Kali渗透测试之服务扫描1——banner捕获、服务识别、操作系统识别

其他 2019-05-06 02:30:19 阅读次数: 0

        我们不能简单地通过端口号来识别端口上运行的应用，因此可以通过服务扫描来进行识别，从而有针对性地找到它的利用代码或者发现它的漏洞以及利用方法。本篇除了讲解如何识别端口所对应的服务，还会讲解如何识别目标操作系统。不同的操作系统自带的服务上面也会存在一些漏洞，因此我们可以利用漏洞的弱点直接取得目标系统的管理权，或者取得它的用户权限，然后在用户权限的基础之上进行本地提权，拿到它的管理员权限，进行后续渗透测试的攻击。

如何识别应用以及操作系统的版本？

  • Banner捕获
  • 服务识别
  • 操作系统识别
  • SNMP分析（通过系统内部信息来进行信息的探测和搜索，所以准确性也会比较高）
  • 防火墙识别（识别边界防火墙的类型以及过滤机制，从而绕过和躲避它）

一、服务扫描——Banner（准确性不高）

  • 获取软件开发商、软件名称、服务类型、版本号（可能直接发现已知的漏洞和弱点）
  • 只有建立完整的连接后才能获取目标系统的Banner信息，才能更准确地识别端口上运行的应用。
  • Banner并不是特别准确，它需要结合另类的服务识别方法——特征行为和响应字段，不同的操作系统对于同一请求的响应结果是不同的，因此不同的响应可用于识别低层操作系统。
  • 通过连接服务器的端口，使其返回banner信息，结果可能查不到，也可能是管理员伪造的。

1、nc

nc -nv 192.168.24.129 80

root@kali:~# nc -nv 192.168.247.129 80
(UNKNOWN) [192.168.247.129] 80 (http) open
get
HTTP/1.1 400 Bad Request
Date: Wed, 24 Apr 2019 14:48:54 GMT
Server: Apache/2.4.23 (Win32) OpenSSL/1.0.2j PHP/5.4.45
Content-Length: 226
Connection: close
Content-Type: text/html; charset=iso-8859-1

<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//IETF//DTD HTML 2.0//EN">
<html><head>
<title>400 Bad Request</title>
</head><body>
<h1>Bad Request</h1>
<p>Your browser sent a request that this server could not understand.<br />
</p>
</body></html>

2、socket —— 用于连接网络服务

root@kali:~# python
Python 2.7.14+ (default, Mar 13 2018, 15:23:44) 
[GCC 7.3.0] on linux2
Type "help", "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more information.
>>> import socket
>>> banner=socket.socket(socket.AF_INET,socket.SOCK_STREAM)
>>> banner.connect(("192.168.247.129",80))    //创建连接
>>> banner.recv(1024)               //接收数据
''
>>> banner.close()                  //关闭连接
>>> exit()

        某些应用软件，它的Banner信息是不允许被抓取的，recv函数无返回将被挂起，因此需要对程序进行处理。针对该问题，下面的脚本进行了一些处理：

#!/usr/bin/python 
# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
#该脚本用于实现Banner信息的扫描，如果Banner信息不能获取，则pass
 
import socket 
import select                             #通过一个select()系统调用来监视多个文件描述符的数组
import sys 
if len( sys.argv ) !=4:
	print "Usage - ./banner_grab.py [Target.IP] [First Port] [Last Port]" 		
	print "Example - ./banner_grab.py 1.1.1.1 1 100" 
	sys.exit()
 
ip = sys.argv[1] 
start = int(sys.argv[2]) 
end = int(sys.argv[3]) 
for port in range(start,end):
	try: 
		bangrab=socket.socket(socket.AF_INET,socket.SOCK_STREAM)   #建立TCP连接
		bangrab.connect((ip,port))
		ready=select.select([bangrab],[],[],1)                     #连接间隔时间1秒 
		if ready[0]:               #ready[0]表示recv函数没有被挂起
			print "TCP Port " + str(port) + "." +bangrab.recv(2048) 
			bangrab.close()    #每发现一个端口，就要关闭TCP连接，避免建立太多的TCP连接，从而造成网络性能以及系统性能的下降
	except: 
		pass
root@kali:~# chmod +x banner.py
root@kali:~# ./banner.py 192.168.247.129 1 200       //目标主机加入了域
TCP Port 25.220 WIN-N7TAB1239LM.st13.com Winmail Mail Server ESMTP ready
 
