Http协议的重要性相信不用我多说了，HttpClient相比传统JDK自带的URLConnection，增加了易用性和灵活性（具体区别，日后我们再讨论），它不仅是客户端发送Http请求变得容易，而且也方便了开发人员测试接口（基于Http协议的），即提高了开发的效率，也方便提高代码的健壮性。因此熟练掌握HttpClient是很重要的必修内容，掌握HttpClient后，相信对于Http协议的了解会更加深入。
一、简介
HttpClient是Apache Jakarta Common下的子项目，用来提供高效的、最新的、功能丰富的支持HTTP协议的客户端编程工具包，并且它支持HTTP协议最新的版本和建议。HttpClient已经应用在很多的项目中，比如Apache Jakarta上很著名的另外两个开源项目Cactus和HTMLUnit都使用了HttpClient。
下载地址: http://hc.apache.org/downloads.cgi
二、特性
1. 基于标准、纯净的java语言。实现了Http1.0和Http1.1
2. 以可扩展的面向对象的结构实现了Http全部的方法（GET, POST, PUT, DELETE, HEAD, OPTIONS, and TRACE）。
3. 支持HTTPS协议。
4. 通过Http代理建立透明的连接。
5. 利用CONNECT方法通过Http代理建立隧道的https连接。
6. Basic, Digest, NTLMv1, NTLMv2, NTLM2 Session, SNPNEGO/Kerberos认证方案。
7. 插件式的自定义认证方案。
8. 便携可靠的套接字工厂使它更容易的使用第三方解决方案。
9. 连接管理器支持多线程应用。支持设置最大连接数，同时支持设置每个主机的最大连接数，发现并关闭过期的连接。
10. 自动处理Set-Cookie中的Cookie。
11. 插件式的自定义Cookie策略。
12. Request的输出流可以避免流中内容直接缓冲到socket服务器。
13. Response的输入流可以有效的从socket服务器直接读取相应内容。
14. 在http1.0和http1.1中利用KeepAlive保持持久连接。
15. 直接获取服务器发送的response code和 headers。
16. 设置连接超时的能力。
17. 实验性的支持http1.1 response caching。
18. 源代码基于Apache License 可免费获取。
三、使用方法
使用HttpClient发送请求、接收响应很简单，一般需要如下几步即可。
1. 创建HttpClient对象。
2. 创建请求方法的实例，并指定请求URL。如果需要发送GET请求，创建HttpGet对象；如果需要发送POST请求，创建HttpPost对象。
3. 如果需要发送请求参数，可调用HttpGet、HttpPost共同的setParams(HetpParams params)方法来添加请求参数；对于HttpPost对象而言，也可调用setEntity(HttpEntity entity)方法来设置请求参数。
4. 调用HttpClient对象的execute(HttpUriRequest request)发送请求，该方法返回一个HttpResponse。
5. 调用HttpResponse的getAllHeaders()、getHeaders(String name)等方法可获取服务器的响应头；调用HttpResponse的getEntity()方法可获取HttpEntity对象，该对象包装了服务器的响应内容。程序可通过该对象获取服务器的响应内容。
6. 释放连接。无论执行方法是否成功，都必须释放连接
四、使用实例
下面给出HttpClient使用的工具类，该工具类基于HttpClient4.3.X以上版本，该版本与之前的代码写法风格相差较大，用到的包如下：
<dependency> <groupId>org.apache.httpcomponents</groupId> <artifactId>httpclient</artifactId> <version>4.3.1</version> </dependency> <dependency> <groupId>org.apache.httpcomponents</groupId> <artifactId>httpcore</artifactId> <version>4.3.1</version> </dependency> <dependency> <groupId>org.apache.httpcomponents</groupId> <artifactId>httpmime</artifactId> <version>4.3.1</version> </dependency>该工具类使用HttpClient实现SSL(HTTPS)请求/Get请求/Post请求，并模拟了Post Form表单提交/文件上传/文件下载，代码中所有实例都通过测试。具体代码如下：
package zmx.httpclient.test;import java.io.File;import java.io.FileInputStream;import java.io.FileOutputStream;import java.io.IOException;import java.io.InputStream;import java.io.UnsupportedEncodingException;import java.security.KeyManagementException;import java.security.KeyStore;import java.security.KeyStoreException;import java.security.NoSuchAlgorithmException;import java.security.cert.CertificateException;import java.security.cert.X509Certificate;import java.util.ArrayList;import java.util.List;import javax.net.ssl.SSLContext;import org.apache.http.HttpEntity;import org.apache.http.NameValuePair;import org.apache.http.ParseException;import org.apache.http.client.ClientProtocolException;import org.apache.http.client.entity.UrlEncodedFormEntity;import org.apache.http.client.methods.CloseableHttpResponse;import org.apache.http.client.methods.HttpGet;import org.apache.http.client.methods.HttpPost;import org.apache.http.conn.ssl.SSLConnectionSocketFactory;import org.apache.http.conn.ssl.SSLContextBuilder;import org.apache.http.conn.ssl.SSLContexts;import org.apache.http.conn.ssl.TrustSelfSignedStrategy;import org.apache.http.conn.ssl.TrustStrategy;import org.apache.http.entity.mime.HttpMultipartMode;import org.apache.http.entity.mime.MultipartEntityBuilder;import