MySQL数据库安装实践

1 MySQL的安装方法介绍

当今的互联网企业中，MySQL数据库大多运行在linux系列操作系统。若应用场景不同、版本不同，MySQL数据库的安装方法也会有区别，下面把常见的几种方法介绍给朋友们

1.1 yum、rpm方式安装

MySQL官网提供了不同版本的rpm安装包，且针对不同操作系统平台的安装包也会有区别。

1.1.1 rpm包安装MySQL

rpm包的安装方式相对简单，首先下载安装包

--- rpm包list

mysql-commercial-server-5.7.25-1.1.el7.x86_64.rpm
mysql-commercial-common-5.7.25-1.1.el7.x86_64.rpm
mysql-commercial-devel-5.7.25-1.1.el7.x86_64.rpm
mysql-commercial-libs-5.7.25-1.1.el7.x86_64.rpm
mysql-commercial-libs-compat-5.7.25-1.1.el7.x86_64.rpm
mysql-commercial-client-5.7.25-1.1.el7.x86_64.rpm


--- 查看系统中的rpm包

rpm -qa | grep mysql

--- 删除系统中的rpm包

rpm -e mysql-libs-5.1.73-7.el6.x86_64 --nodeps

--- 安装rpm包

rpm -ivh MySQL-*.rpm --force

1.1.2 yum安装MySQL

yum方式安装MySQL最便捷，只需执行一条命令'yum install mysql-server -y'即可。

yum install mysql-server -y

1.2 常规编译安装MySQL

常规编译安装即"./configure、make、make install"，适合所有MySQL 5.2.xx及以前产品

--- 安装环境依赖包

yum install bc binutils compat-libcap1 compat-libstdc++-33 glibc glibc-devel ksh libaio libaio-devel libX11 libXau libXi libXtst libXrender-devel libXrender libgcc libstdc++  libstdc++-devel libxcb make nfs-utils net-tools python python-configshell8 python-rtslib python-six  smartmontools sysstat targetcli libgcc_s.so.1 libc.so.6


--- 解压软件包

tar -zxvf mysql-5.1.73.tar.gz

--- 进入软件目录

cd mysql-5.1.73

---配置&编译&安装

./configure \
--prefix=/app/mysql5.1 \
--with-unix-scoket-path=/app/mysql5.1/tmp/mysql.sock \
--localstatedir=/app/mysql5.1/data \
--enable-assembler \
--enable-thread-safe-client \
--with-mysqld-user=mysql \
--with-big-tables \
--without-debug \
--with-pthread \
--with-extra-charsets=complex \
--with-readline \
--with-ssl \
--with-embedded-server \
--enable-local-infile \
--with-plugins=partition,innobase \
--with-msqld-ldflags=-all-static \
--with-client-ldflags=-all-static 

make

make install

ln -s /app/mysql5.1 /app/mysql

1.3 cmake编译安装MySQL

MySQL 5.4.xx及后续版本的特殊性，采用cmake或gmake编译安装。

--- 安装环境依赖包

yum install bc binutils compat-libcap1 compat-libstdc++-33 glibc glibc-devel ksh libaio libaio-devel libX11 libXau libXi libXtst libXrender-devel libXrender libgcc libstdc++  libstdc++-devel libxcb make nfs-utils net-tools python python-configshell8 python-rtslib python-six  smartmontools sysstat targetcli libgcc_s.so.1 libc.so.6


