return True
drf默认提供了一些权限类:
AllowAny:游客和登录用户有全权限
IsAuthenticated:只有登录用户有全权限
IsAdminUser:只有后台用户(admin用户)有全权限
IsAuthenticatedOrReadOnly:游客有读权限,登录用户有全权限

权限组件为我们提供的校验功能是有限的,我们可以自定义自己的校验功能。自定义权限类的步骤如下:

1.新建自己的permissions文件,定义自己的校验类并继承BasePermission类

from rest_framework.permissions import BasePermission

"""如果有特殊需要,需要自定义权限类
    如:只有superuser有权限、只有vip用户有权限、只有某ip网段用户有权限、只有某个视图及其子类有权限
"""
class MyPermission(BasePermission):
    def has_permission(self, request, view):
        """
        1) 根据需求,request和view的辅助,制定权限规则判断条件
        2)如果条件通过,返回True
        3)如果条件不通过,返回False
        """
        print(request.user, request.auth)
        return False

# VIP用户权限
class VIPUserPermission(BasePermission):
    def has_permission(self, request, view):
        for group in request.user.groups.all():
            if group.name.lower() == 'vip':#如果用户的group是vip则校验通过,否则不通过。
                return True
        return False

我们还可结合权限组件的权限类使用,方法:

from rest_framework.permissions import IsAuthenticated, IsAdminUser, AllowAny, IsAuthenticatedOrReadOnly
    permission_classes = [IsAuthenticated]
    permission_classes = [IsAdminUser]#这里是在重写APIView的权限校验属性,属于局部配置。如果我们需要添加多个权限类则直接在中括号内添加。

直接将对应的类导入进行属性添加即可。

频率组件

  # 频率组件:频率类一般做局部配置,但是频率调节在settings中配置
    'DEFAULT_THROTTLE_RATES': {
        'user': '5/min',
        'anon': '3/min',
        'mobile': '1/min'
    },

drf-jwt签发token源码分析

# drf-jwt自定义配置
import datetime

JWT_AUTH = {
    # 过期时间
    'JWT_EXPIRATION_DELTA': datetime.timedelta(seconds=300),
    # 是否允许刷新
    'JWT_ALLOW_REFRESH': False,
    # 最大刷新的过期时间
    'JWT_REFRESH_EXPIRATION_DELTA': datetime.timedelta(days=7),
}

自定义签发token实现多方式登录

源码分析

首先我们来分析一下rest-framework-jwt签发token的代码:

class JSONWebTokenSerializer(Serializer):
    """
    Serializer class used to validate a username and password.

    'username' is identified by the custom UserModel.USERNAME_FIELD.

    Returns a JSON Web Token that can be used to authenticate later calls.
    """
    def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
        """
        Dynamically add the USERNAME_FIELD to self.fields.
        """
        super(JSONWebTokenSerializer, self).__init__(*args, **kwargs)
        #jwt的校验规则只校验username和password
        self.fields[self.username_field] = serializers.CharField()
        self.fields['password'] = PasswordField(write_only=True)

    @property
    def username_field(self):
        return get_username_field()

    def validate(self, attrs):
        #将username和password包装到字典中
        credentials = {
            self.username_field: attrs.get(self.username_field),
            'password': attrs.get('password')
        }

        #用auth组件的authenticate方法进行校验,该方法也只能校验username和password
        if all(credentials.values()):
            user = authenticate(**credentials)
            
            #判断用户是否激活
            if user:
                if not user.is_active:
                    msg = _('User account is disabled.')
                    raise serializers.ValidationError(msg)
                
                #将激活的用户添加到载荷中
                payload = jwt_payload_handler(user)
                
                #将token和user存放在serializer对象中
                return {
                    'token': jwt_encode_handler(payload),#签发token字符串
                    'user': user
                }
            else:
                msg = _('Unable to log in with provided credentials.')
                raise serializers.ValidationError(msg)
        else:
            msg = _('Must include "{username_field}" and "password".')
            msg = msg.format(username_field=self.username_field)
            raise serializers.ValidationError(msg)

通过上面源码我们可以总结drf-jwt签发token的步骤如下:

