主 机：VMWare--Ubuntu-16.04.2-x64-100ask
开发板：Mini2440--256M NandFlash, 2M NorFlash, 64M SDRAM, LCD-TD35;
bootlorder:u-boot1.16, Kernel:4.3.2;
编译器：arm-linux-gcc-4.3.2
1、查看原来mini2440开发板的数据
SMDK2410 # print
baudrate=115200
bootargs=console=ttySAC0,115200 root=/dev/nfs nfsroot=192.168.1.105:/work/nfs_root/fs_mini_mdev_new ip=192.168.1.44:192.168.1.105:192.168.1.1:255.255.255.0::eth0:off
bootcmd=nand read.jffs2 0x30007FC0 kernel; bootm 0x30007FC0
bootdelay=10
ethact=dm9000
ethaddr=08:00:3e:26:0a:5b
fileaddr=30000000
filesize=791340
ipaddr=192.168.1.44
machid=7cf
mtddevname=u-boot
mtddevnum=0
mtdids=nand0=jz2440-0
mtdparts=mtdparts=jz2440-0:256k(u-boot),128k(params),2m(kernel),-(rootfs)
netmask=255.255.255.0
partition=nand0,0
serverip=192.168.1.105
stderr=serial
stdin=serial
stdout=serial
Environment size: 631/131068 bytes
SMDK2410 # set bootargs noinitrd console=ttySAC0,115200 root=/dev/nfs nfsroot=192.168.0.106:/work/nfs_root/fs_mini_mdev_new ip=192.168.0.44:192.168.0.106:192.168.0.1:255.255.255.0::eth0:off
SMDK2410 # save
SMDK2410 # set serverip 192.168.0.106
SMDK2410 # save
set bootargs noinitrd console=ttySAC0,115200 root=/dev/nfs nfsroot=192.168.0.101:/work/nfs_root/fs_mini_mdev_new ip=192.168.0.44:192.168.0.101:192.168.0.1:255.255.255.0::eth0:off
nfs 32000000 192.168.0.101:/work/nfs_root/uImage_lcd_3th; bootm 32000000
set bootargs noinitrd console=ttySAC0,115200 root=/dev/nfs nfsroot=192.168.0.106:/work/nfs_root/fs_mini_mdev_new ip=192.168.0.44:192.168.0.106:192.168.0.1:255.255.255.0::eth0:off
nfs 32000000 192.168.0.106:/work/nfs_root/uImage_lcd_3th; bootm 32000000
2.操作笔记
2. Configuration
2.1. Building and target system
To configure for cross-build, the options `--host=<system>' and
`--build=<system>' must be passed to configure. For example, if
your building system is FreeBSD/i386 and the target system is
Linux/MIPS, say
./configure \
--build=i386-unknown-freebsd \
--host=mips-ip22-linuxelf \
[other options]
2.2. The prefix to install FreeType2
Setting `--prefix=<prefix>' properly is important. The prefix
to install FreeType2 is written into the freetype-config script
and freetype2.pc configuration file.
If the built FreeType 2 library is used as a part of the
cross-building system, the prefix is expected to be different
from the self-building system. For example, configuration with
`--prefix=/usr/local' installs binaries into the system wide
`/usr/local' directory which then can't be executed.