TCP Port 110.+OK WIN-N7TAB1239LM.st13.com Winmail Mail Server POP3 ready
 
TCP Port 143.* OK IMAP4 ready! WIN-N7TAB1239LM.st13.com Winmail Mail Server MagicWinmail Extend IMAP 102

3、dimitry

  • dimitry -p 192.168.247.129                 //-p    TCP端口的扫描
  • dimitry -pb 192.168.247.129              //-b     从扫描到的端口中获取Banner信息
root@kali:~# dmitry -pb 192.168.247.129
Deepmagic Information Gathering Tool
"There be some deep magic going on"

HostIP:192.168.247.129
HostName:bogon

Gathered TCP Port information for 192.168.247.129
---------------------------------

 Port		State

80/tcp		open                   //未获取到Banner信息

Portscan Finished: Scanned 150 ports, 148 ports were in state closed


All scans completed, exiting

4、nmap

nmap中有大量的脚本，在kali测试机的 /usr/share/nmap/scripts/ 目录下可以看到它所有的扫描脚本。

  • nmap -sT -p 80 192.168.247.129 --script=banner.nse
  • nmap -sT -p 1-200 192.168.247.129 --script=banner.nse
root@kali:~# nmap -sT -p 1-200 192.168.247.129 --script=banner.nse
Starting Nmap 7.70 ( https://nmap.org ) at 2019-04-24 23:20 CST
Nmap scan report for bogon (192.168.247.129)
Host is up (0.0014s latency).
Not shown: 197 closed ports
PORT    STATE SERVICE
80/tcp  open  http
135/tcp open  msrpc
139/tcp open  netbios-ssn
MAC Address: 00:0C:29:8F:74:74 (VMware)

Nmap done: 1 IP address (1 host up) scanned in 15.37 seconds

amap

  • amap -B 192.168.247.129 1-100
  • amap -B 192.168.247.129 25
root@kali:~# amap -B 192.168.247.129 1-100
amap v5.4 (www.thc.org/thc-amap) started at 2019-04-24 23:27:25 - BANNER mode

Banner on 192.168.247.129:25/tcp : 220 chengqia-852040 Microsoft ESMTP MAIL Service, Version 6.0.3790.3959 ready at  Wed, 24 Apr 2019 232723 +0800 \r\n

amap v5.4 finished at 2019-04-24 23:27:25

Banner信息的抓取比较有限，要更完善的发现一个端口上跑的是什么应用，必须基于像强大的nmap根据响应特征分析来识别服务，下面我们就来介绍服务识别。

二、服务扫描——服务识别

1、nmap（准确性、可靠度高）

nmap响应特征分析识别服务

  • 发送系列复杂的探测
  • 依据响应特征signature
  • nc -nv 1.1.1.1 80
  • nmap 1.1.1.1 -p 80 -sV      //-sV   通过指纹特征匹配方式来判断端口所对应的服务
root@kali:~# nmap 192.168.247.129 -p 1-100 -sV
Starting Nmap 7.70 ( https://nmap.org ) at 2019-04-24 23:30 CST
Nmap scan report for bogon (192.168.247.129)
Host is up (0.00015s latency).
Not shown: 98 closed ports
PORT   STATE SERVICE VERSION
25/tcp open  smtp    Microsoft ESMTP 6.0.3790.3959
80/tcp open  http    Apache httpd 2.4.23 ((Win32) OpenSSL/1.0.2j PHP/5.4.45)
MAC Address: 00:0C:29:8F:74:74 (VMware)
Service Info: Host: chengqia-852040; OS: Windows; CPE: cpe:/o:microsoft:windows

Service detection performed. Please report any incorrect results at https://nmap.org/submit/ .
Nmap done: 1 IP address (1 host up) scanned in 6.73 seconds

