硬盘分区及格式化
- fdisk分区工具用来建立msdos分区方案，其交互模式中的主要指令如下：
- m：列出指令帮助
- p：查看当前的分区表信息
- n：新建分区
- d：删除分区
- t：更改分区标识
- q：放弃分区更改并退出
- w：保存对分区表所做的更改
新建分区表
[root@server0 ~]# fdisk /dev/vdb
Welcome to fdisk (util-linux 2.23.2).
Changes will remain in memory only, until you decide to write them.
Be careful before using the write command.
Device does not contain a recognized partition table
Building a new DOS disklabel with disk identifier 0x9ac1bc10.
Command (m for help): //交互操作提示信息
2）新建第1个分区/dev/vdb1
Command (m for help): n //新建分区
Partition type:
p primary (0 primary, 0 extended, 4 free)
e extended
Select (default p): p //类型为p（主分区）
Partition number (1-4, default 1): 1 //分区编号1
First sector (2048-20971519, default 2048): //起始位置默认
Using default value 2048
Last sector, +sectors or +size{K,M,G} (2048-20971519, default 20971519): +200M
Partition 1 of type Linux and of size 200 MiB is set //结束位置+200MiB大小
Command (m for help): p //确认当前分区表
.. ..
Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System
/dev/vdb1 2048 411647 204800 83 Linux
3）新建第2个分区/dev/vdb2
Command (m for help): n
Partition type:
p primary (1 primary, 0 extended, 3 free)
e extended
Select (default p): p //类型为p（主分区）
Partition number (2-4, default 2): 2 //分区编号2
First sector (411648-20971519, default 411648): //起始位置默认
Using default value 411648
Last sector, +sectors or +size{K,M,G} (411648-20971519, default 20971519): +2000M
Partition 2 of type Linux and of size 2 GiB is set //结束位置+2000MiB大小
Command (m for help): p //确认当前分区表
.. ..
Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System
/dev/vdb1 2048 411647 204800 83 Linux
/dev/vdb2 411648 4507647 2048000 83 Linux
4）新建第3个分区/dev/vdb3
Command (m for help): n
Partition type:
p primary (2 primary, 0 extended, 2 free)
e extended
Select (default p): p
Partition number (3,4, default 3): 3
First sector (4507648-20971519, default 4507648):
Using default value 4507648
Last sector, +sectors or +size{K,M,G} (4507648-20971519, default 20971519): +1000M
Partition 3 of type Linux and of size 1000 MiB is set
Command (m for help): p //确认当前分区表
.. ..
Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System
/dev/vdb1 2048 411647 204800 83 Linux
/dev/vdb2 411648 4507647 2048000 83 Linux
/dev/vdb3 4507648 6555647 1024000 83 Linux
5）调整分区类型标识（可选）
将/dev/vdb1的类型（默认为83,表示EXT2/3/4分区）修改为8e（LVM设备）：
Command (m for help): t //修改分区类型标识
Partition number (1-3, default 3): 1 //指定第1个分区
Hex code (type L to list all codes): 8e //类型改为8e
Changed type of partition 'Linux' to 'Linux LVM'
Command (m for help): p //确认当前分区表
.. ..
Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System
/dev/vdb1 2048 411647 204800 8e Linux LVM
/dev/vdb2 411648 4507647 2048000 83 Linux
/dev/vdb3 4507648 6555647 1024000 83 Linux
6）保存分区更改，退出fdisk分区工具
Command (m for help): w
//保存并退出
The partition table has been altered!
Calling ioctl() to re-read partition table.
Syncing disks.
6）刷新分区表
[root@server0 ~]# partprobe /dev/vdb
//重新检测磁盘分区
//或者
[root@server0 ~]# reboot
//对已使用中磁盘的分区调整，应该重启一次
.. ..
- 格式化及挂载分区
[root@server0 ~]# mkfs.ext4 /dev/vdb2
.. ..
Allocating group tables: done
Writing inode tables: done
Creating journal (8192 blocks): done
Writing superblocks and filesystem accounting information: done
2）配置开机自动挂载
[root@server0 ~]# vim /etc/fstab
.. ..
/dev/vdb2 /mnt/part2 ext4 defaults 0 0
3）创建挂载点，并验证挂载配置
[root@server0 ~]# mkdir /mnt/part2 //创建挂载点
[root@server0 ~]# mount -a //挂载fstab中的可用设备
[root@server0 ~]# df -hT /mnt/part2/ //检查文档所在的文件系统及设备
Filesystem Type Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on
/dev/vdb2 ext4 1.9G 5.9M 1.8G 1% /mnt/part2
新建一个逻辑卷
- LVM创建工具的基本用法：
vgcreate 卷组名 物理设备… …
lvcreate -L 大小 -n 逻辑卷名 卷组名
- 创建卷组
[root@server0 ~]# vgcreate systemvg /dev/vdb1
Physical volume "/dev/vdb1" successfully created
Volume group "systemvg" successfully created
2）确认结果
[root@server0 ~]# vgscan
Reading all physical volumes. This may take a while...