--- 解压软件包

tar -zxvf mysql-5.7.24.tar.gz

--- 进软件目录

cd mysql5.7

--- 配置&编译&安装

cmake . -DCMAKE_INSTALL_PREFIX=/app/mysql5.7 \
-DMYSQL_DATADIR=/app/mysql5.7/data \
-DMYSQL_UNIX_ADDR=/app/mysql5.7/tmp/mysql.sock \
-DDEFAULT_CHARSET=utf8 \
-DDEFAULT_COLLATION=utf8_general_ci \
-DWITH_EXTRA_CHARSETS=all \
-DWITH_INNOBASE_STORAGE_ENGINE=1 \
-DWITH_FEDERATED_STORAGE_ENGINE=1 \
-DWITH_BLACKHOLE_STORAGE_ENGINE=1 \
-DWITHOUT_EXAMPLE_STORAGE_ENGINE=1 \
-DWITH_ZLIB=bundled \
-DWITH_SSL=bundled \
-DENABLED_LOCAL_INFILE=1 \
-DWITH_EMBEDDED_SERVER=1 \
-DENABLE_DOWNLOADS=1 \
-DWITH_DEBUG=0

make

make install

ln -s /app/mysql5.6 /app/mysql

注：需安装cmake等编译工具

1.4 二进制免编译安装MySQL

二进制方式免编译安装的方法和yum安装类似，适合各类MySQL产品，无需复杂编译配置及编译时间的等待，解压软件包后初始化数据库即可完成并启动。

2 安装配置MySQL数据库

2.1 安装Mysql软件

2.1.1 依赖包和编译软件

Linux环境情况如下

--- 查看linux版本

cat /etc/redhat-release

--- 查看内核版本

uname -r

--- 查看操作系统位数

uname -m

2.1.1.1 安装依赖包

MySQL需要的依赖包，需提前安装

rpm -qa | grep ncurses libaio

yum install ncurses-devel libaio-devel -y

2.1.1.2 安装编译软件

MySQL 5.5 及以上版本采用特殊的编译方法，需要安装编译工具cmake

rpm -qa | grep cmake

yum install cmake -y

yum install bc binutils compat-libcap1 compat-libstdc++-33 glibc glibc-devel ksh libaio libaio-devel libX11 libXau libXi libXtst libXrender-devel libXrender libgcc libstdc++  libstdc++-devel libxcb make nfs-utils net-tools python python-configshell8 python-rtslib python-six  smartmontools sysstat targetcli libgcc_s.so.1 libc.so.6 gcc gcc-c++

2.1.2 安装MySQL软件

此次实例采用相对复杂的源代码安装方式

2.1.2.1 创建MySQL账号

useradd -s /sbin/nologin -M mysql

id mysql

2.1.2.2 获取MySQL软件包

MySQL下载地址：https://downloads.mysql.com/archives/community/

MySQL 源码包：mysql-5.7.24.tar.gz

2.1.2.3 编译&安装MySQL

配置、编译安装步骤如下：

1. 下载mysql软件包

mkdir -p /opt/media

cd /opt/media

wget -q https://downloads.mysql.com/archives/get/file/mysql-5.7.24.tar.gz

ls -rtlh

2. 解压、配置mysql

tar -zxvf mysql-5.7.24.tar.gz -C /opt/media

cd /opt/media/mysql-5.7.24

cmake . -DCMAKE_INSTALL_PREFIX=/app/mysql5.7 \
-DMYSQL_DATADIR=/app/mysql5.7/data \
-DMYSQL_UNIX_ADDR=/app/mysql5.7/tmp/mysql.sock \
-DDEFAULT_CHARSET=utf8 \
-DDEFAULT_COLLATION=utf8_general_ci \
-DWITH_EXTRA_CHARSETS=all \
-DWITH_INNOBASE_STORAGE_ENGINE=1 \
-DWITH_FEDERATED_STORAGE_ENGINE=1 \
-DWITH_BLACKHOLE_STORAGE_ENGINE=1 \
-DWITHOUT_EXAMPLE_STORAGE_ENGINE=1 \
-DWITH_BOOST=/usr/local/boost \
-DWITH_ZLIB=bundled \
-DWITH_SSL=bundled \
-DENABLED_LOCAL_INFILE=1 \
-DWITH_EMBEDDED_SERVER=1 \
-DENABLE_DOWNLOADS=1 \
-DWITH_DEBUG=0