2、amap

  • amap 192.168.247.129 1-100        
  • amap 192.168.247.129 1-100 -qb     //默认输出结果比较乱，-q 可清楚显示，-b  显示详细信息
root@kali:~# amap 192.168.247.129 1-100
amap v5.4 (www.thc.org/thc-amap) started at 2019-04-24 23:31:36 - APPLICATION MAPPING mode

Protocol on 192.168.247.129:25/tcp matches smtp
Protocol on 192.168.247.129:80/tcp matches http
Protocol on 192.168.247.129:80/tcp matches http-apache-2

Unidentified ports: 192.168.247.129:1/tcp 192.168.247.129:2/tcp 192.168.247.129:3/tcp 192.168.247.129:4/tcp 192.168.247.129:5/tcp 192.168.247.129:6/tcp 192.168.247.129:7/tcp 192.168.247.129:8/tcp 192.168.247.129:9/tcp 192.168.247.129:10/tcp 192.168.247.129:11/tcp 192.168.247.129:12/tcp 192.168.247.129:13/tcp 192.168.247.129:14/tcp 192.168.247.129:15/tcp 192.168.247.129:16/tcp 192.168.247.129:17/tcp 192.168.247.129:18/tcp 192.168.247.129:19/tcp 192.168.247.129:20/tcp 192.168.247.129:21/tcp 192.168.247.129:22/tcp 192.168.247.129:23/tcp 192.168.247.129:24/tcp 192.168.247.129:26/tcp 192.168.247.129:27/tcp 192.168.247.129:28/tcp 192.168.247.129:29/tcp 192.168.247.129:30/tcp 192.168.247.129:31/tcp 192.168.247.129:32/tcp 192.168.247.129:33/tcp 192.168.247.129:34/tcp 192.168.247.129:35/tcp 192.168.247.129:36/tcp 192.168.247.129:37/tcp 192.168.247.129:38/tcp 192.168.247.129:39/tcp 192.168.247.129:40/tcp 192.168.247.129:41/tcp 192.168.247.129:42/tcp 192.168.247.129:43/tcp 192.168.247.129:44/tcp 192.168.247.129:45/tcp 192.168.247.129:46/tcp 192.168.247.129:47/tcp 192.168.247.129:48/tcp 192.168.247.129:49/tcp 192.168.247.129:50/tcp 192.168.247.129:51/tcp 192.168.247.129:52/tcp 192.168.247.129:53/tcp 192.168.247.129:54/tcp 192.168.247.129:55/tcp 192.168.247.129:56/tcp 192.168.247.129:57/tcp 192.168.247.129:58/tcp 192.168.247.129:59/tcp 192.168.247.129:60/tcp 192.168.247.129:61/tcp 192.168.247.129:62/tcp 192.168.247.129:63/tcp 192.168.247.129:64/tcp 192.168.247.129:65/tcp 192.168.247.129:66/tcp 192.168.247.129:67/tcp 192.168.247.129:68/tcp 192.168.247.129:69/tcp 192.168.247.129:70/tcp 192.168.247.129:71/tcp 192.168.247.129:72/tcp 192.168.247.129:73/tcp 192.168.247.129:74/tcp 192.168.247.129:75/tcp 192.168.247.129:76/tcp 192.168.247.129:77/tcp 192.168.247.129:78/tcp 192.168.247.129:79/tcp 192.168.247.129:81/tcp 192.168.247.129:82/tcp 192.168.247.129:83/tcp 192.168.247.129:84/tcp 192.168.247.129:85/tcp 192.168.247.129:86/tcp 192.168.247.129:87/tcp 192.168.247.129:88/tcp 192.168.247.129:89/tcp 192.168.247.129:90/tcp 192.168.247.129:91/tcp 192.168.247.129:92/tcp 192.168.247.129:93/tcp 192.168.247.129:94/tcp 192.168.247.129:95/tcp 192.168.247.129:96/tcp 192.168.247.129:97/tcp 192.168.247.129:98/tcp 192.168.247.129:99/tcp 192.168.247.129:100/tcp (total 98). 	[Note: the -q option suppresses this listing]

amap v5.4 finished at 2019-04-24 23:31:42

root@kali:~# amap 192.168.247.129 1-100 -q
amap v5.4 (www.thc.org/thc-amap) started at 2019-04-24 23:33:56 - APPLICATION MAPPING mode

