npm学习总结：npm简单介绍和使用方法

1、NPM是随同NodeJS一起安装的包管理工具，能解决NodeJS代码部署上的很多问题，常见的使用场景有以下几种：

>允许用户从NPM服务器下载别人编写的第三方包到本地使用。

>允许用户从NPM服务器下载并安装别人编写的命令行程序到本地使用。

>允许用户将自己编写的包或者命令行程序上传到NPM服务器供别人使用。

注意：由于新版的Nodejs已经集成npm，所以之前NPM也一起安装好的了。可以使用“npm -v”来测试安装是否成功，例如：

2、Ubuntu升级npm的命令为：

$ sudo npm install npm -g

Windows升级npm命令为：

npm install npm -g

3、使用npm命令安装模块：

$ npm install <Module Name>

例如使用npm命令安装常用的Node.js web 框架模块 express：

$ npm install express

安装好之后，express包就放在了工程目录的下面的node_modules目录中，因此在代码中只需要通过require('express')的方式就好，无需指定第三方包的路径。如下图所示：

Windows全局安装express的方法为：

$ npm install express -g

安装成功之后会在第一行显示出其安装的位置：

[email protected] C:\Users\asus\AppData\Roaming\npm\node_modules\express
├── [email protected]
├── [email protected]
├── [email protected]
├── [email protected]
├── [email protected]
├── [email protected]
├── [email protected]
├── [email protected]
├── [email protected]
├── [email protected]
├── [email protected]
├── [email protected]
├── [email protected]
├── [email protected]
├── [email protected]
├── [email protected]
├── [email protected]
├── [email protected]
├── [email protected]
├── [email protected]
├── [email protected]
├── [email protected]
├── [email protected] ([email protected])
├── [email protected] ([email protected])
├── [email protected] ([email protected])
├── [email protected] ([email protected], [email protected])
├── [email protected] ([email protected], [email protected])
├── [email protected] ([email protected], [email protected])
├── [email protected] ([email protected], [email protected], [email protected], [email protected])
└── [email protected] ([email protected], [email protected], [email protected], [email protected])

4、查看安装信息：

E:\Code\HBuilderX\FirstNodejs>npm list -g
C:\Users\asus\AppData\Roaming\npm
└─┬ [email protected]
  ├─┬ [email protected]
  │ ├─┬ [email protected]
  │ │ └── [email protected]
  │ └── [email protected]
  ├── [email protected]
  ├─┬ [email protected]
  │ ├── [email protected]
  │ ├─┬ [email protected]
  │ │ └── [email protected]
  │ ├─┬ [email protected]
  │ │ └── [email protected]
  │ └─┬ [email protected]
  │   └── [email protected]
......

5、查看某个模块的版本号：


E:\Code\HBuilderX\FirstNodejs>npm list express
E:\Code\HBuilderX\FirstNodejs
└── [email protected]