  1. username、password通过auth组件的authenticate方法得到user对象

  2. user对象通过drf-jwt框架的jwt_payload_handler函数包装payload载荷

  3. payload载荷通过drf-jwt框架的jwt_encode_handler函数签发token字符串

    注:我们可以借助jwt_payload_handler和jwt_encode_handler两个函数完成自定义jws-token的签发。

多方式登陆签发token实例

# 多方式登录
#视图类
from rest_framework.views import APIView
class LoginAPIView(APIView):
    """ 重点
    1)token只能由登录接口签发
    2)登录接口也是APIView的子类,使用一定会进行认证、权限组件的校验
    结论:不管系统默认、或是全局settings配置的是何认证与权限组件,登录接口不用参与任何认证与权限的校验
    所以,登录接口一定要进行认证与权限的局部禁用
    """
    authentication_classes = []
    pagination_class = []

    def post(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
        serializer = serializers.LoginModelSerializer(data=request.data)
        serializer.is_valid(raise_exception=True)  # 内部在全局钩子中完成token的签发
        return APIResponse(results={
            'username': serializer.content.get('user').username,
            'token': serializer.content.get('token')
        })

  

 #序列化类 
from rest_framework_jwt.serializers import jwt_payload_handler, jwt_encode_handler
import re
class LoginModelSerializer(serializers.ModelSerializer):
    # post请求,序列化默认当做create动作进行校验,需要校验数据库,create动作username会抛用户已存在异常
    # 抛用户已存在异常是多余的,所以自定义系统校验规则即可
    username = serializers.CharField(min_length=3, max_length=16)
    password = serializers.CharField(min_length=3, max_length=16)
    class Meta:
        model = models.User
        fields = ('username', 'password')

    # 用全局钩子,完成token的签发
    def validate(self, attrs):
        # 1)通过 username 和 password 完成多方式登录校验,得到user对象
        user = self._validate_user(attrs)
        # 2)user对象包装payload载荷
        payload = jwt_payload_handler(user)
        # 3)payload载荷签发token
        token = jwt_encode_handler(payload)
        # 4)将user与token存储到serializer对象中,方便在视图类中使用
        self.content = {
            'user': user,
            'token': token
        }
        return attrs

    def _validate_user(self, attrs):
        username = attrs.get('username')
        password = attrs.get('password')

        if re.match(r'.*@.*', username):  # 邮箱
            user = models.User.objects.filter(email=username).first()  # type: models.User
        elif re.match(r'^1[3-9][0-9]{9}$', username):  # 电话
            user = models.User.objects.filter(mobile=username).first()
        else:  # 用户名
            user = models.User.objects.filter(username=username).first()

        if not user or not user.check_password(password):
            raise serializers.ValidationError({'message': '用户信息异常'})


"""

频率组件

AnonRateThrottle:只对游客进行频率限制
UserRateThrottle:对所有用户进行频率限制

看一下频率组件的源码:

class AnonRateThrottle(SimpleRateThrottle):
    """
    Limits the rate of API calls that may be made by a anonymous users.

    The IP address of the request will be used as the unique cache key.
    限制匿名用户可能进行的API调用的速率。

     请求的IP地址将用作唯一的缓存密钥。
    """
    scope = 'anon'

    def get_cache_key(self, request, view):
        if request.user.is_authenticated:
            #登录用户返回none代表登录用户可以无限次访问,我们可以重新在settings中配置需要限制的频率
            return None  # Only throttle unauthenticated requests.

        return self.cache_format % {
            #匿名用户,返回一个与当前匿名用户有关的字符串
            'scope': self.scope,
            'ident': self.get_ident(request)
        }

# 配置drf自带的频率类
'DEFAULT_THROTTLE_CLASSES': [],
#在settings文件中全局配置
from rest_framework.throttling import AnonRateThrottle, UserRateThrottle
throttle_classes = [UserRateThrottle]
#在视图类中局部配置
#在我们的settings文件中的REST_FRAMEWORK中进行如下频率配置
'DEFAULT_THROTTLE_RATES': {
        'user': '5/min',#自定义已登录用户每分钟访问次数
        'anon': '3/min',#自定义匿名用户每分钟访问次数
        'mobile': '1/min'
    },

自定义频率类

在实际应用中如对ip进行限次、对电话进行限次、对视图某些信息进行限次我们需要自定义频率类。

以手机号为例:

from rest_framework.throttling import SimpleRateThrottle

class MobileRateThrottle(SimpleRateThrottle):
    """
    1)设置scope字符串类属性,同时在settings中进行drf配置DEFAULT_THROTTLE_RATES
        eg: DEFAULT_THROTTLE_RATES = {'mobile': '1/min'}
    2)重写get_catch_key方法:
        返回与限制条件有关的字符串,表示限制
        返回None,表示不限制
    """
    scope = 'mobile'
    def get_cache_key(self, request, view):
        if not request.user.is_authenticated or not request.user.mobile:
            return None  # 匿名用户 或 没有电话号的用户 都不限制

        # 只要有电话号的用户踩进行限制
        return self.cache_format % {
            'scope': self.scope,
            'ident': request.user.mobile
        }

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转载自www.cnblogs.com/ghylpb/p/12142751.html