requests模块
- 安装(用管理员身份去打开Anaconda Prompt)
conda install requests
python -m pip install requests
# 以管理员身份去执行pip安装命令
- 常用方法
- get(url,headers=headers):发起请求,获取响应对象
- response属性
response.text
:返回字符串类型
response.content
:返回bytes类型,应用场景:爬取非结构化数据
response.encoding
:一般返回 :ISO-8859-1
response.encoding
= "utf-8":制定编码格式
response.status_code
:返回服务器响应码
response.url
:返回数据的URL地址
- get()使用场景
- 没有查询参数:res = requests.get(url,headers=headers)
- 有查询参数:params={},注:params参数必须为字典,自动进行编码
- post() 参数名:data
import requests
url = "http://www.baidu.com/"
headers = {"Uesr-Agent":"Mozilla/5.0"}
# 发请求获相应
response = requests.get(url, headers=headers)
# 获取响应对象内容
# print(response.text)
# 获取编码类型
print(response.encoding)
# 更改编码
response.encoding = "utf-8"
print(response.text)
# 获取字节流
print(response.content)
# 获取响应码
print(response.status_code)
# 返回url
print(response.url)
# get参数
url = "http://www.baidu.com/s?"
key = input("请输入搜索的内容:")
params = {"wd": key}
res = requests.get(url, params=params, headers=headers)
# 指定utf-8
res.encoding = "utf-8"
print(res.text)
代理(参数名:proxies)
- 获取代理IP的网站
- 西刺代理网站
- 快代理
- 全网代理
- 查看自己的ip:
https://www.whatismyip.com/
- 普通代理
proxies = {"协议":"协议://IP地址:端口号"}
- 183.129.207.82 11597
- 183.230.177.118 8060
- 私密代理
案例1: 安居客
import requests
import re
import csv
import time
import pymongo
# 读取文件尝试
# p = re.compile('<span class="comm-address" title="(.*?) (.*?)">.*?<span class="price-det"><strong>(.*?)</strong>.*?"unit-price">(.*?)</span>', re.S)
# with open('./html.txt') as f:
# txt = f.read()
# html = p.findall(txt)
headers = {"User-Agent":"Mozilla/5.0 (Macintosh; Intel Mac OS X 10_14_4) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/73.0.3683.103 Safari/537.36"}
url = "https://nb.anjuke.com/sale/gaoxinquz/"
def load_page(url):
# proxies = {"https":"https://110.178.48.14:56754"}
res = requests.get(url, headers=headers)
p = re.compile('<div class="details.*?<span>(.*?)</span><em class.*?<span>(.*?)m²</span>.*?<span class="comm-address" title="(.*?) (.*?)">.*?<span class="price-det"><strong>(.*?)</strong>.*?"unit-price">(.*?)元/m²</span>', re.S)
html = p.findall(res.text)
return html
def write_page(r_list):
for r_tuple in r_list:
with open("ajk.csv", "a", newline='') as f: # 开头不空行
# 创建写入对象
writer = csv.writer(f)
L = [i for i in r_tuple]
writer.writerow(L)
def write_mongo(html):
conn = pymongo.MongoClient("localhost", 27017)
db = conn.spiderdb
myset = db.anjuke
for r_tuple in html:
D = {"房型":r_tuple[0],
"大小":r_tuple[1],
"小区":r_tuple[2],
"位置":r_tuple[3],
"总价":r_tuple[4],
"单价":r_tuple[5]}
myset.insert(D)
for i in range(10):
url = url + "p" + str(i+1) + "/"
html = load_page(url)
write_mongo(html)
# write_page(html)
time.sleep(1)
Web客户端验证(参数名:auth)
auth=("用户名","密码")
auth=("tarenacode","code_2013")
SSL证书认证(参数名:verify)
- verify = True : 默认,进行SSL证书认证
- verify = False: 不做认证
import requests
url = "https://www.12306.cn/mormhweb/"
headers = {"User-Agent":"Mozilla/5.0"}
res = requests.get(url, headers=headers, verify=False) #
res.encoding = "utf-8"
print(res.text)
urllib.request中Handler处理器
- 定义
- 自定义的urlopen()方法,urlopen()方法是一个特殊的opener(模块已定义好),不支持代理等功能,通过Handler处理器对象来自定义opener对象
- 常用方法
- build_opener(Handler处理器对象) :创建opener对象
- opener.open(url,参数)
- 使用流程
- 创建相关的Handler处理器对象
- http_handler = urllib.request.HTTPHandler()
- 创建自定义opener对象
- opener = urllib.request.build_opener(http_handler)
- 利用opener对象打开url
- req = urllib.request.Request(url,headers=headers)
- res = opener.open(req)
- Handler处理器分类
- HTTPHandler():没有任何特殊功能
- ProxyHandler(普通代理)
- ProxyBasicAuthHandler(密码管理器对象):私密代理
- HTTPBasicAuthHandler(密码管理器对象):web客户端认证
- 密码管理器对象作用
- 私密代理
- Web客户端认证
- 程序实现流程
- 创建密码管理器对象
pwdmg = urllib.request.HTTPPasswordMgrWithDefaultRealm()
- 把认证信息添加到密码管理器对象
pwdmg.add_password(None,webserver,user,passwd)
- 创建Handler处理器对象
- 私密代理
proxy = urllib.request.ProxyAuthBasicHandler(pwdmg)
- Web客户端
webbasic = urllib.request.HTTPBasicAuthHandler(pwdmg)
'''Handler处理器示例.py'''
import urllib.request
url = "http://www.baidu.com/"
# 创建Handler处理器对象
http_handler = urllib.request.HTTPHandler()
#proxy_handler = urllib.request.ProxyHandler()
# 创建自定义的opener对象
opener = urllib.request.build_opener(http_handler)
# 利用opener对象的open()方法发请求
req = urllib.request.Request(url)
res = opener.open(req)
print(res.read().decode("utf-8"))
'''12_ProxyHandler示例.py'''
import urllib.request
url = "http://www.baidu.com/"
proxy = {"http":"127.0.0.1:8888"}
# 创建Handler处理器对象
pro_hand = urllib.request.ProxyHandler(proxy)
# 创建自定义opener对象
opener = urllib.request.build_opener(pro_hand)
# opener对象open方法发请求
req = urllib.request.Request(url)
res = opener.open(req)
print(res.read().decode("utf-8"))