翻译：
安装FreeType2的前缀正确设置'——prefix=<prefix>'非常重要。安装FreeType2的前缀被写入
到freetype-config脚本和FreeType2.pc配置文件中。
如果构建的FreeType 2库用作交叉构建系统的一部分，那么前缀应该与自构建系统不同。例如，
带有“--prefix=/usr/local”的配置将二进制文件安装到系统范围的“/usr/local”目录中，然后
无法执行该目录。这将导致使用FreeType2的所有应用程序的配置混乱。相反，使用前缀将交叉构建安
装到单独的系统树中，例如，'——prefix=/usr/local/mips-ip22-linux/'。
另一方面，如果构建的FreeType2用作目标系统的一部分，则安装的前缀应该反映目标系统的文件系统结构。
4. Installation
Saying
make install
In such cases, the make variable `DESTDIR' is useful to change the root
directory in the installation. For example, after
make DESTDIR=/mnt/target_system_root/ install
2.1配置时的参数项设置
解释：
.configure --host=arm-linux //表示编译出来的程序是在arm开发板的linux系统下使用，;
--build=... //build表示PC机，一般不用管;
--prefix= //若无此项，默认安装在根目录/的/usr/local目录(供PC机使用)下，若想按照到交叉编译工具链(供arm开发板使用)，则：
需要前缀安装到该目录？
编译出来的头文件应该放入:
/usr/local/arm/4.3.2/arm-none-linux-gnueabi/libc/usr/include
编译出来的库文件应该放入：
/usr/local/arm/4.3.2/arm-none-linux-gnueabi/libc/armv4t/lib
一般来说，lib和include的目录应该是一样的，即都是/usr/local/arm/4.3.2/arm-none-linux-gnueabi/libc/ usr/或armv4t/，则只需要添加：
--prefix=/usr/local/arm/4.3.2/arm-none-linux-gnueabi/libc/ usr/或armv4t/
即可。
但我们的编译工具链里面头文件和库文件的目录不一样，因此我们只能自己复制，如此就无需再前缀--prefix=。先把它们编译出来，然后再分
别copy到这些目录里面去。安装的时候，先安装到一个临时目录。
示例：
./configure --host=arm-linux
make
make DESTDIR=$PWD/tmp install //$PWD为当前的.../freetype-2.4.10目录; tmp为临时创建的目录;
2.2安装
把tmp/usr/local/lib/* 复制到 /usr/local/arm/4.3.2/arm-none-linux-gnueabi/libc/armv4t/lib
sudo cp * /usr/local/arm/4.3.2/arm-none-linux-gnueabi/libc/armv4t/lib -d -rf
cp *so* /work/nfs_root/fs_mini_mdev_new/lib -d
把tmp/usr/local/include/* 复制到 /usr/local/arm/4.3.2/arm-none-linux-gnueabi/libc/usr/include
cp * /usr/local/arm/4.3.2/arm-none-linux-gnueabi/libc/usr/include -rf
cd /usr/local/arm/4.3.2/arm-none-linux-gnueabi/libc/usr/include
mv freetype2/freetype .
如此，便已交叉编译了我们的freetype-2.4.10并安装(freetype-2.4.10的头文件和库文件)到交叉编译工具链里面去了。
arm-linux-gcc -finput-charset=GBK -o example1 example1.c -lfreetype -lm //前缀-finput-charset=GBK 必须在-o前面;
arm-linux-gcc -finput-charset=GBK -o show_font show_font.c -lfreetype -lm
注意：-finput-charset=GBK必须添加，否则'韦'字将打印成'T'字符;
3、上机操作
--------------------------------
一、在arm终端显示汉字字体
[email protected]:/usr/local/arm/4.3.2/bin$ echo $PATH
/home/book/bin:/home/book/.local/bin:/usr/local/sbin:/usr/local/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin:/sbin:/bin:/usr/games:/usr/local/games:/usr/local/arm/4.3.2/bin:/snap/bin
[email protected]:/usr/local/arm/4.3.2/bin$ cd /usr/local/arm/4.3.2/
[email protected]:/usr/local/arm/4.3.2$ ls
arm-none-linux-gnueabi bin lib libexec share
[email protected]:/usr/local/arm/4.3.2$ find -name include
./arm-none-linux-gnueabi/include
./arm-none-linux-gnueabi/libc/usr/include
./lib/gcc/arm-none-linux-gnueabi/4.3.2/include
./lib/gcc/arm-none-linux-gnueabi/4.3.2/install-tools/include
[email protected]:/usr/local/arm/4.3.2$ find -name stdio.h
./arm-none-linux-gnueabi/include/c++/4.3.2/tr1/stdio.h
./arm-none-linux-gnueabi/libc/usr/include/stdio.h
./arm-none-linux-gnueabi/libc/usr/include/bits/stdio.h
[email protected]:/usr/local/arm/4.3.2$ cd ./arm-none-linux-gnueabi/libc/usr/include/
[email protected]:/usr/local/arm/4.3.2/arm-none-linux-gnueabi/libc/usr/include$ pwd