Protocol on 192.168.247.129:25/tcp matches smtp
Protocol on 192.168.247.129:80/tcp matches http
Protocol on 192.168.247.129:80/tcp matches http-apache-2

amap v5.4 finished at 2019-04-24 23:34:03

root@kali:~# amap 192.168.247.129 1-100 -qb
amap v5.4 (www.thc.org/thc-amap) started at 2019-04-24 23:34:12 - APPLICATION MAPPING mode

Protocol on 192.168.247.129:25/tcp matches smtp - banner: 220 chengqia-852040 Microsoft ESMTP MAIL Service, Version 6.0.3790.3959 ready at  Wed, 24 Apr 2019 233410 +0800 \r\n500 5.3.3 Unrecognized command\r\n
Protocol on 192.168.247.129:80/tcp matches http - banner: HTTP/1.1 200 OK\r\nDate Wed, 24 Apr 2019 153410 GMT\r\nServer Apache/2.4.23 (Win32) OpenSSL/1.0.2j PHP/5.4.45\r\nX-Powered-By PHP/5.4.45\r\nContent-Length 11\r\nConnection close\r\nContent-Type text/html\r\n\r\nHello World
Protocol on 192.168.247.129:80/tcp matches http-apache-2 - banner: HTTP/1.1 200 OK\r\nDate Wed, 24 Apr 2019 153410 GMT\r\nServer Apache/2.4.23 (Win32) OpenSSL/1.0.2j PHP/5.4.45\r\nX-Powered-By PHP/5.4.45\r\nContent-Length 11\r\nConnection close\r\nContent-Type text/html\r\n\r\nHello World

amap v5.4 finished at 2019-04-24 23:34:18

三、操作系统系别

        操作系统安装之后，默认会开放一些服务或端口，通过扫描操作系统的版本，可以识别默认开放的服务或端口上面存在的一些漏洞，利用该漏洞有可能进入目标系统。

1、nmap

nmap -O 192.168.247.129       //识别操作系统的类型

root@kali:~# nmap -O 192.168.247.129
Starting Nmap 7.70 ( https://nmap.org ) at 2019-04-24 23:35 CST
Nmap scan report for bogon (192.168.247.129)
Host is up (0.0011s latency).
Not shown: 992 closed ports
PORT     STATE SERVICE
25/tcp   open  smtp
80/tcp   open  http
135/tcp  open  msrpc
139/tcp  open  netbios-ssn
445/tcp  open  microsoft-ds
1025/tcp open  NFS-or-IIS
3306/tcp open  mysql
8099/tcp open  unknown
MAC Address: 00:0C:29:8F:74:74 (VMware)
Device type: general purpose
Running: Microsoft Windows 2003
OS CPE: cpe:/o:microsoft:windows_server_2003::sp1 cpe:/o:microsoft:windows_server_2003::sp2
OS details: Microsoft Windows Server 2003 SP1 or SP2
Network Distance: 1 hop

OS detection performed. Please report any incorrect results at https://nmap.org/submit/ .
Nmap done: 1 IP address (1 host up) scanned in 2.55 seconds

2、scapy—— 根据TTL值判断目标操作系统的类型

TTL起始值

  • Windows：128（65-128）
  • Linux：64（1-64）
  • 某些Unix：255
root@kali:~# scapy
WARNING: No route found for IPv6 destination :: (no default route?)
INFO: Can't import python ecdsa lib. Disabled certificate manipulation tools
Welcome to Scapy (2.3.3)
>>> win="192.168.247.129"
>>> linux="192.168.247.157"
>>> aw=sr1(IP(dst=win)/ICMP())
Begin emission:
.*Finished to send 1 packets.

Received 2 packets, got 1 answers, remaining 0 packets
>>> aw.display()
###[ IP ]### 
  version= 4L
  ihl= 5L
  tos= 0x0
  len= 28
  id= 9523
  flags= 
  frag= 0L
  ttl= 128            //Windows操作系统
  proto= icmp
  chksum= 0xa52a
  src= 192.168.247.129
  dst= 192.168.247.176
  \options\
###[ ICMP ]### 
     type= echo-reply
     code= 0
     chksum= 0xffff
     id= 0x0
     seq= 0x0
###[ Padding ]### 
        load= '\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00'

>>> a1=sr1(IP(dst=linux)/ICMP())
Begin emission:
.*Finished to send 1 packets.