6、使用package.json

package.json位于模块的目录下，用于定义包的属性。里面的内容是：

{
  "name": "express",
  "description": "Fast, unopinionated, minimalist web framework",
  "version": "4.16.4",
  "author": {
    "name": "TJ Holowaychuk",
    "email": "[email protected]"
  },
  "contributors": [
    {
      "name": "Aaron Heckmann",
      "email": "[email protected]"
    },
    {
      "name": "Ciaran Jessup",
      "email": "[email protected]"
    },
    {
      "name": "Douglas Christopher Wilson",
      "email": "[email protected]"
    },
    {
      "name": "Guillermo Rauch",
      "email": "[email protected]"
    },
    {
      "name": "Jonathan Ong",
      "email": "[email protected]"
    },
    {
      "name": "Roman Shtylman",
      "email": "[email protected]"
    },
    {
      "name": "Young Jae Sim",
      "email": "[email protected]"
    }
  ],
  "license": "MIT",
  "repository": {
    "type": "git",
    "url": "git+https://github.com/expressjs/express.git"
  },
  "homepage": "http://expressjs.com/",
  "keywords": [
    "express",
    "framework",
    "sinatra",
    "web",
    "rest",
    "restful",
    "router",
    "app",
    "api"
  ],
  "dependencies": {
    "accepts": "~1.3.5",
    "array-flatten": "1.1.1",
    "body-parser": "1.18.3",
    "content-disposition": "0.5.2",
    "content-type": "~1.0.4",
    "cookie": "0.3.1",
    "cookie-signature": "1.0.6",
    "debug": "2.6.9",
    "depd": "~1.1.2",
    "encodeurl": "~1.0.2",
    "escape-html": "~1.0.3",
    "etag": "~1.8.1",
    "finalhandler": "1.1.1",
    "fresh": "0.5.2",
    "merge-descriptors": "1.0.1",
    "methods": "~1.1.2",
    "on-finished": "~2.3.0",
    "parseurl": "~1.3.2",
    "path-to-regexp": "0.1.7",
    "proxy-addr": "~2.0.4",
    "qs": "6.5.2",
    "range-parser": "~1.2.0",
    "safe-buffer": "5.1.2",
    "send": "0.16.2",
    "serve-static": "1.13.2",
    "setprototypeof": "1.1.0",
    "statuses": "~1.4.0",
    "type-is": "~1.6.16",
    "utils-merge": "1.0.1",
    "vary": "~1.1.2"
  },
  "devDependencies": {
    "after": "0.8.2",
    "connect-redis": "3.4.0",
    "cookie-parser": "~1.4.3",
    "cookie-session": "1.3.2",
    "ejs": "2.6.1",
    "eslint": "2.13.1",
    "express-session": "1.15.6",
    "hbs": "4.0.1",
    "istanbul": "0.4.5",
    "marked": "0.5.1",
    "method-override": "3.0.0",
    "mocha": "5.2.0",
    "morgan": "1.9.1",
    "multiparty": "4.2.1",
    "pbkdf2-password": "1.2.1",
    "should": "13.2.3",
    "supertest": "3.3.0",
    "vhost": "~3.0.2"
  },
  "engines": {
    "node": ">= 0.10.0"
  },
  "scripts": {
    "lint": "eslint .",
    "test": "mocha --require test/support/env --reporter spec --bail --check-leaks test/ test/acceptance/",
    "test-ci": "istanbul cover node_modules/mocha/bin/_mocha --report lcovonly -- --require test/support/env --reporter spec --check-leaks test/ test/acceptance/",
    "test-cov": "istanbul cover node_modules/mocha/bin/_mocha -- --require test/support/env --reporter dot --check-leaks test/ test/acceptance/",
    "test-tap": "mocha --require test/support/env --reporter tap --check-leaks test/ test/acceptance/"
  },
  "gitHead": "dc538f6e810bd462c98ee7e6aae24c64d4b1da93",
  "bugs": {
    "url": "https://github.com/expressjs/express/issues"
  },
  "_id": "[email protected]",
  "_npmVersion": "6.4.1",
  "_nodeVersion": "8.12.0",
  "_npmUser": {
    "name": "dougwilson",
    "email": "[email protected]"
  },
  "dist": {
    "integrity": "sha512-j12Uuyb4FMrd/qQAm6uCHAkPtO8FDTRJZBDd5D2KOL2eLaz1yUNdUB/NOIyq0iU4q4cFarsUCrnFDPBcnksuOg==",
    "shasum": "fddef61926109e24c515ea97fd2f1bdbf62df12e",
    "tarball": "https://registry.npmjs.org/express/-/express-4.16.4.tgz",
    "fileCount": 16,
    "unpackedSize": 206123,
    "npm-signature": "-----BEGIN PGP SIGNATURE-----\r\nVersion: OpenPGP.js v3.0.4\r\nComment: https://openpgpjs.org\r\n\r\nwsFcBAEBCAAQBQJbvsqSCRA9TVsSAnZWagAAPFwP/iCvznxNrmvgY9ox7w2k\ncS/ej9HZJ5NGjBEWtae1F2bjJ2V7rOxVTGTlqiPMSNIzTgw3fpFkIXp9kCA4\nY03NOsYUjYscGjXR6f2fvOVJ/Si5FKlqr7Ow6WMBClrdo/CMCc8kH9fxtPja\nHla58xiU7ftlzUHIjGmmnHFzAjAeGj+3e3v1omuoeP6mPuxlwYoQ0MuD0sFa\n9qJAFZ0MBrfvoQBI8G++GZZhxalhefuibWi1ErRw3F5cLfvhjKi4HGPh+sDu\nc63D99wQIJIq4HumwX0JNW7OywuL28wgxgtvKyg0iCVR/BnAYiEA0UZUVI4h\nsX1Kuht1oHEp1iGOvGALYotPiovnDCAra+2zPM1p8oZKdXHEpkAygG3mCiD5\nyWlWrFo5jJudULWzMtHp6F0RwQJjpSavnkbusKWZvO717/1Ku5FIM4cnTWVK\nELGmb011jRPMvwFqv1C04SvhBT+UrXe4kd0qwJWQEDT1aWzbjbaroPmVQ+l1\nxzUkHRHm7vYCBE0RxQ4FImNWlYYQVVyBSroYwxvJnP6H8m/DR7oxDPDoJcBn\nXXETuH8Ca+q8KjwdrstVXCwKfB+zs0Z41/oOWKrhsDY2B9HwmyOOA8EtG4QO\np2waBrigD8L4T/Y3II4T144z2MclVid7DulrzKCMiE6yoTqvrH64FfWkLQqG\n11u8\r\n=ZruB\r\n-----END PGP SIGNATURE-----\r\n"
  },
  "maintainers": [
    {
      "name": "dougwilson",
      "email": "[email protected]"
    },
    {
      "name": "hacksparrow",
      "email": "[email protected]"
    },
    {
      "name": "jasnell",
      "email": "[email protected]"
    },
    {
      "name": "mikeal",
      "email": "[email protected]"
    }
  ],
  "directories": {},
  "_npmOperationalInternal": {
    "host": "s3://npm-registry-packages",
    "tmp": "tmp/express_4.16.4_1539230354097_0.4680196437483164"
  },
  "_hasShrinkwrap": false,
  "_shasum": "fddef61926109e24c515ea97fd2f1bdbf62df12e",
  "_resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/express/-/express-4.16.4.tgz",
  "_from": "express@latest",
  "readme": "ERROR: No README data found!"
}

