目录
5.Control theory and cybernetics
4.1974-1980 The First AI Winter
6.1987-1993 The Second AI Winter
一、初识AI
1.AI的诞生
The 1956 conference of "Dartmouth Summer Research Project on Artificial Intelligence" is the birth of AI.
Artificial Intelligence(AI)
2.测试
-Turing Test：
Alan Turing提出，paper"Computing Machinery and Intelligence"，大意是提出问题，判断测试者是人类还是电脑。
ps:有关图灵的一部电影《模仿游戏》，神探夏洛克里的福尔摩斯饰演者 本尼迪克特·康伯巴奇哦。
-Visual Turing Test
Donald Geman提出，大意是让计算机回答关于描述图片内容的问题
3.一个争论
Chinese Room(中文屋)，大意是说AI可以给出处理信息的结果，但AI真的理解信息的涵义吗。
二、AI的分类
1.四类
| Humanly | Rationly | |
| Acting | Humanly Acting | Rationly Acting |
| Thinking | Humanly Thinking | Rationly Thinking |
2.强弱
| Weak AI | Artificial Narrow Intelligence(ANI) | non-sentient |
| Strong AI | Artificial General Intelligence(AGI) | solve any problem |
| Super AI | Artificial Super Intelligence(ASI) |
三、Foundation of AI
1.Philosophy
2.Mathematics
mathematics in three fundamental areas:
(1)Logic
-propositional logic(Boolean logic)命题逻辑（布尔逻辑）
George Boole
-first order logic一阶逻辑
Gottlob Frege
-theory of reference指称理论
Alfred Tarski
(2)Computation
-computable : Alan Turing
-tractability : Cobham and Edmonds
-NP-completeness : Steven Cook and Richard Karp
(3)Probability
-Gerolamo Cardano framed probability
-statistical methods
-Bayes' rule : Thomas Bayes
3.Economics
4.Psychology
Cognitive psychology：mental process:
-attention
-language use
-memory
-perception
-problem solving
-creativity
-thinking
memory : three sub-classes:
-procedural memory
-semantic memory
-episodic memory
metacognition:
-knowledge about cogition
-regulation of cognition
5.Computer engineering
5.Control theory and cybernetics
6.Linguistics
7.Neuro science
prediction and simulation
四、AI的成果
1.发展时期
2.1959-1956 The Birth of AI
-the Turing Test
-found the field of Artificial Intelligence at a conference Dartmouth College:
four participants: John McCarthy , Marvin Minsky , Allen Newell and Herbert Simon
3.1956-1974 The Golden Years
-first AI program——logic Theorist(LT)
-Lisp programming language
-semantic nets for machine translation M.Masterman
-paper about Patter Recognition which desciribed the first machine learning program
-first expert system——Dendral E.Feigenbaum
-MYCIN program——a approach to medical diagnoses
4.1974-1980 The First AI Winter
the failures of:
-machine translation
-the abandonment of connectionism
-speech understanding
-the Lighthill report"Artificial Intelligence : A General Survey"
5.1980-1987 The Boom of AI
-American Association for Artificial Intelligence(AAAI)
-Fifth Generation Computer Sytem(FGCS) for knowledge processing
ps:
1st Thermionic vacuum tubes 2nd Transistors 3rd Integrated circuits 4th Micro processor
-the decision tree :Artificial Neural Networks(ANN)
6.1987-1993 The Second AI Winter
the failures :
-lisp machine
-expert systems
-FGCS
7.1993-Present
-Deep Blue : chesss-playing
-Stanford's Stanley : autonomous robotic vehicle
-paper about "deep learning"
-Waston : answer question
-Google Brain
-Siri
-a real-time English-to -Chinese universal translator : accuracy , accent and intonation
-Cortana
-XiaoIce(小冰)
-度秘
-Eugene Goostman : pass Turing Test
-TureNorth chip : neuromorphic
-Deep Q-Network : Atari
-AlphaGo
-阿里云小艾
五、Applications
1.Main Fields
(CV)Computer Vision(计算机视觉)
Image processing(图像处理)
VR,AR and MR
Pattern recognition(模式识别)
Intelligence Diagnosis(智能诊断)
-Game theory and Strategic planning(博弈理论和策略规划)
-Game AI and Gamebot(游戏AI和游戏机器人)
-Machine Translation(机器翻译)
-Natural language processing and Chatbot(自然语言处理和聊天机器人)
-Nonlinear control and Robotics(非线性控制和机器人技术)
2.Other Fields
-Artificial life(智能生活)
-Automated resoning(自动推理)
-Automation(自动化)
-Biological computing(生物计算)
-Concept mining(概念挖掘)
-Data mining(数据挖掘)
-Knowledge representation(知识表示)
-Semantic Web(语义网络)
-E-mail spam filtering(垃圾邮件过滤)
-Litigation(诉讼)
-Robotics()
-Behavior-based robotics()
-Cognitive()
-Cybernetics()
-Development robotics()
-Hybrid intelligent system(混合人工智能)
-Intelligent agent(智能代理)
-Intelligent control(智能控制)
六、论文
