-
I have never advocated war except as a means of peace.
——Ulysses S. Grant
除了把它作为赢得和平的手段外，我从不提倡战争。
——尤利西兹.S.格兰特 -
general 将军
-
parlor 起居室，客厅；接待室
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modest 谦虚的，谦逊的，谦恭的；不太大的；不很贵的
a modest house with a small garden 带有小花园的一座不很大的房子 -
surrender 投降；（使）自首；〔被迫〕放弃
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virtual 几乎的；虚拟的，模拟的〔指通过计算机或网络〕
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fugitive 逃犯；逃亡者；
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poignant 深沉的，强烈的；辛酸的
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notion 想法；看法
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aristocratic 贵族的，上层社会的
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chivalry 骑士品质
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embody 代表，体现〔思想或品质〕；包括，收录
1、She embodies everything I admire in a teacher. 她具备了我所钦佩的教师该具备的一切素质。
2、The latest model embodies many new improvements. 最新的款式包含了许多新的改进。 -
knighthood 骑士或爵士身份；侠义精神
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squire 乡绅，地主
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nobility 贵族，高贵
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aristocrat 贵族
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hazy 模糊的，含糊的
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solemn 郑重的；严肃的，庄严的；正式的
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deportment 举止
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underfed 未吃饱的，喂食不足的
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sanctify 使神圣化
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heroism 英雄气概
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tanner 制革工人
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eternal 永久的
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sinewy 强壮的
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reverence 崇敬
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obeisance 顺从，屈服
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to a fault 极度，近乎过分地
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surge 涌动，潮流；突然发生
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implicit 不言明的
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groove 常规，老一套
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democracy 民主
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privilege 特权
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prosper 兴旺，繁荣
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destiny 命运
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dollars-and-cents 纯金钱的
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locality 地区
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tenacity 坚韧不拔，坚持不懈
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stand by 袖手旁观
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combat 同……战斗或斗争
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restless 不知满足的，静不下来的
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vitality 生命力；活力
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lance 长矛，长枪
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silken 丝的，丝一样的，绸缎的
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banner 旗帜的
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underlying 根本的，潜在的
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aspiration 抱负，强烈的愿望
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fidelity 忠诚
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handicap 不利因素；生理上或智力上的缺陷
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trench 战壕
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indomitable 坚强不屈的
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resourcefulness 足智多谋的
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reconciliation 和解
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wholly 完全地
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in one’s debt 欠某人的情
Unit 6 Words and Expressions
- surrender:
n. the act of saying officially that you want to stop fighting because you realize you can’t win
*The surrender of Lee’s Army to General Grant opened a great new chapter in American history.
v. yield as a sign of defeat
The terrorists were given ten minutes to surrender.
Colette surrendered to the strong temptation and took out a cigarette.
CF: surrender, yield & relinquish
这几个词都是动词，都有“放弃”，“屈从”之意。
surrender 是常用词，指经过斗争或抵抗向外来的强迫或要求认输。例如：
The foreign merchants were obliged to surrender their opium stocks. 外商被迫交出鸦片。
Don’t through fear of death surrender liberty. 不要因为怕死而放弃自由。
yield 指因屈从或屈服威慑而让步。例如：
Young people shouldn’t yield to any difficulty in their work. 青年人不应该向工作中的任何困难屈服。
The door wouldn’t yield despite all our efforts to move it. 不管我们再怎么努力，门就是弄不开。
relinquish是普通用语，表示放弃得有些遗憾或勉强。例如：
A parent relinquishes control over grown children. 家长放弃对成年的子女的管教。
A champion boxer has to relinquish his title when he gets beaten. 拳击冠军被打败后，他必须交出他的头衔。 - chapter: n. any distinct period in history or in a person’s life
The Civil War was a sad chapter in American history.
That summer an important chapter of my life came to an end.
The whole period leading up to the revolution is an interesting chapter in British history. - to be sure: admittedly, I can’t deny
To be sure, the SARS epidemic has brought about some negative effect on our economy.
NB: “sure”这个词是一个使用频率很高的词，与其他词搭配后形成许多词组。
Fill the blanks with the phrases above. Some phrases may be used more than once.
- Emma peered into the room to ________________ that Ruth was asleep.
- You can ___________ one thing — there’ll be a lot of laughs.
- I know one person who won’t be happy with the decision, that’s _____________.
- Jamie’s had his problems ______________, but he’s got potential.
- Kids nowadays seem very _____________________.
- No one knows __________ what really happened.
- I __________ that the rope was firmly fastened around his waist.