Found volume group "systemvg" using metadata type lvm2
- 创建逻辑卷
1）新建名为vo的逻辑卷
[root@server0 ~]# lvcreate -L 180MiB -n vo systemvg
Logical volume "vo" created
2）确认结果
[root@server0 ~]# lvscan
ACTIVE '/dev/systemvg/vo' [180.00 MiB] inherit
- 格式化及挂载使用
[root@server0 ~]# mkfs.ext4 /dev/systemvg/vo
.. ..
Allocating group tables: done
Writing inode tables: done
Creating journal (4096 blocks): done
Writing superblocks and filesystem accounting information: done
2）挂载逻辑卷/dev/systemvg/vo
[root@server0 ~]# mkdir /vo //创建挂载点
[root@server0 ~]# mount /dev/systemvg/vo /vo //挂载
[root@server0 ~]# df -hT /vo/ //检查结果
Filesystem Type Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on
/dev/mapper/systemvg-vo ext4 171M 1.6M 157M 1% /vo
3）访问逻辑卷/dev/systemvg/vo
[root@server0 ~]# cat /vo/votest.txt
I AM KING.
调整现有磁盘的分区
- 创建卷组时，可以通过-s选项指定PE的大小。
- 在给新建的逻辑卷分配空间时，空间大小只能是PE大小的倍数。
- 调整现有磁盘分区
[root@server0 ~]# fdisk /dev/vdb
Command (m for help): p //确认原有分区表
.. ..
Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System
/dev/vdb1 2048 411647 204800 8e Linux LVM
/dev/vdb2 411648 4507647 2048000 83 Linux
/dev/vdb3 4507648 6555647 1024000 83 Linux
Command (m for help): n //新建分区
Partition type:
p primary (3 primary, 0 extended, 1 free)
e extended
Select (default e): e //类型指定为e（扩展分区）
Selected partition 4 //只一个可用编号，自动选取
First sector (6555648-20971519, default 6555648): //起始位置默认
Using default value 6555648
Last sector, +sectors or +size{K,M,G} (6555648-20971519, default 20971519):
Using default value 20971519 //结束位置默认
Partition 4 of type Extended and of size 6.9 GiB is set
Command (m for help): p
.. ..
Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System
/dev/vdb1 2048 411647 204800 8e Linux LVM
/dev/vdb2 411648 4507647 2048000 83 Linux
/dev/vdb3 4507648 6555647 1024000 83 Linux
/dev/vdb4 6555648 20971519 7207936 5 Extended
- 在扩展分区中新建3个逻辑分区
Command (m for help): n
All primary partitions are in use
Adding logical partition 5 //分区编号5
First sector (6557696-20971519, default 6557696): //起始位置默认
Using default value 6557696
Last sector, +sectors or +size{K,M,G} (6557696-20971519, default 20971519): +500M
//结束位置默认
Partition 5 of type Linux and of size 500 MiB is set
创建第2个逻辑卷：
Command (m for help): n
All primary partitions are in use
Adding logical partition 6 //分区编号6
First sector (7583744-20971519, default 7583744): //起始位置默认
Using default value 7583744
Last sector, +sectors or +size{K,M,G} (7583744-20971519, default 20971519): +2000M
//结束位置默认
Partition 6 of type Linux and of size 2 GiB is set
创建第3个逻辑卷：
Command (m for help): n
All primary partitions are in use
Adding logical partition 7 //分区编号7
First sector (11681792-20971519, default 11681792): //起始位置默认
Using default value 11681792
Last sector, +sectors or +size{K,M,G} (11681792-20971519, default 20971519): +512M
//结束位置默认
Partition 7 of type Linux and of size 512 MiB is set
根据预计的用途调整分区类型（可选）：
Command (m for help): t //修改
Partition number (1-7, default 7): 5 //第5个分区
Hex code (type L to list all codes): 8e //类型为8e（LVM）
Changed type of partition 'Linux' to 'Linux LVM'
Command (m for help): t //修改
Partition number (1-7, default 7): 6 //第6个分区
Hex code (type L to list all codes): 8e //类型为8e（LVM）
Changed type of partition 'Linux' to 'Linux LVM'
Command (m for help): t //修改
Partition number (1-7, default 7): 7 //第7个分区
Hex code (type L to list all codes): 82 //类型为82（交换分区）
Changed type of partition 'Linux' to 'Linux swap / Solaris'
确认分区结果并保存：
Command (m for help): p
.. ..
Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System
/dev/vdb1 2048 411647 204800 8e Linux LVM
/dev/vdb2 411648 4507647 2048000 83 Linux
/dev/vdb3 4507648 6555647 1024000 83 Linux
/dev/vdb4 6555648 20971519 7207936 5 Extended
/dev/vdb5 6557696 7581695 512000 8e Linux LVM
/dev/vdb6 7583744 11679743 2048000 8e Linux LVM
/dev/vdb7 11681792 12730367 524288 82 Linux swap / Solaris
Command (m for help): w //保存退出
The partition table has been altered!
Calling ioctl() to re-read partition table.
