ElastAlert监控日志告警Web攻击行为

由于公司需要监控web攻击行为,而因某些原因搭不了waf,才不得不用ElastAlert进行告警,此为前提。

一、ELK安装

Elasticsearch 是一个分布式、可扩展、实时的搜索与数据分析引擎。 它能从项目一开始就赋予你的数据以搜索、分析和探索的能力。

Logstash是一款轻量级的日志搜集处理框架,可以方便的把分散的、多样化的日志搜集起来,并进行自定义的处理,然后传输到指定的位置, Kibana是一个开源的分析与可视化平台,设计出来用于和Elasticsearch一起使用的。你可以用kibana搜索、查看、交互存放在Elasticsearch索引里的数据,使用各种不同的图表、表格、地图等kibana能够很轻易地展示高级数据分析与可视化。

ELK这一套软件可以当作一个MVC模型,logstash是controller层,Elasticsearch是一个model层,kibana是view层。首先将数据传给logstash,它将数据进行过滤和格式化(转成JSON格式),然后传给Elasticsearch进行存储、建搜索的索引,kibana提供前端的页面再进行搜索和图表可视化,它是调用Elasticsearch的接口返回的数据进行可视化。logstash和Elasticsearch是用Java写的,kibana使用node.js框架。

安装方法网上有好多,此处就不再阐述。在试用了几乎所有的安装方法后,介绍下本人觉得比较快捷有效的安装方法:

1.1 下载安装匹配版本的elk

elastalert目前还不支持elk6.0以上版本,本人就是因为版本问题而折腾了好久,所以在安装elk的时候需要特别注意版本问题。

我的服务器概况:
Distributor ID:   Ubuntu
Description:  Ubuntu 16.04.1 LTS
Release: 16.04 Codename: xenial

在尝试了众多安装方法后,还是发现在官方网站下载deb包直接安装最为有效便捷。 (系统若为centos,下载对应的rpm包)

搜索版本下载

Elasticsearch:5.5.2
Kibana:5.5.2 Logstash:6.0.0 filebeat:6.0.0 (轻量级的logstash,这个下载tar包)

理论上,Elasticsearch及Kibana版本为5.x都可以,而Logstash与elastalert没啥联系,所以Logstash(大于或等于Elasticsearch及Kibana的5.x版本)能向Elasticsearch传递日志信息即可。

下载完elk的deb包后,使用dpkg -i命令很快就能顺利安装。

1.2 elk配置

同样,此处也只介绍本人的简单配置。我这里是只让Logstash对外开放负责收集日志,而Elasticsearch及Kibana仅在内网访问,故Elasticsearch及Kibana并未开启账户认证登陆,有需要开启或其他需求的读者们请自行搜索。

/etc/elasticsearch/elasticsearch.yml:
# Set the bind address to a specific IP (IPv4 or IPv6):
#
network.host: 127.0.0.1 # # Set a custom port for HTTP: # http.port: 9200
/etc/kibana/kibana.yml:
 Kibana is served by a back end server. This setting specifies the port to use.
  server.port: 5601

  # Specifies the address to which the Kibana server will bind. IP addresses and host names are both valid values. # The default is 'localhost', which usually means remote machines will not be able to connect. # To allow connections from remote users, set this parameter to a non-loopback address. server.host: "localhost" # The URL of the Elasticsearch instance to use for all your queries. elasticsearch.url: "http://localhost:9200"

我这里需要用到自定义的配置文件,故配置文件是自行创建的,放在/usr/share/logstash/bin中,取名为filebeat_log.conf :

  input {
  beats {
  port => 5044
  client_inactivity_timeout => 90 codec => json } } filter { date { match => [ "timestamp", "dd/MMM/yyyy:HH:mm:ss Z" ] target => ["datetime"] } geoip { source => "remote_addr" } mutate { remove_field => ["tags", "beat"] } } output { elasticsearch { hosts => "localhost:9200" index => "logstash-%{+YYYY.MM.dd}" } stdout { codec => rubydebug }

