1. YUV简介
YUV格式有三大类：planar，packed，semi-planar。
对于planar的YUV格式，先连续存储所有像素点的Y，紧接着存储所有像素点的U，随后是所有像素点的V。
对于packed的YUV格式，每个像素点的Y,U,V是连续交叉存储的。
对于semi-planar的YUV格式，先连续存储所有像素点的Y，紧接着连续交叉存储所有像素点的U,V。
YUV，分为三个分量，“Y”表示明亮度（Luminance或Luma），也就是灰度值；而“U”和“V” 表示的则是色度（Chrominance或Chroma），作用是描述影像色彩及饱和度，用于指定像素的颜色。
与我们熟知的RGB类似，YUV也是一种颜色编码方法，主要用于电视系统以及模拟视频领域，它将亮度信息（Y）与色彩信息（UV）分离，没有UV信息一样可以显示完整的图像，只不过是黑白的，这样的设计很好地解决了彩色电视机与黑白电视的兼容问题。并且，YUV不像RGB那样要求三个独立的视频信号同时传输，所以用YUV方式传送占用极少的频宽。
2. YUV存储格式
YUV码流的存储格式其实与其采样的方式密切相关，主流的采样方式有三种，YUV4:4:4，YUV4:2:2，YUV4:2:0，关于其详细原理，可以通过网上其它文章了解，这里我想强调的是如何根据其采样格式来从码流中还原每个像素点的YUV值，因为只有正确地还原了每个像素点的YUV值，才能通过YUV与RGB的转换公式提取出每个像素点的RGB值，然后显示出来。
用三个图来直观地表示采集的方式吧，以黑点表示采样该像素点的Y分量，以空心圆圈表示采用该像素点的UV分量。
先记住下面这段话，以后提取每个像素的YUV分量会用到。
1. YUV 4:4:4采样，每一个Y对应一组UV分量8+8+8 = 24bits，3个字节。
2. YUV 4:2:2采样，每两个Y共用一组UV分量,一个YUV占8+4+4 = 16bits，2个字节。
3. YUV 4:2:0采样，每四个Y共用一组UV分量一个YUV占8+2+2 = 12bits，1.5个字节。
3. YUV420类型
3.1 YUV420p和YUV420sp区别
因为YUV420比较常用， 在这里就重点介绍YUV420。YUV420分为两种：YUV420p和YUV420sp。
假设一个分辨率为8X4的YUV图像，它们的YUV420sp格式如下图：
假设一个分辨率为8X4的YUV图像，它们的YUV420p数据格式如下图：
3.2 YUV420p和YUV420sp具体分类和详情
3.2.1 YUV420p：又叫planer平面模式，Y ，U，V分别在不同平面，也就是有三个平面。
YUV420p又分为：他们的区别只是存储UV的顺序不一样而已。
I420(YU12)：安卓的模式。存储顺序是先存Y，再存U，最后存V。YYYYUUVV
YV12：存储顺序是先存Y，再存V，最后存U。YYYYVVUU
3.2.2 YUV420sp：又叫bi-planer或two-planer双平面，Y一个平面，UV在同一个平面交叉存储。
NV12：IOS只有这一种模式。存储顺序是先存Y，再UV交替存储。YYYYUVUV
NV21：安卓的模式。存储顺序是先存Y，再存U，再VU交替存储。YYYYVUVU
海思Hi3519A中的PIXEL_FORMAT_YVU_PLANAR_420，对应的就是NV21这种模式。
4. YUV和BGR之间的转换
OpenCV的cvtColor API支持如下模式（imgproc/types_c.h）：
enum
{
CV_BGR2BGRA =0,
CV_RGB2RGBA =CV_BGR2BGRA,
CV_BGRA2BGR =1,
CV_RGBA2RGB =CV_BGRA2BGR,
CV_BGR2RGBA =2,
CV_RGB2BGRA =CV_BGR2RGBA,
CV_RGBA2BGR =3,
CV_BGRA2RGB =CV_RGBA2BGR,
CV_BGR2RGB =4,
CV_RGB2BGR =CV_BGR2RGB,
CV_BGRA2RGBA =5,
CV_RGBA2BGRA =CV_BGRA2RGBA,
CV_BGR2GRAY =6,
CV_RGB2GRAY =7,
CV_GRAY2BGR =8,
CV_GRAY2RGB =CV_GRAY2BGR,
CV_GRAY2BGRA =9,
CV_GRAY2RGBA =CV_GRAY2BGRA,
CV_BGRA2GRAY =10,
CV_RGBA2GRAY =11,
CV_BGR2BGR565 =12,
CV_RGB2BGR565 =13,
CV_BGR5652BGR =14,
CV_BGR5652RGB =15,
CV_BGRA2BGR565 =16,
CV_RGBA2BGR565 =17,
CV_BGR5652BGRA =18,
CV_BGR5652RGBA =19,
CV_GRAY2BGR565 =20,
CV_BGR5652GRAY =21,
