设备树使用规则/Device Tree Usage

设备树

设备树(Device tree)是一套用来描述硬件属相的规则。ARM Linux采用设备树机制源于2011年3月份Linux创始人Linus Torvalds发的一封邮件，在这封邮件中他提倡ARM平台应该参考其他平台如PowerPC的设备树机制描述硬件。
DTS(Device tree syntax，另一种说法是Device tree source)是设备树源文件，为了方便阅读及修改，采用文本格式。DTC(Device tree compiler)是一个小工具，负责将DTS转换成DTB(Device tree blob)。DTB是DTS的二进制形式，供机器使用。使用中，我们首先根据硬件修改DTS文件，然后在编译的时候通过DTC工具将DTS文件转换成DTB文件，然后将DTB文件烧写到机器上(如emmc，磁盘等存储介质)。
系统启动时，fastboot(或者类似的启动程序，如Uboot)在启动内核前将DTB文件读到内存中，跳转到内核执行的同时将DTB起始地址传给内核。内核通过起始地址就可以根据DTB的结构解析整个设备树。

基本的数据格式

/ {
    node1 {
        a-string-property = "A string";
        a-string-list-property = "first string", "second string";
        // hex is implied in byte arrays. no '0x' prefix is required
        a-byte-data-property = [01 23 34 56];
        child-node1 {
            first-child-property;
            second-child-property = <1>;
            a-string-property = "Hello, world";
        };
        child-node2 {
        };
    };
    node2 {
        an-empty-property;
        a-cell-property = <1 2 3 4>; /* each number (cell) is a uint32 */
        child-node1 {
        };
    };
};

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设备数示例图解

（1）初始结构
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（2）CPUS

(3)地址
A: CPU addressing

B:Memory Mapped Devices

注意：64 bit machines may use a value of 2 for #address-cells and #size-cells to get 64 bit addressing in the device tree. 如下：

C:Interrupts

/dts-v1/;

/ {
    compatible = "acme,coyotes-revenge";
    #address-cells = <1>;
    #size-cells = <1>;
    interrupt-parent = <&intc>;

    cpus {
        #address-cells = <1>;
        #size-cells = <0>;
        cpu@0 {
            compatible = "arm,cortex-a9";
            reg = <0>;
        };
        cpu@1 {
            compatible = "arm,cortex-a9";
            reg = <1>;
        };
    };

    serial@101f0000 {
        compatible = "arm,pl011";
        reg = <0x101f0000 0x1000 >;
        interrupts = < 1 0 >;
    };

    serial@101f2000 {
        compatible = "arm,pl011";
        reg = <0x101f2000 0x1000 >;
        interrupts = < 2 0 >;
    };

    gpio@101f3000 {
        compatible = "arm,pl061";
        reg = <0x101f3000 0x1000
               0x101f4000 0x0010>;
        interrupts = < 3 0 >;
    };

    intc: interrupt-controller@10140000 {
        compatible = "arm,pl190";
        reg = <0x10140000 0x1000 >;
        interrupt-controller;
        #interrupt-cells = <2>;
    };

    spi@10115000 {
        compatible = "arm,pl022";
        reg = <0x10115000 0x1000 >;
        interrupts = < 4 0 >;
    };

    external-bus {
        #address-cells = <2>
        #size-cells = <1>;
        ranges = <0 0  0x10100000   0x10000     // Chipselect 1, Ethernet
                  1 0  0x10160000   0x10000     // Chipselect 2, i2c controller
                  2 0  0x30000000   0x1000000>; // Chipselect 3, NOR Flash

        ethernet@0,0 {
            compatible = "smc,smc91c111";
            reg = <0 0 0x1000>;
            interrupts = < 5 2 >;
        };

        i2c@1,0 {
            compatible = "acme,a1234-i2c-bus";
            #address-cells = <1>;
            #size-cells = <0>;
            reg = <1 0 0x1000>;
            interrupts = < 6 2 >;
            rtc@58 {
                compatible = "maxim,ds1338";
                reg = <58>;
                interrupts = < 7 3 >;
            };
        };

        flash@2,0 {
            compatible = "samsung,k8f1315ebm", "cfi-flash";
            reg = <2 0 0x4000000>;
        };
    };
};

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D:aliases Node(别名节点)

E:chosen Node

The chosen node doesn’t represent a real device, but serves as a place for passing data between firmware and the operating system, like boot arguments.

参考：https://elinux.org/Device_Tree_Usage