/usr/local/arm/4.3.2/arm-none-linux-gnueabi/libc/usr/include
[email protected]:/usr/local/arm/4.3.2/arm-none-linux-gnueabi/libc/usr/include$ find -name lib
[email protected]:/usr/local/arm/4.3.2/arm-none-linux-gnueabi/libc/usr/include$ cd /usr/local/arm/
[email protected]:/usr/local/arm$ find -name lib
./4.3.2/arm-none-linux-gnueabi/lib
./4.3.2/arm-none-linux-gnueabi/libc/thumb2/usr/lib
./4.3.2/arm-none-linux-gnueabi/libc/thumb2/lib
./4.3.2/arm-none-linux-gnueabi/libc/usr/lib
./4.3.2/arm-none-linux-gnueabi/libc/armv4t/usr/lib
./4.3.2/arm-none-linux-gnueabi/libc/armv4t/lib
./4.3.2/arm-none-linux-gnueabi/libc/lib
./4.3.2/lib
[email protected]:/usr/local/arm$ cd ./4.3.2/arm-none-linux-gnueabi/libc/armv4t/
[email protected]:/usr/local/arm/4.3.2/arm-none-linux-gnueabi/libc/armv4t$ ls
etc lib sbin usr
[email protected]:/usr/local/arm/4.3.2/arm-none-linux-gnueabi/libc/armv4t$ pwd
/usr/local/arm/4.3.2/arm-none-linux-gnueabi/libc/armv4t
[email protected]:~/workbook/mini2440/3th_project/2.3freetype$ cd freetype-2.4.10
[email protected]:~/workbook/mini2440/3th_project/2.3freetype/freetype-2.4.10$ ./configure --host=arm-linux
...省略打印信息...
[email protected]:~/workbook/mini2440/3th_project/2.3freetype/freetype-2.4.10$ make
...省略打印信息...
[email protected]:~/workbook/mini2440/3th_project/2.3freetype/freetype-2.4.10$ pwd
/home/book/workbook/mini2440/3th_project/2.3freetype/freetype-2.4.10
[email protected]:~/workbook/mini2440/3th_project/2.3freetype/freetype-2.4.10$ ls -l tmp
ls: cannot access 'tmp': No such file or directory
[email protected]:~/workbook/mini2440/3th_project/2.3freetype/freetype-2.4.10$ make DESTDIR=$PWD/tmp install
...省略打印信息...
[email protected]:~/workbook/mini2440/3th_project/2.3freetype/freetype-2.4.10/tmp/usr/local$ ls
bin include lib share
[email protected]:~/workbook/mini2440/3th_project/2.3freetype/freetype-2.4.10/tmp/usr/local$ sudo cp lib/* /usr/local/arm/4.3.2/arm-none-linux-gnueabi/libc/armv4t/lib -d -rf
[sudo] password for book:
[email protected]:~/workbook/mini2440/3th_project/2.3freetype/freetype-2.4.10/tmp/usr/local$ sudo cp include/* /usr/local/arm/4.3.2/arm-none-linux-gnueabi/libc/usr/include -rf
如此，便已交叉编译了我们的freetype-2.4.10并安装(freetype-2.4.10的头文件和库文件)到交叉编译工具链里面去了。然后，
编译一下我们的测试程序example1.c，看是否可以编译成功。
[email protected]:~/workbook/mini2440/3th_project/2.3freetype/02th_arm/01th$ arm-linux-gcc -o example1 example1.c
In file included from example1.c:12:
/usr/local/arm/4.3.2/bin/../arm-none-linux-gnueabi/libc/usr/include/ft2build.h:56:38: error: freetype/config/ftheader.h: No such file or directory
解决：
ft2build.h文件要用的文件ftheader.h(freetype/config/ftheader.h)的实际位置是：
freetype2/freetype/config/ftheader.h
方法1：
指定目录
gcc -o example1 example1.c -I /usr/local/arm/4.3.2/arm-none-linux-gnueabi/libc/usr/include/freetype2 -lfreetype -lm
方法2：直接移动/freetype到/include下：
[email protected]:/usr/local/arm/4.3.2/arm-none-linux-gnueabi/libc/usr/include$ mv freetype2/freetype .
mv: cannot move 'freetype2/freetype' to './freetype': Permission denied
[email protected]:/usr/local/arm/4.3.2/arm-none-linux-gnueabi/libc/usr/include$ sudo mv freetype2/freetype .