3. 编译、安装mysql

--- 编译，启用4核并行编译

make -j 4

make install

4. 配置安装目录的软连接

ln -s /app/mysql5.7 /app/mysql

ls -lrth /app

ls /app/mysql

完成上述步骤，mysql软件安装完成

2.2 创建MySQL数据库配置文件、目录授权

MySQL 5.5 及以前版本默认提供多个配置文件模板，MySQL 5.6的support-files目录中没有提供模板

--- 查看模板信息

ls -rtlh /app/mysql5.7/support-files/*.cnf

ls -rtlh /app/mysql/support-files/*

--- 备份配置文件

mv /etc/my.cnf /etc/cnf.bak

--- 生成新配置文件(5.7版本没有my-default.cnf)

cp /app/mysql5.6/support-files/my-default.cnf /etc/my.cnf

--- 配置my.cnf

vi /etc/my.cnf

[mysqld]

basedir=/app/mysql5.7
datadir=/app/mysql5.7/data
socket=/app/mysql5.7/tmp/mysql.sock
port=3306
plugin_dir=/app/mysql5.7/lib/plugin
log-error=/app/mysql5.7/logs/error.log

skip-name-resolve
server-id = 10
default-storage-engine = innodb
innodb_buffer_pool_size = 512M
character_set_server = utf8
relay-log-space-limit = 2048M


max-connections = 320
query_cache_limit = 4M
query_cache_size = 64M
query_cache_type = 1
wait_timeout = 9000
connect_timeout = 20
thread_cache_size = 256
key_buffer_size = 16M

join_buffer_size = 2M
max_heap_table_size = 16M
low_priority_updates = 1
max_seeks_for_key = 100
sort_buffer_size = 16M
read_buffer_size = 16M
max_connect_errors = 10
myisam_sort_buffer_size = 64M
tmp_table_size = 64M
read_rnd_buffer_size = 1M




--- 软件目录授权

chown -R mysql.mysql /app/mysql

2.3 初始化MySQL数据库文件

2.3.1 初始化

--- MySQL 5.6及以前版本

/app/mysql/bin/mysql_install_db --basedir=/app/mysql --datadir=/app/mysql/data --user=mysql

--- MySQL 5.7版本

/app/mysql/bin/mysqld --no-defaults --initialize --basedir=/app/mysql --datadir=/app/mysql/data --user=mysql

2.3.2 初始化原理、结果说明

初始化是创建基础的库文件，例如，生成mysql库表等。初始化后查看数据目录

ls -rlth /app/mysql/data

yum install tree -y

tree /app/mysql/data

2.3.3 MySQL初始化故障排错

初始化出现的故障都必须排除，必须出现两个yes字样，否则后面数据库服务可以启动，也会出现登录不了MySQL数据库等各种问题。

2.4 配置并启动MySQL数据库

2.4.1 配置启动脚本

--- 复制启动脚本至启动目录

cp /app/mysql/support-files/mysql.server /etc/init.d/mysqld

chmod 700 /etc/init.d/mysqld

ls -l /etc/init.d/mysqld

2.4.2 启动MySQL数据库

--- 启动MySQL数据库方法1

/etc/init.d/mysqld start

--- 停止MySQL数据库

/etc/init.d/mysqld stop

--- 启动MySQL数据库方法2

/app/mysql/bin/mysqld_safe --user=mysql &

# “&”表示后台运行mysql服务

注：MySQL启动报错：mysqld_safe directory '/app/mysql/tmp' for UNIX socket file don't exists.需创建tmp目录