Key: - make sure
- be sure of
- for sure
- to be sure
- sure of themselves
- for sure
- make sure
- in effect: in fact, although perhaps not appearing so
看上去我们的工资涨了，而事实上，我们的工资将下降2%。
It sounds as if we are getting a pay rise, but in effect, our wages will fall by 2%.)
The two viruses are, in effect, identical.
Collocation:
bring something into effect 实施计划
take effect 开始起作用
to good effect 产生好的效果 - poignant: adj. making you feel sad or full of pity
I was struck by the poignant contrast between his lively mind and his old frail body.
The picture awakens poignant memories of happier days. - current:
adj. happening or existing now, but not expected to last for a long time
In my current job, I am in charge of 25 people.
n. a continuously moving mass of liquid or gas
河道中间水流最急。
The current is strongest in the middle of the river.
Who can be sure of the next shift in the current of public opinions?
CF: current, tendency & trend
这几个词都是名词，都有“倾向”，“趋势”之意。
current 指十分明确的，前后一致的且具有实质意义的运动或进程。例如：
TV has been influencing the current of thought since it came into being. 电视自出现以来一直影响着思想的倾向。
No one can afford to go against the current of times. 谁也不能逆潮流而上。
tendency 往往指固有或后天所得的趋势，有时带有花很大力气方能改动的意思。例如：
As predicted by some economics experts, the tendency now is towards higher taxes. 正像一些经济学家所预测的那样，现在的税收有走高的趋势。
Don’t you see the improving tendency in the market? 难道你看不出市场渐渐转好的趋势吗？
trend 指带有小曲折的大方向或总趋势，这个方向或趋势是可以改变的。例如：
The trend of prices is still upwards, but it will go the other way soon. I’m so certain of that. 物价仍有上涨的趋势，但是不久会回落的。这点我十分确定。 - collision: n.
the act of striking together
The school bus was involved in a collision with a truck.
a strong disagreement between two people or groups
环保主义者与伐木工人有发生冲突的趋势，看不到任何妥协的余地。
Environmentalists and loggers are on a collision course, with no compromise in sight.
The play represents the collision of three generations.
CF: impact, collision & shock
这几个词都是名词，都有“撞击”之意。
impact 表示一物撞击一物，被撞击物应向作用力方向运动，而且受撞击之物上 要留下痕迹或损伤。用于抽象意义时，impact表示冲击。例如：
The car hit the stone wall with great impact. 汽车猛烈地撞上了石墙。
This book made a great impact on its readers. 这本书对读者产生了重大的影响。
collision 指两个或多个处于运动中的物体相撞，也指抽象的、产生严重影响的撞击。例如：
The collision of the two vessels was due to the heavy fog. 两船相撞都是因浓雾所致。
Passion of revenge brought him into immediate collision with his enemy. 复仇的激情使他立即和他的敌人冲突。
shock 尤其适用于表示一物体猛烈地撞击另一物体。例如：
The shock of the explosion was felt faraway. 很远的地方都感觉到了这次爆炸所产生的震动。 - embody:
v. represent
The country’s constitution embodies the ideals of equality and freedom.)
She embodied good sportsmanship on the playing field.
v. include something
他们的最新一款车包含了许多新的改良项目。
Their latest car model embodies many new improvements.
9 . be keyed to: change a system or plan so that it works well with others
The daycare hours are keyed to the needs of working parents.
The books are keyed to the interests of very young children. - bring forth: produce something or make it appear
这本小说描写的是一场带来痛苦的爱情悲剧。
This novel describes a tragic love affair that brought forth pain.
回去会带给你许多的美好回忆。
Going back would bring forth a flood of happy memories.
Collocation:
bring sth. to an end 结束某事
bring sth. into being 成立，产生
bring back 使想起，使忆起
bring sth. down on 使（坏事）发生在…
bring forward 提出法案、计划等
bring through 使渡过（难关）
Fill the blanks with the phrases above. - The bureau __________________ (=was brought into being) during the Second World War.
- It was Churchill, above all, who ________________ (=brought us through) the war.
- The government _______________(=brought forward) a plan to tackle urban crime.
- His recklessness ___________ (=brought down) disaster on the whole family.
- The smell of new paper always ________________ (=brings back) memories of school.
- It’s time we_______________ (=brought…to an end) this whole sordid affair ______________.
12). (L. 31) solemn: adj. very serious in behavior or style
The memorial service was a very solemn occasion.
I give you my solemn promise that I will do everything I can to help you.
That solemn little girl hardly ever smiles.