CV_BGR2BGR555 =22,
CV_RGB2BGR555 =23,
CV_BGR5552BGR =24,
CV_BGR5552RGB =25,
CV_BGRA2BGR555 =26,
CV_RGBA2BGR555 =27,
CV_BGR5552BGRA =28,
CV_BGR5552RGBA =29,
CV_GRAY2BGR555 =30,
CV_BGR5552GRAY =31,
CV_BGR2XYZ =32,
CV_RGB2XYZ =33,
CV_XYZ2BGR =34,
CV_XYZ2RGB =35,
CV_BGR2YCrCb =36,
CV_RGB2YCrCb =37,
CV_YCrCb2BGR =38,
CV_YCrCb2RGB =39,
CV_BGR2HSV =40,
CV_RGB2HSV =41,
CV_BGR2Lab =44,
CV_RGB2Lab =45,
CV_BayerBG2BGR =46,
CV_BayerGB2BGR =47,
CV_BayerRG2BGR =48,
CV_BayerGR2BGR =49,
CV_BayerBG2RGB =CV_BayerRG2BGR,
CV_BayerGB2RGB =CV_BayerGR2BGR,
CV_BayerRG2RGB =CV_BayerBG2BGR,
CV_BayerGR2RGB =CV_BayerGB2BGR,
CV_BGR2Luv =50,
CV_RGB2Luv =51,
CV_BGR2HLS =52,
CV_RGB2HLS =53,
CV_HSV2BGR =54,
CV_HSV2RGB =55,
CV_Lab2BGR =56,
CV_Lab2RGB =57,
CV_Luv2BGR =58,
CV_Luv2RGB =59,
CV_HLS2BGR =60,
CV_HLS2RGB =61,
CV_BayerBG2BGR_VNG =62,
CV_BayerGB2BGR_VNG =63,
CV_BayerRG2BGR_VNG =64,
CV_BayerGR2BGR_VNG =65,
CV_BayerBG2RGB_VNG =CV_BayerRG2BGR_VNG,
CV_BayerGB2RGB_VNG =CV_BayerGR2BGR_VNG,
CV_BayerRG2RGB_VNG =CV_BayerBG2BGR_VNG,
CV_BayerGR2RGB_VNG =CV_BayerGB2BGR_VNG,
CV_BGR2HSV_FULL = 66,
CV_RGB2HSV_FULL = 67,
CV_BGR2HLS_FULL = 68,
CV_RGB2HLS_FULL = 69,
CV_HSV2BGR_FULL = 70,
CV_HSV2RGB_FULL = 71,
CV_HLS2BGR_FULL = 72,
CV_HLS2RGB_FULL = 73,
CV_LBGR2Lab = 74,
CV_LRGB2Lab = 75,
CV_LBGR2Luv = 76,
CV_LRGB2Luv = 77,
CV_Lab2LBGR = 78,
CV_Lab2LRGB = 79,
CV_Luv2LBGR = 80,
CV_Luv2LRGB = 81,
CV_BGR2YUV = 82,
CV_RGB2YUV = 83,
CV_YUV2BGR = 84,
CV_YUV2RGB = 85,
CV_BayerBG2GRAY = 86,
CV_BayerGB2GRAY = 87,
CV_BayerRG2GRAY = 88,
CV_BayerGR2GRAY = 89,
//YUV 4:2:0 formats family
CV_YUV2RGB_NV12 = 90,
CV_YUV2BGR_NV12 = 91,
CV_YUV2RGB_NV21 = 92,
CV_YUV2BGR_NV21 = 93,
CV_YUV420sp2RGB = CV_YUV2RGB_NV21,
CV_YUV420sp2BGR = CV_YUV2BGR_NV21,
CV_YUV2RGBA_NV12 = 94,
CV_YUV2BGRA_NV12 = 95,
CV_YUV2RGBA_NV21 = 96,
CV_YUV2BGRA_NV21 = 97,
CV_YUV420sp2RGBA = CV_YUV2RGBA_NV21,
CV_YUV420sp2BGRA = CV_YUV2BGRA_NV21,
CV_YUV2RGB_YV12 = 98,
CV_YUV2BGR_YV12 = 99,
CV_YUV2RGB_IYUV = 100,
CV_YUV2BGR_IYUV = 101,
CV_YUV2RGB_I420 = CV_YUV2RGB_IYUV,
CV_YUV2BGR_I420 = CV_YUV2BGR_IYUV,
CV_YUV420p2RGB = CV_YUV2RGB_YV12,
CV_YUV420p2BGR = CV_YUV2BGR_YV12,
CV_YUV2RGBA_YV12 = 102,