1.3 启动方法

elasticsearch&kibana启动

扫描新的单元&重新载入systemd:

systemctl daemon-reload

加入开机自启动:

systemctl enable elasticsearch.service

systemctl enable kibana.service

启动:

systemctl start elasticsearch

systemctl start kibana

查看状态:

systemctl status elasticsearch

systemctl status kibana

logstash启动

进入/usr/share/logstash/bin:

nohup ./logstash -f filebeat_log.conf> /dev/null 2>&1 &

二、使用filebeat进行分布式收集

一开始直接使用logstash进行日志收集,发现资源消耗实在太大,无奈寻找解决方法,发现filebeat是一个轻量级的日志传输工具,故使用filebeat作为日志收集,而logstash作为中心过滤器向es传递日志。

所以整体的架构如:

  • A、B、C、D…(这些服务器是准备监控被攻击行为,装上filebeat)
  • 主服务器(装上elk和elastalert,负责收集过滤分析filebeat传递的日志和告警)

下面以tomcat为例子,分享我的配置文件filebeat.yml(nginx的话,修改paths的路径):

  filebeat.prospectors:

  # Each - is a prospector. Most options can be set at the prospector level, so # you can use different prospectors for various configurations. # Below are the prospector specific configurations. - type: log # Change to true to enable this prospector configuration. enabled: true # Paths that should be crawled and fetched. Glob based paths. paths: - /home/qy/apache-tomcat-9.0.1/logs/localhost_access_log.*.txt #- c:\programdata\elasticsearch\logs\* # Exclude lines. A list of regular expressions to match. It drops the lines that are # matching any regular expression from the list. #exclude_lines: ['^DBG'] document_type: tomcat-log scan_frequency: 15s ignore_older: 20m close_inactive: 12m clean_inactive: 30m close_removed: true clean_removed: true .... #----------------------------- Logstash output -------------------------------- output.logstash: # The Logstash hosts hosts: ["188.88.88.88:5044"]

直接解压下载的tar包,进入目录修改配置文件。然后启动filebeat:nohup ./filebeat -e -c filebeat.yml >/dev/null 2>&1 &

三、日志格式转json

为方便kibana分析和elastalert的取值,日志的格式要为json格式,上述的logstash配置文件已适配json格式。

公司的应用服务器中均为nginx和tomcat,故本文只介绍tomcat及nginx的json格式配置方法,其他服务器配置方法请自行搜索。

3.1 tomcat的json格式配置

打开config/server.xml,在最后的位置修改log的输出配置为:

    <Valve className="org.apache.catalina.valves.AccessLogValve" directory="logs"
                 prefix="localhost_access_log" suffix=".txt" pattern="{&quot;time&quot;:&quot;%t&quot;,&quot;remote_addr&quot;:&quot;%h&quot;,&quot;remote_user&quot;:&quot;%l&quot;,&quot;request&quot;:&quot;%r&quot;,&quot;status&quot;:&quot;%s&quot;,&quot;body_bytes_sent&quot;:&quot;%b&quot;,&quot;http_referer&quot;:&quot;%{Referer}i&quot;,&quot;http_user_agent&quot;:&quot;%{User-Agent}i&quot;,&quot;http_x_forwarded_for&quot;:&quot; %{X-Forwarded-For}i&quot;,&quot;request_time&quot;:&quot;%T&quot;,&quot;host&quot;:&quot;%v&quot;,&quot;port&quot;:&quot;%p&quot;}"/>

然后重启tomcat,即生效。

3.2 nginx的json格式配置

进入`/etc/nginx`打开`nginx.conf`,加入如下配置:
  http {

          ##
          # Basic Settings
          ##

          sendfile on;
          tcp_nopush on;
          tcp_nodelay on;
          keepalive_timeout 65; types_hash_max_size 2048; # server_tokens off; log_format logstash_json '{"time": "$time_local", ' '"remote_addr": "$remote_addr", ' '"remote_user": "$remote_user", ' '"request": "$request", ' '"status": "$status", ' '"body_bytes_sent": "$body_bytes_sent", ' '"http_referer": "$http_referer", ' '"http_user_agent": "$http_user_agent", ' '"http_x_forwarded_for": "$http_x_forwarded_for", ' '"request_time": "$request_time", ' '"request_length": "$request_length", ' '"host": "$http_host"}'; }