CF: solemn, formal & ceremonious
这几个词都是形容词，都有“正式的”，“仪式的”之意。
solemn 意为“庄重的”，“正式的”，“合乎仪式的”，原来指一种非常正式的，令人敬畏的宗教仪式，现可用来指并不轻松愉快的人或行为。
I made a solemn promise that I would never play PC games again. 我做了庄重的许诺，再也不玩电脑游戏了。
formal 指遵守惯例习俗，并且强调正确性，坚定不移而缺乏自然与亲切。
A judge should have a formal manner in a law court. 在法庭上，法官应该具有正式的举止。
ceremonious 意为“礼数周到的”， “拘泥于形式的”，指任何行为的仪式化，最常用来形容人们因袭风尚的行为。
The banquet was a ceremonious affair. All the guests, dressed in formal clothes, had nothing to do but eat, drink and gossip. 那场宴会十分拘泥于形式。所有的宾客衣着正式，除了吃喝，就是与别人闲聊。 - underfed: adj. not given enough food to eat
Thousands of tired, underfed, poorly clothed soldiers are desperately fighting against a multitude of enemies.
在世界上的贫穷、患病、挨饿和未受过教育人群中，妇女仍然占大多数。
Women are still the majority of the world’s poor , unhealthy, underfed , and uneducated.
The prefix under- 1) not enough: used with many nouns, verbs, and adjectives
- below: used with many nouns
Match the words with the definitions.
Key
underage too young to legally buy alcohol, drive a car, etc.
undercurrent a feeling not openly expressed
underdeveloped not having grown or developed as usual or necessary
underemployed working in a job where you can’t use all your skills
underpaid earning less money than you deserve
underprivileged very poor, with worse living conditions
- the hard way: in the most difficult way, at a great cost
That poor girl came up in the world the hard way.
Everyone said that he got his PHD the hard way, since he had to achieve a balance between career, study and family.
Collocation:
one way or another （口）用某种方法
ways and means （尤指秘密或非法的）特殊的办法
every which way 每一种可能的方法
that’s the way 就这么做 - come up:
be mentioned or suggested as something in need of consideration
你的名字在他们的谈话中被提到好几次。
Your name came up in their conversation several times.
A lot of new questions came up at the meeting.
problems or difficulties suddenly appear or start to affect you
Sorry I can’t go with you, since something has suddenly come up.
become richer or more successful in society
She had come up in the world since her days on the flower stall.
Collocation:
come about 发生（尤指不受控制地）
come across 偶然发现
come down in the world 落魄，潦倒 - to a fault: to an exceptional degree
萨姆森先生太大方了，同意免费提供所需的设备。
Generous to a fault, Mr. Samson agreed to provide the necessary equipment free of charge.
Kind to a fault, she forgave that unfaithful husband of hers.
She’s really a sweet person and she’s generous to a fault. - surge: n.
a sudden, large increase in a feeling
Sophia felt a surge of anger while witnessing this inhumane scene.
A surge of excitement was filled with her heart when she saw the approach of her husband.
a sudden increase in something such as demand, interest, etc.
Stores are expecting the usual surge in demand as Christmas approaches.
a sudden movement of a lot of people
随着战争的加剧，这个国家涌进大量的难民。
As the war became more violent, a surge of refugees swarmed into this country. - implicit: adj. undeclared, unexpressed
He interpreted her comments as an implicit approval for his behavior.
Her words contained an implicit threat.
在你与律师的关系方面，他会为你保密是不用明言的。
Confidentiality is implicit in your relationship with a counselor.
They had an implicit faith in his powers.
Antonym: explicit - prosper: v.
grow and develop in a healthy way
在他们的照顾下，孩子们都在健康地成长。
The children seemed to prosper under their care.
be successful and become rich
My father was no longer prospering in business since the Great Depression.
A lot of computer hardware manufacturing companies prospered last year due to the increasing demand. - accessible: adj.
easy to reach or get into
The cove is only accessible by boat.
The resort is easily accessible by boat, rail and air.
easy to obtain or use
把顾客的详细资料储存到电脑里可以方便查找。
Storing customer details on computer makes them readily accessible.
Foreign newspapers and magazines are accessible to everyone at the local library.
someone is easy to meet and talk to
I think that you’ll find that this celebrity is very accessible.
n. access - static: adj. not acting or changing
经济学家预测，房价将长期保持稳定。
Economists predict that house prices will stay static for a long period.
The workers are complaining that their wages have remained static for four years.
Oil prices have remained static for the last few months. - tenacity: n. the determination to continue what one is doing
Talent, hard work, and sheer tenacity are all crucial to career success.
Medical staff fought against the epidemic with tenacity. - widen: v.
become wider or make something wider
As it approaches the sea, the river begins to widen.