org.apache.http.entity.mime.content.FileBody;import org.apache.http.impl.client.CloseableHttpClient;import org.apache.http.impl.client.HttpClients;import org.apache.http.message.BasicNameValuePair;import org.apache.http.util.CharsetUtils;import org.apache.http.util.EntityUtils;/** * HttpClient工具类 * * @author zhangwenchao * */public class HttpClientUtils { /** * HttpClient连接SSL，需要导入证书的方法 * 若SSL需要导入信任的证书，使用该方法 * @param url */ public static void ssl(String url) { CloseableHttpClient httpclient = null; try { KeyStore trustStore = KeyStore.getInstance(KeyStore .getDefaultType()); FileInputStream instream = new FileInputStream(new File( "E:\\tomcat.keystore")); try { // 加载keyStore d:\\tomcat.keystore trustStore.load(instream, "123456".toCharArray()); } catch (CertificateException e) { e.printStackTrace(); } finally { try { instream.close(); } catch (Exception ignore) { } } // 相信自己的CA和所有自签名的证书 SSLContext sslcontext = SSLContexts .custom() .loadTrustMaterial(trustStore, new TrustSelfSignedStrategy()).build(); // 只允许使用TLSv1协议 SSLConnectionSocketFactory sslsf = new SSLConnectionSocketFactory( sslcontext, new String[] { "TLSv1" }, null, SSLConnectionSocketFactory.BROWSER_COMPATIBLE_HOSTNAME_VERIFIER); httpclient = HttpClients.custom().setSSLSocketFactory(sslsf) .build(); // 创建http请求(get方式) HttpGet httpget = new HttpGet(url); System.out.println("executing request" + httpget.getRequestLine()); CloseableHttpResponse response = httpclient.execute(httpget); try { HttpEntity entity = response.getEntity(); System.out.println("----------------------------------------"); System.out.println(response.getStatusLine()); if (entity != null) { System.out.println("Response content length: " + entity.getContentLength()); System.out.println(EntityUtils.toString(entity)); EntityUtils.consume(entity); } } finally { response.close(); } } catch (ParseException e) { e.printStackTrace(); } catch (IOException e) { e.printStackTrace(); } catch (KeyManagementException e) { e.printStackTrace(); } catch (NoSuchAlgorithmException e) { e.printStackTrace(); } catch (KeyStoreException e) { e.printStackTrace(); } finally { if (httpclient != null) { try { httpclient.close(); } catch (IOException e) { e.printStackTrace(); } } } } /** * 不需要导入证书，SSL信任所有证书，使用该方法 * * @return */ public static CloseableHttpClient createSSLClientDefault() { try { SSLContext sslContext = new SSLContextBuilder().loadTrustMaterial( null, new TrustStrategy() { // 信任所有证书 public boolean isTrusted(X509Certificate[] chain, String authType) throws CertificateException { return true; } }).build(); SSLConnectionSocketFactory sslsf = new SSLConnectionSocketFactory( sslContext); return HttpClients.custom().setSSLSocketFactory(sslsf).build(); } catch (KeyManagementException e) { e.printStackTrace(); } catch (NoSuchAlgorithmException e) { e.printStackTrace(); } catch (KeyStoreException e) { e.printStackTrace(); } return HttpClients.createDefault(); } /** * HttpClient连接SSL，不需要导入证书 * 信任所有证书，跳过证书验证 * @param url */ public static void ssl2(String url) { CloseableHttpClient httpclient = null; try { httpclient = createSSLClientDefault(); // 创建http请求(get方式) HttpGet httpget = new HttpGet(url); System.out.println("executing request" + httpget.getRequestLine()); CloseableHttpResponse response = httpclient.execute(httpget); try { HttpEntity entity = response.getEntity(); System.out.println("----------------------------------------"); System.out.println(response.getStatusLine()); if (entity != null) { System.out.println("Response content length: " + entity.getContentLength()); System.out.println(EntityUtils.toString(entity)); EntityUtils.consume(entity); } } finally { response.close(); } } catch (ParseException e) { e.printStackTrace(); } catch (IOException e) { e.printStackTrace(); } finally { if (httpclient != null) { try { httpclient.close(); } catch (IOException e) { e.printStackTrace(); } } } } /** * 发送 get请求 */ public static void get(String url) { CloseableHttpClient httpclient = HttpClients.createDefault(); try { // 创建httpget. HttpGet httpget = new HttpGet(url); System.out.println("executing request " + httpget.getURI()); // 执行get请求. CloseableHttpResponse response = httpclient.execute(httpget); try { // 获取响应实体 HttpEntity entity = response.getEntity(); System.out.println("--------------------------------------"); // 打印响应状态 System.out.println(response.getStatusLine()); if (entity != null) { // 打印响应内容长度 System.out.println("Response content length: " + entity.getContentLength()); // 打印响应内容 System.out.println("Response content: " + EntityUtils.toString(entity)); } System.out.println("------------------------------------"); } finally { response.close(); } } catch (ClientProtocolException e) { e.printStackTrace(); } catch (ParseException e) { e.printStackTrace(); } catch (IOException e) { e.printStackTrace(); } finally { // 关闭连接,释放资源 try { httpclient.close(); } catch (IOException e) { e.printStackTrace(); } } } /** * 发送 post请求 访问本地应用并根据传递参数不同返回不同结果 */ public static void post(String url) { // 创建默认的httpClient实例. CloseableHttpClient httpclient = HttpClients.createDefault(); // 创建httppost HttpPost httppost = new HttpPost(url); // 创建参数队列 List<NameValuePair> formparams = new ArrayList<NameValuePair>(); formparams.add(new BasicNameValuePair("inputVal", "13301330133")); UrlEncodedFormEntity uefEntity; try { uefEntity = new UrlEncodedFormEntity(formparams, "UTF-8"); httppost.setEntity(uefEntity); System.out.println("executing request " + httppost.getURI()); CloseableHttpResponse response = httpclient.execute(httppost); try { HttpEntity entity = response.getEntity(); if (entity != null) { System.out .println("--------------------------------------"); System.out.println("Response content: " + EntityUtils.toString(entity, "UTF-8")); System.out .println("--------------------------------------"); } } finally { response.close(); } } catch (ClientProtocolException e) { e.printStackTrace(); } catch (UnsupportedEncodingException e1) { e1.printStackTrace(); } catch (IOException e) { e.printStackTrace(); } finally { // 关闭连接,释放资源 try { httpclient.close(); } catch (IOException e) { e.printStackTrace(); } } } /** * post方式提交表单（模拟用户登录请求） */ public static void postForm(String url) { // 创建默认的httpClient实例. CloseableHttpClient httpclient = HttpClients.createDefault(); // 创建httppost HttpPost httppost = new HttpPost(url); // 创建参数队列 List<NameValuePair> formparams = new ArrayList<NameValuePair>(); formparams.add(new BasicNameValuePair("j_username", "13301330133")); formparams.add(new BasicNameValuePair("j_password", "330133")); UrlEncodedFormEntity uefEntity; try { uefEntity = new UrlEncodedFormEntity(formparams, "UTF-8"); httppost.setEntity(uefEntity); System.out.println("executing request " + httppost.getURI()); CloseableHttpResponse response = httpclient.execute(httppost); try { HttpEntity entity = response.getEntity(); if (entity != null) { System.out .println("--------------------------------------"); System.out.println("Response