[sudo] password for book:
[email protected]:/usr/local/arm/4.3.2/arm-none-linux-gnueabi/libc/usr/include$ find -name ftheader.h
./freetype/config/ftheader.h
[email protected]:~/workbook/mini2440/3th_project/2.3freetype/02th_arm/01th$ arm-linux-gcc -o example1 example1.c
/tmp/ccKxTYqr.o: In function `main':
example1.c:(.text+0x384): undefined reference to `FT_Init_FreeType'
example1.c:(.text+0x3b4): undefined reference to `FT_New_Face'
...问题：函数未定义
example1.c:(.text+0x3e8): undefined reference to `cos'
example1.c:(.text+0x438): undefined reference to `sin'
...数学函数未定义
函数未定义，加上动态库即可 -lfreetype;
数学函数未定义，加上数学库即可 -lm;
[email protected]:~/workbook/mini2440/3th_project/2.3freetype/02th_arm/01th$ arm-linux-gcc -o example1 example1.c -lfreetype
/tmp/ccMKLujp.o: In function `main':
example1.c:(.text+0x3e8): undefined reference to `cos'
...
[email protected]:~/workbook/mini2440/3th_project/2.3freetype/02th_arm/01th$ arm-linux-gcc -o example1 example1.c -lfreetype -lm
[email protected]:~/workbook/mini2440/3th_project/2.3freetype$ sudo cp simsun.ttc /work/nfs_root/fs_mini_mdev_new/driver_test3/2.3freetype/
[sudo] password for book:
[email protected]:~/workbook/mini2440/3th_project/2.3freetype$ ls
01th_pc 02th_arm freetype-2.4.10 freetype-2.4.10_pc freetype-2.4.10.tar.bz2 simsun.ttc
[email protected]:~/workbook/mini2440/3th_project/2.3freetype$ sudo cp 02th_arm/ /work/nfs_root/fs_mini_mdev_new/driver_test3/2.3freetype/ -rf
开发板：/driver_test3/2.3freetype/02th_arm/01th # ./example1
./example1: error while loading shared libraries: libfreetype.so.6: cannot open shared object file: No such file or directory
主机：[email protected]:~/workbook/mini2440/3th_project/2.3freetype/freetype-2.4.10/tmp/usr/local/lib$ sudo cp *so* /work/nfs_root/fs_mini_mdev_new/lib/ -d
[sudo] password for book:
开发板：/driver_test3/2.3freetype/02th_arm/01th # ./example1 ../../simsun.ttc
...Tgif
[email protected]:~/workbook/mini2440/3th_project/2.3freetype/02th_arm/01th$ arm-linux-gcc -finput-charset=GBK -o example1 example1.c -lfreetype -lm
[email protected]:~/workbook/mini2440/3th_project/2.3freetype/02th_arm/01th$ ls
example1 example1.c
[email protected]:~/workbook/mini2440/3th_project/2.3freetype/02th_arm/01th$ sudo cp example1 /work/nfs_root/fs_mini_mdev_new/driver_test3/2.3freetype/02th_arm/01th
[sudo] password for book:
开发板：/driver_test3/2.3freetype/02th_arm/01th # ./example1 ../../simsun.ttc
...韦gif
如此，即实现同样一个应用程序，可以在PC机上执行，交叉编译之后可以在开发板上运行。
但是不想只在控制台(开发板终端)上输出，想在开发板LCD上输出，怎么做？
在原来2.2字符点阵显示程序show_font.c的基础上修改：
--------------------------------
二、在arm开发板显示矢量字体
1.face 可否翻译为： 字形？或者字型？
2.对于fb_put_pixel(i, j, bitmap->buffer[(j - y)*bitmap->width + (i - x)]);中，buffer的数据类型是unsigned char *类型，
因此，为单字节，其代表的颜色为蓝色;
3.arm-linux-gcc -finput-charset=GBK -fexec-charset=GBK -o show_font show_font.c -lfreetype -lm
用SourcInsight工具，是ASCII编码方式（基本都是，可以用'记事本'工具打开查看编码方式），对于源码中的汉字，在简体中文PC机，汉字用的都是国标码GBK。
-finput-charset=GBK：编译时指定汉字的编码方式为国标码; 即输入是国标码。
-fexec-charset=GBK：输出是国标码。
是为了让str[]里面存的是国标码，因为源码下面部分printf("chinese code: %02x %02x\n", str[0], str[1]);
是用国标码来找到汉字的点阵的。
unsigned char str[] = "我";
输入是国标码，输出也是国标码是指存储 “ unsigned char str[] = "我"; ” 的时候，
输入文件里面是国标码，当编译出来的应用程序在str[]的数组内存里面也是存的国标码。
wchar_t chinese_str[] = L"繁";
输入是国标码，但是在字符串chinese_str[]的数组内存里面存储的是宽字符的类型，
宽字符的类型里面即Unicode码。
4、编译及错误解决：
$ arm-linux-gcc -o show_font_1 show_font_1.c -lfreetype -lm
show_font_1.c:4769:26: error: converting to execution character set: Invalid or incomplete multibyte or wide character
【注：】4769: wchar_t chinese_str[] = L"繁";
$ arm-linux-gcc -finput-charset=GBK -o show_font_1 show_font_1.c -lfreetype -lm
cc1: error: failure to convert GBK to UTF-8
$ arm-linux-gcc -finput-charset=GBK -fexec-charset=GBK -o show_font_1 show_font_1.c -lfreetype -lm
$man gcc
/charset
【...
