笔记-pyton内置数据类型
1. 简介
The principal built-in types are numerics, sequences, mappings, classes, instances and exceptions.
2. 操作
2.1. 真值测试
所有对象都可以做真值测试，可以在if 或while的条件语句中，也可以用布尔操作。
对象做真值测试优先调用__bool__返回真则测试为真，否则为假；
没有定义bool的话调用__len__ 返回为真则测试为真。
大部分内置对象真值测试方法如下：
constants defined to be false: None and False.
zero of any numeric type: 0, 0.0, 0j, Decimal(0), Fraction(0, 1)
empty sequences and collections: '', (), [], {}, set(), range(0)
2.2. boolena operations- and,or,not
要注意的是or 和and是short-circuit operator，会返回第一个符合条件的条件式值；
not的运算级别比非布尔运算低，not a == b 等效于not ( a == b )，而a == not b语法错误。
2.3. 比较运算
除非定义__eq__()方法，否则类的非相同实例的比较结果是不等。
总之，一般不要比较不同的类。
2.4. int,float,complex
| Operation |
Result |
Notes |
Full documentation |
| x + y |
sum of x and y |
||
| x - y |
difference of x and y |
||
| x * y |
product of x and y |
||
| x / y |
quotient of x and y |
||
| x // y |
floored quotient of x and y |
(1) |
|
| x % y |
remainder of x / y |
(2) |
|
| -x |
x negated |
||
| +x |
x unchanged |
||
| abs(x) |
absolute value or magnitude of x |
||
| int(x) |
x converted to integer |
(3)(6) |
|
| float(x) |
x converted to floating point |
(4)(6) |
|
| complex(re, im) |
a complex number with real part re, imaginary part im. im defaults to zero. |
(6) |
|
| c.conjugate() |
conjugate of the complex number c |
||
| divmod(x, y) |
the pair (x // y, x % y) |
(2) |
|
| pow(x, y) |
x to the power y |
(5) |
|
| x ** y |
x to the power y |
(5) |
2.5. integer类型的比特操作
只有整数可以进行比特运算。
| Operation |
Result |
Notes |
| x | y |
bitwise or of x and y |
(4) |
| x ^ y |
bitwise exclusive or of x and y |
或 |
| x & y |
bitwise and of x and y |
异或 |
| x << n |
x shifted left by n bits |
移位 |
| x >> n |
x shifted right by n bits |
移位 |
| ~x |
the bits of x inverted |
取反 |
2.6. 整数类型的附加方法
2.7. 序列
通用操作
| Operation |
Result |
Notes |
| x in s |
True if an item of s is equal to x, else False |
(1) |
| x not in s |
False if an item of s is equal to x, else True |
(1) |
| s + t |
the concatenation of s and t |
(6)(7) |
| s * n or n * s |
equivalent to adding s to itself n times |
(2)(7) |
| s[i] |
ith item of s, origin 0 |
(3) |
| s[i:j] |
slice of s from i to j |
(3)(4) |
| s[i:j:k] |
slice of s from i to j with step k |
(3)(5) |
| len(s) |
length of s |
|
| min(s) |
smallest item of s |
|
| max(s) |
largest item of s |
|
| s.index(x[, i[, j]]) |
index of the first occurrence of x in s (at or after index i and before index j) |
(8) |
| s.count(x) |
total number of occurrences of x in s |
mutable和immutable
| Operation |
Result |
Notes |
| s[i] = x |
item i of s is replaced by x |
|
| s[i:j] = t |
slice of s from i to j is replaced by the contents of the iterable t |
|
| del s[i:j] |
same as s[i:j] = [] |
|
| s[i:j:k] = t |
the elements of s[i:j:k] are replaced by those of t |
(1) |
| del s[i:j:k] |
removes the elements of s[i:j:k] from the list |
|
| s.append(x) |
appends x to the end of the sequence (same as s[len(s):len(s)] = [x]) |
|
| s.clear() |
removes all items from s (same as dels[:]) |
(5) |
| s.copy() |
creates a shallow copy of s (same as s[:]) |
(5) |
| s.extend(t) or s += t |
extends s with the contents of t (for the most part the same as s[len(s):len(s)]= t) |
|
| s *= n |
updates s with its contents repeated ntimes |
(6) |
| s.insert(i, x) |
inserts x into s at the index given by i(same as s[i:i] = [x]) |
|
| s.pop([i]) |
retrieves the item at i and also removes it from s |
(2) |
| s.remove(x) |
remove the first item from s where s[i]is equal to x |
(3) |
| s.reverse() |
reverses the items of s in place |
(4) |
3. binary sequence types-bytes,bytearray,memoryview
常使用的是bytes和bytearray，memoryview主要是为了实现在不复制的情况下访问二进制对象（使用buffer protcol）。
bytes是不可变的，bytearray是可变的。
bytearray支持常规序列操作。
有两个方法fromhex()，hex()知道即可
The methods on bytes and bytearray objects don’t accept strings as their arguments, just as the methods on strings don’t accept bytes as their arguments. For example, you have to write:
a = "abc"
b = a.replace("a", "f")
and:
a = b"abc"
b = a.replace(b"a", b"f")
其它操作都与list比较相似，不啰嗦。
3.1. memoryviews
memoryview对象允许python代码访问对象的内部数据，当然，这个对象必需支持buffer procotol。
class memoryvies(obj)
创建一个memoryview对象，它引用obj。obj必需支持buffer protocol，就目前而言，内置的类型可以使用memoryview的有bytes和bytearray。
A memoryview supports slicing and indexing to expose its data. One-dimensional slicing will result in a subview:
>>>
>>> v = memoryview(b'abcefg')
>>> v[1]
98
>>> v[-1]
103