WARNING: Re-reading the partition table failed with error 16: Device or resource busy.
The kernel still uses the old table. The new table will be used at
the next reboot or after you run partprobe(8) or kpartx(8)
Syncing disks. //提示重启
- 刷新分区表
[root@server0 ~]# partprobe /dev/vdb
[root@server0 ~]# reboot
- 新建卷组、逻辑卷
[root@server0 ~]# vgcreate -s 16MiB datastore /dev/vdb6
Volume group "datastore" successfully created
[root@server0 ~]# vgscan //确认新建的卷组
Reading all physical volumes. This may take a while...
Found volume group "systemvg" using metadata type lvm2
Found volume group "datastore" using metadata type lvm2
2）新建逻辑卷database，大小设置为50个PE
[root@server0 ~]# lvcreate -l 50 -n database datastore
Logical volume "database" created
[root@server0 ~]# lvscan //确认新建的逻辑卷
ACTIVE '/dev/systemvg/vo' [180.00 MiB] inherit
ACTIVE '/dev/datastore/database' [800.00 MiB] inherit
- 格式化及使用逻辑卷
[root@server0 ~]# mkfs.ext3 /dev/datastore/database
.. ..
Allocating group tables: done
Writing inode tables: done
Creating journal (4096 blocks): done
Writing superblocks and filesystem accounting information: done
2）配置开机挂载
[root@server0 ~]# mkdir /mnt/database //创建挂载点
[root@server0 ~]# vim /etc/fstab
.. ..
/dev/datastore/database /mnt/database ext3 defaults 0 0
3）验证挂载配置
[root@server0 ~]# mount -a
[root@server0 ~]# df -hT /mnt/database/ //确认挂载点设备
Filesystem Type Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on
/dev/mapper/datastore-database ext3 772M 828K 715M 1% /mnt/database
扩展逻辑卷的大小
- 确认逻辑卷vo的信息
[root@server0 ~]# lvscan
ACTIVE '/dev/systemvg/vo' [180.00 MiB] inherit
ACTIVE '/dev/datastore/database' [800.00 MiB] inherit
2）查看该卷组的剩余空间是否可满足扩展需要
[root@server0 ~]# vgdisplay systemvg
--- Volume group ---
VG Name systemvg
System ID
Format lvm2
Metadata Areas 1
Metadata Sequence No 2
VG Access read/write
VG Status resizable
MAX LV 0
Cur LV 1
Open LV 0
Max PV 0
Cur PV 1
Act PV 1
VG Size 196.00 MiB //卷组总大小
PE Size 4.00 MiB
Total PE 49
Alloc PE / Size 45 / 180.00 MiB
Free PE / Size 4 / 16.00 MiB //剩余空间大小
VG UUID czp8IJ-jihS-Ddoh-ny38-j521-5X8J-gqQfUN
//此例中卷组systemvg的总大小都不够300MiB、剩余空间才16MiB，因此必须先扩展卷组。只有剩余空间足够，才可以直接扩展逻辑卷大小。
- 扩展卷组
1）将提前准备的分区/dev/vdb5添加到卷组systemvg
[root@server0 ~]# vgextend systemvg /dev/vdb5
Physical volume "/dev/vdb5" successfully created
Volume group "systemvg" successfully extended
2）确认卷组新的大小
[root@server0 ~]# vgdisplay systemvg
--- Volume group ---
VG Name systemvg
.. ..
VG Size 692.00 MiB //总大小已变大
PE Size 4.00 MiB
Total PE 173
Alloc PE / Size 45 / 180.00 MiB
Free PE / Size 128 / 512.00 MiB //剩余空间已达512MiB
VG UUID czp8IJ-jihS-Ddoh-ny38-j521-5X8J-gqQfUN
- 扩展逻辑卷大小
1）将逻辑卷/dev/systemvg/vo的大小调整为300MiB
[root@server0 ~]# lvextend -L 300MiB /dev/systemvg/vo
Extending logical volume vo to 300.00 MiB
Logical volume vo successfully resized
2）确认调整结果
[root@server0 ~]# lvscan
ACTIVE '/dev/systemvg/vo' [300.00 MiB] inherit
ACTIVE '/dev/datastore/database' [800.00 MiB] inherit
3）刷新文件系统大小
确认逻辑卷vo上的文件系统类型：
[root@server0 ~]# blkid /dev/systemvg/vo
/dev/systemvg/vo: UUID="d4038749-74c3-4963-a267-94675082a48a" TYPE="ext4"
选择合适的工具刷新大小：
[root@server0 ~]# resize2fs /dev/systemvg/vo
resize2fs 1.42.9 (28-Dec-2013)
Resizing the filesystem on /dev/systemvg/vo to 307200 (1k) blocks.
The filesystem on /dev/systemvg/vo is now 307200 blocks long.
确认新大小（约等于300MiB）：
[root@server0 ~]# mount /dev/systemvg/vo /vo/
[root@server0 ~]# df -hT /vo
Filesystem Type Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on
/dev/mapper/systemvg-vo ext4 287M 2.1M 266M 1% /vo