charset can be any encoding supported by the system's "iconv" library routine.
】
$ iconv --help
Usage: iconv [OPTION...] [FILE...]
Convert encoding of given files from one encoding to another.
Input/Output format specification:
-f, --from-code=NAME encoding of original text
-t, --to-code=NAME encoding for output
Information:
-l, --list list all known coded character sets
Output control:
-c omit invalid characters from output
-o, --output=FILE output file
-s, --silent suppress warnings
--verbose print progress information
-?, --help Give this help list
--usage Give a short usage message
-V, --version Print program version
Mandatory or optional arguments to long options are also mandatory or optional
for any corresponding short options.
[email protected]:~/workbook/mini2440/3th_project/2.3freetype/02th_arm/02th_lcd$ iconv -f GBK -t UTF-8 show_font_1.c
...源码...
/* 128 0x80 'iconv: illegal input sequence at position 48126
修改：/* 128 0x80 '€' */ 去掉： '€'
/* 255 0xff 'iconv: illegal input sequence at position 95371
修改：/* 255 0xff '' */ 去掉：''
<结束>
$ arm-linux-gcc -finput-charset=GBK -fexec-charset=GBK -o show_font_1 show_font_1.c -lfreetype -lm
$ ls
show_font show_font_1 show_font_1.c show_font.c
$ sudo cp show_font_1 /work/nfs_root/fs_mini_mdev_new/driver_test3/2.3freetype/02th_arm/
--------------------------------------
三、在arm开发板显示旋转的矢量字体
源码修改：
FT_Matrix matrix; /* 变换矩阵 */
double angle;
angle = ( 1.0*strtoul(argv[2], NULL, 0)/360 ) * 3.14159 * 2; /* use 25 degrees */
/* 设置矩阵 */
matrix.xx = (FT_Fixed)( cos( angle ) * 0x10000L );
matrix.xy = (FT_Fixed)(-sin( angle ) * 0x10000L );
matrix.yx = (FT_Fixed)( sin( angle ) * 0x10000L );
matrix.yy = (FT_Fixed)( cos( angle ) * 0x10000L );
FT_Set_Transform( face, &matrix, &pen ); /* 设置转换参数: 旋转0度 */
操作：
$ arm-linux-gcc -finput-charset=GBK -fexec-charset=GBK -o show_font_5 show_font_5.c -lfreetype -lm
$ sudo cp show_font_5 /work/nfs_root/fs_mini_mdev_new/driver_test3/2.3freetype/02th_arm/03th_lcd_angle
# ./show_font_5 ../../simsun.ttc 90 //矢量字体“龘”旋转90度;
chinese code: ce d2
|打印：A我龘
函数定义：
unsigned long strtoul(const char *nptr,char **endptr,int base);
函数说明：
strtoul()会将参数nptr字符串根据参数base来转换成无符号的长整型数。参数base范围从2至36，或0。参数base代表采用的进制方式，
如base值为10则采用10进制，若base值为16则采用16进制数等。当base值为0时会根据情况选择用哪种进制：如果第一个字符是'0'，就
判断第二字符如果是‘x’则用16进制，否则用8进制；第一个字符不是‘0’，则用10进制。一开始strtoul()会扫描参数nptr字符串，跳过
前面的空格字符串，直到遇上数字或正负符号才开始做转换，再遇到非数字或字符串结束时('')结束转换，并将结果返回。若参数endptr
不为NULL，则会将遇到不合条件而终止的nptr中的字符指针由endptr返回。