content: " + EntityUtils.toString(entity, "UTF-8")); System.out .println("--------------------------------------"); } } finally { response.close(); } } catch (ClientProtocolException e) { e.printStackTrace(); } catch (UnsupportedEncodingException e1) { e1.printStackTrace(); } catch (IOException e) { e.printStackTrace(); } finally { // 关闭连接,释放资源 try { httpclient.close(); } catch (IOException e) { e.printStackTrace(); } } } /** * 上传文件 */ public static void upload(String url) { CloseableHttpClient httpclient = HttpClients.createDefault(); try { HttpPost httppost = new HttpPost(url); FileBody bin = new FileBody(new File( "C:\\Users\\zhangwenchao\\Desktop\\jinzhongzi.jpg")); // StringBody name = new StringBody("这个一测试", // ContentType.TEXT_PLAIN); HttpEntity reqEntity = MultipartEntityBuilder.create() .setMode(HttpMultipartMode.BROWSER_COMPATIBLE) .addPart("uploadFile", bin) .setCharset(CharsetUtils.get("UTF-8")).build(); httppost.setEntity(reqEntity); System.out.println("executing request: " + httppost.getRequestLine()); CloseableHttpResponse response = httpclient.execute(httppost); // httppost = new // HttpPost(response.getLastHeader("location").getValue()); // response = httpclient.execute(httppost); try { System.out.println("----------------------------------------"); System.out.println(response.getStatusLine()); HttpEntity resEntity = response.getEntity(); if (resEntity != null) { // 响应长度 System.out.println("Response content length: " + resEntity.getContentLength()); // 打印响应内容 System.out.println("Response content: " + EntityUtils.toString(resEntity)); } // 销毁 EntityUtils.consume(resEntity); } finally { response.close(); } } catch (ClientProtocolException e) { e.printStackTrace(); } catch (IOException e) { e.printStackTrace(); } finally { try { httpclient.close(); } catch (IOException e) { e.printStackTrace(); } } } /** * 文件下载 */ public static void download(String url) { // 生成一个httpclient对象 CloseableHttpClient httpclient = HttpClients.createDefault(); try { HttpGet httpget = new HttpGet(url); CloseableHttpResponse response = httpclient.execute(httpget); HttpEntity resEntity = response.getEntity(); if (resEntity != null) { // 响应长度 System.out.println("Response content length: " + resEntity.getContentLength()); InputStream in = resEntity.getContent(); String fileName = url.substring(url.lastIndexOf("/")); File file = new File("E:\\" + fileName); try { FileOutputStream fout = new FileOutputStream(file); int l = -1; byte[] tmp = new byte[1024]; while ((l = in.read(tmp)) != -1) { fout.write(tmp, 0, l); // 注意这里如果用OutputStream.write(buff)的话，图片会失真，大家可以试试 } fout.flush(); fout.close(); } finally { // 关闭低层流。 in.close(); } } } catch (ClientProtocolException e) { e.printStackTrace(); } catch (IOException e) { e.printStackTrace(); } finally { try { httpclient.close(); } catch (IOException e) { e.printStackTrace(); } } } public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception { // HttpClientUtils.ssl2("https://www.baidu.com?word=刘德华"); //模拟访问HTTPS // HttpClientUtils.get("http://www.baidu.com?word=刘德华"); //模拟访问get // HttpClientUtils.post("http://localhost:8080/BCP/system/user/checkName");//模拟访问post // HttpClientUtils.postForm("http://localhost:8080/BCP/j_spring_security_check");//模拟访问post form表单提交 HttpClientUtils.upload("http://localhost:8080/BCP/all/test/upload"); // 模拟文件上传 // HttpClientUtils.download("http://localhost:8080/BCP/images/crops/tongyong.jpg");//模拟文件上传 }}