最后nginx -s reload即可

四、使用elastalert进行告警

在经过上述的安装及配置后,终于轮到我们的主角—ElastAlert出来了,其他的告警工具还有411 Alert ManagementElasticsearch watch ,请读者们自行确定需要使用哪个。

ElastAlert使用python编写,具有容易上手、文档全等特点,虽然这个工具拥有如此多的优点,在搭建过程还是遇到了很多很多的未知错误,主要原因是网上的资料大多是针对es5.x以前的版本而没什么现成的资料可供参考。

4.1 安装elastalert

  git clone https://github.com/Yelp/elastalert.git cd elastalert python setup.py install //可能需要sudo Pip install -r requirements.txt //可能需要sudo cp config.yaml.example config.yaml

具体的功能本文就不一一介绍了,请自行前往官方文档了解

4.2 创建索引

安装完成后会系统中会自带三个命令:

elastalert-create-indexelastalert-rule-from-kibanaelastalert-test-rule

使用elastalert-create-index,根据提示设置es后按回车默认即可。 配置完索引及配置文件后,可以使用elastalert-test-rule进行测试。这里有个bug,如果出现TransportError(400, u'search_phase_execution_exception', u'No mapping found for [alert_time] in order to sort on')之类的错误,在确认没有其他的问题时,可以先删除索引curl -XDELETE [http://localhost:9200/](http://localhost:9200/)*,再使用elastalert-create-index重新生成索引。

4.3 配置config.yaml

  rules_folder: example_rules

  # How often ElastAlert will query Elasticsearch
  # The unit can be anything from weeks to seconds
  run_every:
    seconds: 3   #每三秒向es请求数据
  # ElastAlert will buffer results from the most recent # period of time, in case some log sources are not in real time buffer_time: minutes: 15 #日志会延迟进入es,这里是配置query的向前的时间范围,这是15分钟,即查询 time[now-15m, now] # The Elasticsearch hostname for metadata writeback # Note that every rule can have its own Elasticsearch host es_host: 188.88.88.88 # The Elasticsearch port es_port: 9200 # Optional URL prefix for Elasticsearch #es_url_prefix: elasticsearch # Connect with TLS to Elasticsearch #use_ssl: True # Verify TLS certificates #verify_certs: True # GET request with body is the default option for Elasticsearch. # If it fails for some reason, you can pass 'GET', 'POST' or 'source'. # See http://elasticsearch-py.readthedocs.io/en/master/connection.html?highlight=send_get_body_as#transport # for details #es_send_get_body_as: GET # Option basic-auth username and password for Elasticsearch #es_username: someusername #es_password: somepassword # The index on es_host which is used for metadata storage # This can be a unmapped index, but it is recommended that you run # elastalert-create-index to set a mapping writeback_index: elastalert_status # If an alert fails for some reason, ElastAlert will retry # sending the alert until this time period has elapsed alert_time_limit: days: 1

以上各字段的解释:

Rules_folder:用来加载下一阶段rule的设置,默认是example_rules Run_every:用来设置定时向elasticsearch发送请求 Buffer_time:用来设置请求里时间字段的范围,默认是45分钟 Es_host:elasticsearch的host地址 Es_port:elasticsearch 对应的端口号 Use_ssl:可选的,选择是否用SSL连接es,true或者false Verify_certs:可选的,是否验证TLS证书,设置为true或者false,默认为- true Es_username:es认证的username Es_password:es认证的password Es_url_prefix:可选的,es的url前缀(我的理解是https或者http) Es_send_get_body_as:可选的,查询es的方式,默认的是GET Writeback_index:elastalert产生的日志在elasticsearch中的创建的索引 Alert_time_limit:失败重试的时间限制

4.4 告警配置介绍

example_rules目录中新建yaml配置文件 webattack_frequency.yaml,下面分开介绍这个配置文件的内容(下个小节将分享我的配置文件,此小节仅解释其中的必要设置项):