Received 2 packets, got 1 answers, remaining 0 packets
>>> a1.display()
###[ IP ]### 
  version= 4L
  ihl= 5L
  tos= 0x0
  len= 28
  id= 46017
  flags= 
  frag= 0L
  ttl= 64       //Linux操作系统
  proto= icmp
  chksum= 0x5680
  src= 192.168.247.157
  dst= 192.168.247.176
  \options\
###[ ICMP ]### 
     type= echo-reply
     code= 0
     chksum= 0xffff
     id= 0x0
     seq= 0x0
###[ Padding ]### 
        load= '\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00'

脚本：ttl_os.py

#!/usr/bin/python
#该脚本用于通过TTL值的大小，简单判断目标主机操作系统的类型

from scapy.all import *
import sys
if len( sys.argv ) !=2:
	print "Usage: ./ttl_os.py [IP adress]"
	print "example: ./ttl_os.py 1.1.1.1"
	sys.exit()

ip = sys.argv[1]
ans = sr1(IP(dst=str(ip))/ICMP(),timeout=1,verbose=0)
if ans == None:
	print "No respone was returned"
elif int(ans[IP].ttl)<=64:
	print "Host is LInux/Unix"
else:
	print "Host is Windows"
root@kali:~# chmod +x ttl_os.py
root@kali:~# ./ttl_os.py 192.168.247.129
Host is Windows
root@kali:~# ./ttl_os.py 192.168.247.157
Host is LInux/Unix

3、xprobe2（专门用于识别操作系统，但不是很准确）

root@kali:~# xprobe2 192.168.247.129

Xprobe2 v.0.3 Copyright (c) 2002-2005 [email protected], [email protected], [email protected]

[+] Target is 192.168.247.129
[+] Loading modules.
[+] Following modules are loaded:
[x] [1] ping:icmp_ping  -  ICMP echo discovery module
[x] [2] ping:tcp_ping  -  TCP-based ping discovery module
[x] [3] ping:udp_ping  -  UDP-based ping discovery module
[x] [4] infogather:ttl_calc  -  TCP and UDP based TTL distance calculation
[x] [5] infogather:portscan  -  TCP and UDP PortScanner
[x] [6] fingerprint:icmp_echo  -  ICMP Echo request fingerprinting module
[x] [7] fingerprint:icmp_tstamp  -  ICMP Timestamp request fingerprinting module
[x] [8] fingerprint:icmp_amask  -  ICMP Address mask request fingerprinting module
[x] [9] fingerprint:icmp_port_unreach  -  ICMP port unreachable fingerprinting module
[x] [10] fingerprint:tcp_hshake  -  TCP Handshake fingerprinting module
[x] [11] fingerprint:tcp_rst  -  TCP RST fingerprinting module
[x] [12] fingerprint:smb  -  SMB fingerprinting module
[x] [13] fingerprint:snmp  -  SNMPv2c fingerprinting module
[+] 13 modules registered
[+] Initializing scan engine
[+] Running scan engine
[-] ping:tcp_ping module: no closed/open TCP ports known on 192.168.247.129. Module test failed
[-] ping:udp_ping module: no closed/open UDP ports known on 192.168.247.129. Module test failed
[-] No distance calculation. 192.168.247.129 appears to be dead or no ports known
[+] Host: 192.168.247.129 is up (Guess probability: 50%)
[+] Target: 192.168.247.129 is alive. Round-Trip Time: 0.52076 sec
[+] Selected safe Round-Trip Time value is: 1.04152 sec
[-] fingerprint:tcp_hshake Module execution aborted (no open TCP ports known)
[-] fingerprint:smb need either TCP port 139 or 445 to run
[-] fingerprint:snmp: need UDP port 161 open
[+] Primary guess:
[+] Host 192.168.247.129 Running OS: `���UU (Guess probability: 100%)
[+] Other guesses:
[+] Host 192.168.247.129 Running OS: ����UU (Guess probability: 100%)
[+] Host 192.168.247.129 Running OS: ����UU (Guess probability: 100%)
[+] Host 192.168.247.129 Running OS: ����UU (Guess probability: 100%)
[+] Host 192.168.247.129 Running OS: `���UU (Guess probability: 100%)
[+] Host 192.168.247.129 Running OS: ����UU (Guess probability: 100%)
[+] Host 192.168.247.129 Running OS: ����UU (Guess probability: 100%)
[+] Host 192.168.247.129 Running OS: ����UU (Guess probability: 100%)
[+] Host 192.168.247.129 Running OS: `���UU (Guess probability: 100%)
[+] Host 192.168.247.129 Running OS: ����UU (Guess probability: 100%)
[+] Cleaning up scan engine
[+] Modules deinitialized
[+] Execution completed.