解决方案

--- 创建tmp目录

mkdir -p /app/mysql/tmp

chown -R mysql.mysql /app/mysql/tmp

2.4.3 检查mysql端口状态

netstat -lntup | grep mysql

2.4.4 查看mysql启动日志

tail -500f /app/mysql/data/ocean.err

2.4.5 配置MySQL开机自启动

--- 方案一

chkconfig --add mysqld

chkconfig --list | grep mysqld

--- 方案二

vi /etc/rc.local

/etc/init.d/mysqld start

2.5 MySQL命令添加到全局路径

之前配置启动和停止mysql都使用的绝对路径‘/app/mysql/bin/mysql’，很繁琐。添加全局路径后可直接敲mysql。下面来看看配置方法

2.5.1 确认mysql路径

ls /app/mysql/bin/mysql

2.5.2 PATH变量中加入mysql路径

--- profile中添加mysql路径

echo 'export PATH=/app/mysql/bin:$PATH' >> /etc/profile

--- 查看profile配置

tail -l /etc/profile

--- 生效变更的配置

source /etc/profile

--- 查看PATH

echo $PATH

2.5.3 软连接方式

--- mysql所有命令软连接到全局路径下

ln -s /app/mysql/bin/* /usr/local/sbin

2.6 登录mysql，验证服务状态

--- 使用临时密码登录

mysql -uroot -p'eFhu7agc5A%W'

--- 首次登录后需更改密码才能查询数据

ALTER USER USER() IDENTIFIED BY 'root1234';

查看数据库配置

--- 查看当前数据库

show databases;

--- 查看当前用户

select user();

--- 退出

ctrl + d

quit

exit

2.7 MySQL 安全配置

2.7.1 root配置密码

MySQL管理员root密码默认为空，通过mysqladmin配置密码

--- root用户配置密码

mysqladmin -u root password 'ocean123'

--- 登录验证

mysql -uroot -p 

键入 ocean123

--- 交互模式配置密码

mysql_secure_installation

2.7.2 清理mysql无用账户

--- 查看用户信息

select user,host from mysql.user;

--- 删除无用账户

drop user root@'::1';

drop user root@'node1';

drop user ''@'node1';

drop user ''@'localhost';

--- 验证用户信息

select user,host from mysql.user;

--- DML删除无用账户

delete from mysql.user where user='' and host='MySQL';

flush privileges;

2.7.3 清理无用库

--- 删除无用库

drop database test;

--- 查看库信息

show databases;

FAQ

1. 系统最小化安装，很多组件包没有安装

yum install bc binutils compat-libcap1 compat-libstdc++-33 glibc glibc-devel ksh libaio libaio-devel libX11 libXau libXi libXtst libXrender-devel libXrender libgcc libstdc++  libstdc++-devel libxcb make nfs-utils net-tools python python-configshell8 python-rtslib python-six  smartmontools sysstat targetcli libgcc_s.so.1 libc.so.6 gcc gcc-c++

2. 高版本mysql需要boots库的安装才可以正常运行

cmake的报错信息

CMake Error at cmake/boost.cmake:81 (MESSAGE):
  You can download it with -DDOWNLOAD_BOOST=1 -DWITH_BOOST=<directory>

  This CMake script will look for boost in <directory>.  If it is not there,
  it will download and unpack it (in that directory) for you.

  If you are inside a firewall, you may need to use an http proxy:

  export http_proxy=http://example.com:80

Call Stack (most recent call first):
  cmake/boost.cmake:238 (COULD_NOT_FIND_BOOST)
  CMakeLists.txt:507 (INCLUDE)

下载boost包，创建目录

mkdir -p /usr/local/boost

tar -zxvf boost_1_59_0.tar.gz -C /usr/local/boost

cmake需要添加“-DWITH_BOOST=/usr/local/boost \”

3. 缺少bison组件包

cmake报错信息

CMake Warning at cmake/bison.cmake:20 (MESSAGE):
  Bison executable not found in PATH
Call Stack (most recent call first):
  sql/CMakeLists.txt:562 (INCLUDE)


CMake Warning at cmake/bison.cmake:20 (MESSAGE):
  Bison executable not found in PATH
Call Stack (most recent call first):
  libmysqld/CMakeLists.txt:194 (INCLUDE)

yum install bison

参考《MySQL 5.7 Reference Manual》、《MySQL Source-Configuration Options》