package.json文件说明：

name - 包名。
version - 包的版本号。
description - 包的描述。
homepage - 包的官网 url 。
author - 包的作者姓名。
contributors - 包的其他贡献者姓名。
dependencies - 依赖包列表。如果依赖包没有安装，npm 会自动将依赖包安装在 node_module 目录下。
repository - 包代码存放的地方的类型，可以是 git 或 svn，git 可在 Github 上。
main - main 字段指定了程序的主入口文件，require('moduleName') 就会加载这个文件。这个字段的默认值是模块根目录下面的 index.js。
keywords - 关键字

7、卸载模块

$ npm uninstall express

卸载之后可以使用以下命令查看安装的包是否还存在：

$ npm ls

更新模块：

$ npm update express

搜索模块：

$ npm search express

创建模块：

创建模块，package.json 文件是必不可少的。我们可以使用 NPM 生成 package.json 文件，生成的文件包含了基本的结果。

E:\Code\HBuilderX\FirstNodejs>npm init
This utility will walk you through creating a package.json file.
It only covers the most common items, and tries to guess sensible defaults.

See `npm help json` for definitive documentation on these fields
and exactly what they do.

Use `npm install <pkg> --save` afterwards to install a package and
save it as a dependency in the package.json file.

Press ^C at any time to quit.
name: (FirstNodejs) toohoo
version: (1.0.0)
description: Node.js 测试模块（www.example.com） # 描述
entry point: (index.js)
test command: make test
git repository: http://github.com/too-hoo/toohoo.git #Github 地址
keywords: 123
author: toohoo
license: (ISC)
About to write to E:\Code\HBuilderX\FirstNodejs\package.json:

{
  "name": "toohoo",
  "version": "1.0.0",
  "description": "Node.js 测试模块（www.example.com） ",
  "main": "index.js",
  "dependencies": {},
  "devDependencies": {},
  "scripts": {
    "test": "make test"
  },
  "repository": {
    "type": "git",
    "url": "git+ssh://[email protected]/too-hoo/toohoo.git%20.git"
  },
  "keywords": [
    "123"
  ],
  "author": "toohoo",
  "license": "ISC",
  "bugs": {
    "url": "https://github.com/too-hoo/toohoo.git%20/issues"
  },
  "homepage": "https://github.com/too-hoo/toohoo.git%20/tree/Github%20%E5%9C%B0%E5%9D%80#readme"
}


Is this ok? (yes) yes

以上的信息，你需要根据你自己的情况输入。在最后输入 "yes" 后会生成 package.json 文件。

接下来我们可以使用以下命令在 npm 资源库中注册用户（使用邮箱注册）：


E:\Code\HBuilderX\FirstNodejs>npm adduser
Username: toohoo
Password:
Email: (this IS public) [email protected]

接下来我们就用以下命令来发布模块：

$ npm publish

8、npm的常用命令：

除了本章介绍的部分外，NPM还提供了很多功能，package.json里也有很多其它有用的字段。

除了可以在npmjs.org/doc/查看官方文档外，这里再介绍一些NPM常用命令。

NPM提供了很多命令，例如install和publish，使用npm help可查看所有命令。

NPM提供了很多命令，例如install和publish，使用npm help可查看所有命令。
使用npm help <command>可查看某条命令的详细帮助，例如npm help install。
在package.json所在目录下使用npm install . -g可先在本地安装当前命令行程序，可用于发布前的本地测试。
使用npm update <package>可以把当前目录下node_modules子目录里边的对应模块更新至最新版本。
使用npm update <package> -g可以把全局安装的对应命令行程序更新至最新版。
使用npm cache clear可以清空NPM本地缓存，用于对付使用相同版本号发布新版本代码的人。
使用npm unpublish <package>@<version>可以撤销发布自己发布过的某个版本代码。

9、可以时候用淘宝npm镜像，有点是快，10分钟与官方镜像同步一次。

$ npm install -g cnpm --registry=https://registry.npm.taobao.org

这样就可以使用 cnpm 命令来安装模块了：

$ cnpm install [name]

以上学习总结参考自菜鸟教程：http://www.runoob.com/nodejs/nodejs-npm.html

npm学习总结：npm简单介绍和使用方法

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