本系列目的: 列出TypeScript与JavaScript的不同点, 缩小文档内容, 提高学习速度. 原文档地址: https://www.tslang.cn/index.html

类

简单使用

在TypeScript里，成员都默认为 public, 成员可以额被标记 private, protected, 或者static

// --------------------- public
class Animal {
    name: string;
    constructor(theName: string) { this.name = theName; }
    move(distanceInMeters: number = 0) {
        console.log(`${this.name} moved ${distanceInMeters}m.`);
    }
}



// --------------------- public 同上
class Animal {
    public name: string;
    public constructor(theName: string) { this.name = theName; }
    public move(distanceInMeters: number) {
        console.log(`${this.name} moved ${distanceInMeters}m.`);
    }
}



// --------------------- private
class Animal {
    private name: string;
    constructor(theName: string) { this.name = theName; }
}

new Animal("Cat").name; // 错误: 'name' 是私有的.



// --------------------- protected
class Person {
    protected name: string;
    constructor(name: string) { this.name = name; }
}

class Employee extends Person {
    private department: string;

    constructor(name: string, department: string) {
        super(name)
        this.department = department;
    }

    public getElevatorPitch() {
        return `Hello, my name is ${this.name} and I work in ${this.department}.`;
    }
}

let howard = new Employee("Howard", "Sales");
console.log(howard.getElevatorPitch());
console.log(howard.name); // 错误



// --------------------- static
class Grid {
    static origin = {x: 0, y: 0};
    calculateDistanceFromOrigin(point: {x: number; y: number;}) {
        let xDist = (point.x - Grid.origin.x);
        let yDist = (point.y - Grid.origin.y);
        return Math.sqrt(xDist * xDist + yDist * yDist) / this.scale;
    }
    constructor (public scale: number) { }
}

let grid1 = new Grid(1.0);  // 1x scale
let grid2 = new Grid(5.0);  // 5x scale

console.log(grid1.calculateDistanceFromOrigin({x: 10, y: 10}));
console.log(grid2.calculateDistanceFromOrigin({x: 10, y: 10}));

readonly修饰符

你可以使用 readonly关键字将属性设置为只读的, 只读属性必须在声明时或构造函数里被初始化.

class Octopus {
    readonly name: string;
    readonly numberOfLegs: number = 8;
    constructor (theName: string) {
        this.name = theName;
    }
}
let dad = new Octopus("Man with the 8 strong legs");
dad.name = "Man with the 3-piece suit"; // 错误! name 是只读的.


// --------------------------- 也可以省略成这样

class Octopus {
    readonly numberOfLegs: number = 8;
    constructor(readonly name: string) {
    }
}

存取器

这个在es2015也有, 复习一下.
注意在编译的时候要用tsc -t es5命令输出es5, tsc命令会报错

let passcode = "secret passcode";

class Employee {
    private _fullName: string;

    get fullName(): string {
        return this._fullName;
    }

    set fullName(newName: string) {
        if (passcode && passcode == "secret passcode") {
            this._fullName = newName;
        }
        else {
            console.log("Error: Unauthorized update of employee!");
        }
    }
}

let employee = new Employee();
employee.fullName = "Bob Smith";
if (employee.fullName) {
    alert(employee.fullName);
}

抽象类

抽象类做为其它派生类的基类使用。它们一般不会直接被实例化。不同于接口，抽象类可以包含成员的实现细节。 abstract关键字是用于定义抽象类和在抽象类内部定义抽象方法。(此处类似java)

abstract class Animal {
    abstract makeSound(): void;
    move(): void {
        console.log('roaming the earch...');
    }
}



// 如果Animal作为类型去用的话, 不可以使用抽象类里没有的属性
abstract class Department {

    constructor(public name: string) {
    }

    printName(): void {
        console.log('Department name: ' + this.name);
    }

    abstract printMeeting(): void; // 必须在派生类中实现
}

class AccountingDepartment extends Department {

    constructor() {
        super('Accounting and Auditing'); // 在派生类的构造函数中必须调用 super()
    }

    printMeeting(): void {
        console.log('The Accounting Department meets each Monday at 10am.');
    }

    generateReports(): void {
        console.log('Generating accounting reports...');
    }
}

let department: Department; // 允许创建一个对抽象类型的引用
department = new Department(); // 错误: 不能创建一个抽象类的实例
department = new AccountingDepartment(); // 允许对一个抽象子类进行实例化和赋值
department.printName();
department.printMeeting();
department.generateReports(); // 错误: 方法在声明的抽象类中不存在

把类当初接口

与java语言不同的是, ts接口可以继承类.
类定义会创建两个东西：类的实例类型和一个构造函数。因为类可以创建出类型，所以你能够在允许使用接口的地方使用类. 即使类里面可以实现方法, 但在interface继承了之后下面这个例子中的point3d变量还需要自己再实现一次.

class Point {
    x: number;
    y: number;
}

interface Point3d extends Point {
    z: number;
}

let point3d: Point3d = {x: 1, y: 2, z: 3};



// ---------------------------

class Point {
    x: number;
    y: number;
    public gkd() : string {
        return 'aasd';
    };
}

interface Point3d extends Point {
    z: number;
}

let point3d: Point3d = { x: 1, y: 2, z: 3, gkd: ():string => {
    return '123';
} };

TypeScript与JavaScript不同之处系列(三) ===> 类

类

简单使用

readonly修饰符

存取器

抽象类

把类当初接口

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