>>> v[1:4]
<memory at 0x7f3ddc9f4350>
>>> bytes(v[1:4])
b'bce'
简单点就是，str和bytearray的切片操作会产生新的切片str和bytearry并拷贝数据，使用memoryview之后不会。
不使用memoryview
>> a = 'aaaaaa'
>> b = a[:2] # 会产生新的字符串
>> a = bytearray('aaaaaa')
>> b = a[:2] # 会产生新的bytearray
>> b[:2] = 'bb' # 对b的改动不影响a
>> a
bytearray(b'aaaaaa')
>> b
bytearray(b'bb')
使用memoryview
>> a = 'aaaaaa'
>> ma = memoryview(a)
>> ma.readonly # 只读的memoryview
True
>> mb = ma[:2] # 不会产生新的字符串
>> a = bytearray('aaaaaa')
>> ma = memoryview(a)
>> ma.readonly # 可写的memoryview
False
>> mb = ma[:2] # 不会会产生新的bytearray
>> mb[:2] = 'bb' # 对mb的改动就是对ma的改动
>> mb.tobytes()
'bb'
>> ma.tobytes()
'bbaaaa'
4. set types – set, frozenset
A set object is an unordered collection of distinct hashable objects.
有两种内置集合类型，set and frozenset。
frozenset是不可变的set；
通用操作，与数学上一样的，交并差
| len(s) |
|
| x in s |
|
| x not in s |
|
| isdisjoint(other) |
是否有交集 |
| issubset(other) set <=other |
discard(elem) 如果存在，则删除
5. dict
常规的没什么好讲的，赋值，取值，赋值（默认值）,fromkeys(),get()pop(),popitem(),update(),values(),keys(),items()
d = dict.fromkeys(range(15),8)
5.1. dict view obj
The objects returned by dict.keys(), dict.values() and dict.items() are view objects. They provide a dynamic view on the dictionary’s entries, which means that when the dictionary changes, the view reflects these changes.
基本上当做一个可迭代对象使用就可以了。
6. context manager types
python 的with 语句支持一个概念：上下文管理
有两个方法：
contextmanager.__enter__()
contextmanager.__exit__(exc_type, exc_val, exc_tb)
Exit the runtime context and return a Boolean flag indicating if any exception that occurred should be suppressed. If an exception occurred while executing the body of the with statement, the arguments contain the exception type, value and traceback information. Otherwise, all three arguments are None.
在with语句中的代码产生的异常首先会传递给exit方法，如果它返回True，则异常不会继续传播。这也是with的目的，无论异常与否，都会执行__exit__（）。
一个简单案例：
class TraceBlock(object):
def message(self, arg):
print('running ' + arg)
def __enter__(self):
print('starting with block')
return self
def __exit__(self, exc_type, exc_value, exc_tb):
if exc_type is None:
print('exited normally\n')
else:
print('raise an exception! ' + str(exc_type))
return False # Propagate
if __name__ == '__main__':
with TraceBlock() as action:
action.message('test1')
print('reached')
with TraceBlock() as action:
action.message('test2')
raise TypeError
print('not reached')
7. 其它内置类型
7.1. modules
模块字典：__dict__ module’s symbol table
它可以直接修改，但不建议，m.__dict__={}是非法的。
7.2. methods and functions
Function objects are created by function definitions. The only operation on a function object is to call it: func(argument-list).
Methods are functions that are called using the attribute notation. There are two flavors: built-in methods (such as append() on lists) and class instance methods. Built-in methods are described with the types that support them.
可以理解为mehtods是可以使用属性记号调用的functions。
另外有个概念bound method需要注意，简单来说，调用绑定方法时会自动传入self参数。
print(type(None))
>>> <class 'NoneType'>
7.3. type
可以参考元类。
7.4. NULL
This object is returned by functions that don’t explicitly return a value. It supports no special operations. There is exactly one null object, named None (a built-in name). type(None)() produces the same singleton.
It is written as None.
7.5. Special Attributes
The implementation adds a few special read-only attributes to several object types, where they are relevant. Some of these are not reported by thedir() built-in function.
object.__dict__
A dictionary or other mapping object used to store an object’s (writable) attributes.
instance.__class__
The class to which a class instance belongs.
class.__bases__
The tuple of base classes of a class object.
definition.__name__
The name of the class, function, method, descriptor, or generator instance.
definition.__qualname__
The qualified name of the class, function, method, descriptor, or generator instance.
New in version 3.3.
class.__mro__
This attribute is a tuple of classes that are considered when looking for base classes during method resolution.
class.mro()
This method can be overridden by a metaclass to customize the method resolution order for its instances. It is called at class instantiation, and its result is stored in __mro__.
class.__subclasses__()
Each class keeps a list of weak references to its immediate subclasses. This method returns a list of all those references still alive. Example:
>>> int.__subclasses__()
[<class 'bool'>]