4、被动操作系统识别

  • 主动扫描：通过向目标系统发包，通过返回的信息，判断目标操操作系统的类型
  • 被动扫描：不主动的向目标系统发包，基于一种网络抓包，监听的工作原理来进行识别目标操作系统

不同的操作系统发出去的包都是不一样的，比如Windows和Linux系统发出的ping包

root@kali:~# p0f        //不仅判断本机信息，还可以判断和本机产生数据流量的主机信息
--- p0f 3.09b by Michal Zalewski <[email protected]> ---

[+] Closed 1 file descriptor.
[+] Loaded 322 signatures from '/etc/p0f/p0f.fp'.
[+] Intercepting traffic on default interface 'eth0'.
[+] Default packet filtering configured [+VLAN].
[+] Entered main event loop.

.-[ 192.168.247.176/49254 -> 192.168.247.129/80 (syn) ]-   //需触发流量
|
| client   = 192.168.247.176/49254            
| os       = Linux 3.11 and newer             //判断本机操作系统
| dist     = 0
| params   = none
| raw_sig  = 4:64+0:0:1460:mss*20,7:mss,sok,ts,nop,ws:df,id+:0
|
`----

.-[ 192.168.247.176/49254 -> 192.168.247.129/80 (mtu) ]-
|
| client   = 192.168.247.176/49254
| link     = Ethernet or modem
| raw_mtu  = 1500
|
`----

.-[ 192.168.247.176/49254 -> 192.168.247.129/80 (syn+ack) ]-
|
| server   = 192.168.247.129/80              //访问192.168.247.129的80端口
| os       = ???
| dist     = 0
| params   = none
| raw_sig  = 4:128+0:0:1460:mss*44,0:mss,nop,ws,nop,nop,ts,nop,nop,sok:ts1-:0
|
`----

.-[ 192.168.247.176/49254 -> 192.168.247.129/80 (mtu) ]-
|
| server   = 192.168.247.129/80
| link     = Ethernet or modem
| raw_mtu  = 1500
|
`----

.-[ 192.168.247.176/49254 -> 192.168.247.129/80 (http request) ]-    //http请求信息
|
| client   = 192.168.247.176/49254
| app      = Firefox 10.x or newer         
| lang     = English
| params   = none
| raw_sig  = 1:Host,User-Agent,Accept=[text/html,application/xhtml+xml,application/xml;q=0.9,*/*;q=0.8],Accept-Language=[en-US,en;q=0.5],Accept-Encoding=[gzip, deflate],Connection=[keep-alive],Upgrade-Insecure-Requests=[1]:Accept-Charset,Keep-Alive:Mozilla/5.0 (X11; Linux x86_64; rv:52.0) Gecko/20100101 Firefox/52.0
|
`----

.-[ 192.168.247.176/49254 -> 192.168.247.129/80 (http response) ]-   //http响应信息
|
| server   = 192.168.247.129/80
| app      = Apache 2.x
| lang     = none
| params   = none
| raw_sig  = 1:Date,Server,X-Powered-By=[PHP/5.4.45],?Content-Length,Keep-Alive=[timeout=5, max=100],Connection=[Keep-Alive],Content-Type:Accept-Ranges:Apache/2.4.23 (Win32) OpenSSL/1.0.2j PHP/5.4.45
|
`----

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