1、告警规则

ElastAlert支持11种告警规则,本文不一一介绍了,为响应web攻击行为,本文选用的告警规则是frequency

name: web attack

# (Required)
# Type of alert.
# the frequency rule type alerts when num_events events occur with timeframe time type: frequency # (Required, frequency specific) # Alert when this many documents matching the query occur within a timeframe num_events: 10 # (Required, frequency specific) # num_events must occur within this amount of time to trigger an alert timeframe: minutes: 1 # (Required) # Index to search, wildcard supported index: logstash-* #对应logstash的配置文件中output的elasticsearch index前缀 filter: - query_string: # sql insert xss detect query: "request: select.+(from|limit) OR request: union(.*?)select OR request: into.+(dump|out)file "

上述配置文件的意图即是:在一分钟内将匹配query里面的sql注入规则,若匹配次数达到10次,即进行报警。

2、使用邮箱进行告警

ElastAlert提供了 10 多种通知的类型,本文选用的是邮箱告警,还有微信告警、钉钉告警,若有需要,请自行配置。

smtp_host: smtp.qiye.163.com
smtp_port: 25 smtp_auth_file: /Users/qy/Downloads/work/elastalert/example_rules/smtp_auth_file.yaml #回复给那个邮箱 email_reply_to: xxx@163.com #从哪个邮箱发送 from_addr: xxx@163.com # (Required) # The alert is use when a match is found alert: - "email" # (required, email specific) # a list of email addresses to send alerts to email: - "[email protected]" alert_subject: "web attack may be by {} at @{}" alert_subject_args: - remote_addr - time alert_text_type: alert_text_only alert_text: | 你好,服务器({})可能正在受到web攻击,请采取手段阻止!!!! ### 截止发邮件前匹配到的请求数:{} > 发生时间: {} > timestamp:{} > attacker's ip: {} > request: {} > status:{} > UA头:{} >>> 参考来源:{} alert_text_args: - host - num_hits - time - "@timestamp" - remote_addr - request - status - http_user_agent - source

smtp_auth_file.yaml的配置内容会在下个小节给出,在这个配置中,我自定义了 alert 的内容,更为精确地突出了攻击者ip、受攻击的服务器、攻击事件等信息。

3、减少重复告警的频率

在实际的使用中,若使用上述的配置,受到攻击的时候邮箱将不断地收到邮件,而这些邮件都对应着同一个攻击实例,根本没必要重复收取,于是,我使用了如下的配置:

   # 用来区分报警,跟 realert 配合使用,在这里意味着,
   # 5 分钟内如果有重复报警,那么当 name 不同时,会当做不同的报警处理,可以是数组
   query_key:
     - name

   # 5 分钟内相同的报警不会重复发送
   realert:
     minutes: 5 # 指数级扩大 realert 时间,中间如果有报警, # 则按照 5 -> 10 -> 20 -> 40 -> 60 不断增大报警时间到制定的最大时间, # 如果之后报警减少,则会慢慢恢复原始 realert 时间 exponential_realert: hours: 1

在本人实际测试的攻击场景中,发现使用了exponential_realert后,会错过很多告警(这些告警并不是同一个攻击实例),暂时不确定原因,还请读者们自行确定是否开启该设置。

4.5webattack_frequency.yamlsmtp_auth_file.yaml配置文件内容

上述的4.4小节中对每个配置都作了简单的介绍,这里就直接放出web攻击预警的配置文件供各位读者参考。

webattack_frequency.yaml:

# Alert when the rate of events exceeds a threshold

# (Optional)
# Elasticsearch host
#es_host: 188.88.88.88 # (Optional) # Elasticsearch port #es_port: 9200 # (OptionaL) Connect with SSL to Elasticsearch #use_ssl: True # (Optional) basic-auth username and password for Elasticsearch #es_username: someusername #es_password: somepassword # (Required) # Rule name, must be unique name: web attack realert: minutes: 5 # (Required) # Type of alert. # the frequency rule type alerts when num_events events occur with timeframe time type: frequency # (Required) # Index to search, wildcard supported index: logstash-* # (Required, frequency specific) # Alert when this many documents matching the query occur within a timeframe num_events: 10 # (Required, frequency specific) # num_events must occur within this amount of time to trigger an alert timeframe: #hours: 4 minutes: 1 # (Required) # A list of Elasticsearch filters used for find events # These filters are joined with AND and nested in a filtered query # For more info: http://www.elasticsearch.org/guide/en/elasticsearch/reference/current/query-dsl.html #filter: #- term: # some_field: "some_value" filter: - query_string: # sql insert xss detect query: "request: select.+(from|limit) OR request: union(.*?)select OR request: into.+(dump|out)file OR request: (base64_decode|sleep|benchmark|and.+1=1|and.+1=2|or%20|exec|information_schema|where%20|union%20|%2ctable_name%20|cmdshell|table_schema) OR request: (iframe|script|body|img|layer|div|meta|style|base|object|input|onmouseover|onerror|onload) OR request: .+etc.+passwd OR http_user_agent:(HTTrack|harvest|audit|dirbuster|pangolin|nmap|sqln|-scan|hydra|Parser|libwww|BBBike|sqlmap|w3af|owasp|Nikto|fimap|havij|PycURL|zmeu|BabyKrokodil|netsparker|httperf|bench) OR status: (400|404|500|501) NOT (request:_health.html OR remote_addr:222.222.222.222 ) " smtp_host: smtp.qiye.163.com smtp_port: 25 smtp_auth_file: /Users/qy/Downloads/work/elastalert/example_rules/smtp_auth_file.yaml #回复给那个邮箱 email_reply_to: xxx@163.com #从哪个邮箱发送 from_addr: xxx@163.com # (Required) # The alert is use when a match is found alert: - "email" # (required, email specific) # a list of email addresses to send alerts to email: - "[email protected]" alert_subject: "web attack may be by {} at @{}" alert_subject_args: - remote_addr - time alert_text_type: alert_text_only alert_text: | 你好,服务器({})可能正在受到web攻击,请采取手段阻止!!!! ### 截止发邮件前匹配到的请求数:{} > 发生时间: {} > timestamp:{} > attacker's ip: {} > request: {} > status:{} > UA头:{} >>> 参考来源:{} alert_text_args: - host - num_hits - time - "@timestamp" - remote_addr - request - status - http_user_agent - source

smtp_auth_file.yaml:

user: xxx@163.com
password: password

4.6 运行elastalert

在成功配置完ElastAlert后将生成三个配置文件:

config.yaml、webattack_frequency.yaml、smtp_auth_file.yaml

  • 启动elastalert服务,监听elasticsearch:

nohup python -m elastalert.elastalert --verbose --rule webattack_frequency.yaml >/dev/null 2>&1 &

  • 为实现守护进程的作用,可以配合supervisor进行使用,本文不再阐述。

4.7 运行效果:

当匹配到自定义攻击规则的时候,ElastAlert将会以邮件方式发送告警信息:

web attack may be by 104.38.13.21 at @[13/Jan/2018:16:06:58 +0800] xxx 发给 shystartree 你好,服务器(199.222.36.31)可能正在受到web攻击,请采取手段阻止!!!! ### 截止发邮件前匹配到的请求数:20 > 发生时间: [13/Jan/2018:16:06:58 +0800] > timestamp:2018-01-13T08:07:04.930Z > attacker's ip: 184.233.9.121 > request: GET /dbadmin/scripts/setup.php HTTP/1.0 > status:200 > UA头:ZmEu >>> 参考来源:/log/localhost_access_log.2018-01-13.txt

五、总结

ElastAlert除了本文介绍的告警web攻击行为外,还能进行异常告警等。使用了frequency的规则后,基本能达到识别web攻击的目的。在实际的使用中,elastalert能稳定运行,且能根据自定义配置文件精确告警,缺点是告警的格式不够美观和需要频繁地修改配置文件。

参考链接:

ElastAlert:『Hi,咱服务挂了』:https://xizhibei.github.io/2017/11/19/alerting-with-elastalert/ [ElastAlert]介绍和安装:https://segmentfault.com/a/1190000008227486 被elastalert虐了:http://blog.csdn.net/vbaspdelphi/article/details/54291066

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转载自www.cnblogs.com/liqing1009/p/8932866.html