您走到哪里，哪里的道路就在您的脚下变宽，哪里的清风都轻轻吹着您的衣衫，哪里的人们都向您露出笑脸！
Wherever you go, the road widen under your feet, the breeze brush off your garment and the people crack for you a broad smile.
become larger in degree or range
收入和支出之间的差距扩大到了11%。
The gap between income and expenditure has widened to 11%.
*They are trying to widen the discussion to include environmental issues.
NB：英语的构词法中有很重要的一项：前缀与后缀的使用。学生通过记忆前缀和后缀的意思，可以帮助他们学会分析英文单词的结构，增加他们记忆单词的能力。
带有前缀“en”或后缀“en”的动词
“en”+“adj” 或“adj”+“en”都有“使…变得更加…”之意。
broaden 使（知识、经验）扩大，增加
lighten 使（工作、担忧）减轻，减少；使（表情）变得高兴
strengthen 使变强，加强，加固
enrich 使丰富，使肥沃
enlarge 扩大，增加，扩充
enhance 提高，增加
Fill the blanks with the words above.
Steve’s opposition only ______________ (=strengthened) her resolve to go ahead.
Travel definitely _______________ (=broadens) people’s minds.
The discovery of oil will ___________ (=enrich) the nation.
We’re planning to __________ (=enlarge) the garden so that we can plant more flowers there.
The flavor of most foods can be ___________ (=enhanced) by good cooking.
Maybe we should hire another secretary to _________ (=lighten) Barbara’s workload.
22. stand by:
not act or do anything
We can’t stand by and let these kids be ill-treated.
我们不会袖手旁观，听任他们关闭我们的学校。
We are not prepared to stand by and let them close our school.
Collocation:
stand in sb.’s way 妨碍某人做某事
stand for 代表，意味着
stand in 暂时替代（某人的工作）
stand up for 维护，保卫
23. vitality: n.
the ability of an organization, country to continue working effectively
China’s reforms have brought vitality to its economy.
公司重组给公司带来了一些急需的活力。
The process of restructuring has injected some much-needed vitality into the company.
great energy and cheerfulness
*Despite her 80 years, Elsie was full of vitality.
24. to begin with:
in the first place
Well, to begin with, he shouldn’t even have been driving my car.
The hotel was awful! To begin with, our room was far too small. Then we found that the shower didn’t work.
during the first part of a process or activity
The kids helped me to begin with, but they soon got bored.
25. aspiration: n. a strong desire to have or achieve something
Hannah has always had political aspirations.
He has aspirations to become a great writer.
Any ruling class couldn’t ignore the aspirations of the working classes.
CF: ambition, aspiration & pretension
这三个词都是名词，都有“夙愿”、“抱负”之意。
ambition: 指“雄心”、“野心”的意思。用于褒义时，指某人有远大的志向；用于贬义时，指某人对名利的欲望。例如：
The young man is filled with ambition to become famous. 这个年轻人一心想成名。
aspiration：有“渴望”、“抱负”之意，表示某人想要达到某种崇高目的的决心和气概。例如：
He has serious aspiration to a career in politics. 他一心想从政。
pretension：常作复数，有“自负（狂妄）”之意。例如：
Readers may find the pretension and arrogance of her style irritating.
读者可能会被她的狂妄和自大激怒。
26. virtue: n.
a particular good quality in someone’s character
Among her virtues are loyalty, courage, and truthfulness.
an advantage that makes something better or more useful
Johnson’s plan has the virtue of flexibility.
Free trade has a number of virtues.
Collocation:
by/in virtue of 凭借，犹豫，因为
make a virtue of necessity （心甘情愿）做非做不可的事
27. indomitable: adj. (of a person) strong, brave, and impossible to defeat
She was viewed as a woman of indomitable strength.
Facing the threat of death, the rescuers displayed an indomitable spirit.
28. reconciliation: n. the reestablishing of cordial relation (followed by between / with / of)
All our attempts at reconciliation have failed.
There seemed little hope of reconciliation between the two superpowers.
Both sides displayed a new spirit of reconciliation in the negotiations.
v. reconcile
- [TRANSITIVE] to find a way to make ideas, beliefs, needs etc. that are opposed to each other capable of existing together
There seems to be no possibility of reconciling the two versions of what happened.
Management and labor are attempting to reconcile their differences.
reconcile something with something: Research is being undertaken in how to reconcile conservation needs with growing demand for water. - [INTRANSITIVE/TRANSITIVE] if you reconcile two people or groups, or if they reconcile, they become friendly again after a disagreement
The couple has been making every effort to reconcile.
Foreign mediators have failed to reconcile the warring factions.
reconcile someone with someone: It was his father’s wish that he become reconciled with his family. - [TRANSITIVE] to make someone accept a situation even though they do not like it
reconcile someone to something: She couldn’t reconcile herself to the idea of just giving up.