CV_YUV2BGRA_YV12 = 103,
CV_YUV2RGBA_IYUV = 104,
CV_YUV2BGRA_IYUV = 105,
CV_YUV2RGBA_I420 = CV_YUV2RGBA_IYUV,
CV_YUV2BGRA_I420 = CV_YUV2BGRA_IYUV,
CV_YUV420p2RGBA = CV_YUV2RGBA_YV12,
CV_YUV420p2BGRA = CV_YUV2BGRA_YV12,
CV_YUV2GRAY_420 = 106,
CV_YUV2GRAY_NV21 = CV_YUV2GRAY_420,
CV_YUV2GRAY_NV12 = CV_YUV2GRAY_420,
CV_YUV2GRAY_YV12 = CV_YUV2GRAY_420,
CV_YUV2GRAY_IYUV = CV_YUV2GRAY_420,
CV_YUV2GRAY_I420 = CV_YUV2GRAY_420,
CV_YUV420sp2GRAY = CV_YUV2GRAY_420,
CV_YUV420p2GRAY = CV_YUV2GRAY_420,
//YUV 4:2:2 formats family
CV_YUV2RGB_UYVY = 107,
CV_YUV2BGR_UYVY = 108,
//CV_YUV2RGB_VYUY = 109,
//CV_YUV2BGR_VYUY = 110,
CV_YUV2RGB_Y422 = CV_YUV2RGB_UYVY,
CV_YUV2BGR_Y422 = CV_YUV2BGR_UYVY,
CV_YUV2RGB_UYNV = CV_YUV2RGB_UYVY,
CV_YUV2BGR_UYNV = CV_YUV2BGR_UYVY,
CV_YUV2RGBA_UYVY = 111,
CV_YUV2BGRA_UYVY = 112,
//CV_YUV2RGBA_VYUY = 113,
//CV_YUV2BGRA_VYUY = 114,
CV_YUV2RGBA_Y422 = CV_YUV2RGBA_UYVY,
CV_YUV2BGRA_Y422 = CV_YUV2BGRA_UYVY,
CV_YUV2RGBA_UYNV = CV_YUV2RGBA_UYVY,
CV_YUV2BGRA_UYNV = CV_YUV2BGRA_UYVY,
CV_YUV2RGB_YUY2 = 115,
CV_YUV2BGR_YUY2 = 116,
CV_YUV2RGB_YVYU = 117,
CV_YUV2BGR_YVYU = 118,
CV_YUV2RGB_YUYV = CV_YUV2RGB_YUY2,
CV_YUV2BGR_YUYV = CV_YUV2BGR_YUY2,
CV_YUV2RGB_YUNV = CV_YUV2RGB_YUY2,
CV_YUV2BGR_YUNV = CV_YUV2BGR_YUY2,
CV_YUV2RGBA_YUY2 = 119,
CV_YUV2BGRA_YUY2 = 120,
CV_YUV2RGBA_YVYU = 121,
CV_YUV2BGRA_YVYU = 122,
CV_YUV2RGBA_YUYV = CV_YUV2RGBA_YUY2,
CV_YUV2BGRA_YUYV = CV_YUV2BGRA_YUY2,
CV_YUV2RGBA_YUNV = CV_YUV2RGBA_YUY2,
CV_YUV2BGRA_YUNV = CV_YUV2BGRA_YUY2,
CV_YUV2GRAY_UYVY = 123,
CV_YUV2GRAY_YUY2 = 124,
//CV_YUV2GRAY_VYUY = CV_YUV2GRAY_UYVY,
CV_YUV2GRAY_Y422 = CV_YUV2GRAY_UYVY,
CV_YUV2GRAY_UYNV = CV_YUV2GRAY_UYVY,
CV_YUV2GRAY_YVYU = CV_YUV2GRAY_YUY2,
CV_YUV2GRAY_YUYV = CV_YUV2GRAY_YUY2,
CV_YUV2GRAY_YUNV = CV_YUV2GRAY_YUY2,
// alpha premultiplication
CV_RGBA2mRGBA = 125,
CV_mRGBA2RGBA = 126,
CV_RGB2YUV_I420 = 127,
CV_BGR2YUV_I420 = 128,
CV_RGB2YUV_IYUV = CV_RGB2YUV_I420,
CV_BGR2YUV_IYUV = CV_BGR2YUV_I420,
CV_RGBA2YUV_I420 = 129,
CV_BGRA2YUV_I420 = 130,
CV_RGBA2YUV_IYUV = CV_RGBA2YUV_I420,
CV_BGRA2YUV_IYUV = CV_BGRA2YUV_I420,
CV_RGB2YUV_YV12 = 131,
CV_BGR2YUV_YV12 = 132,
CV_RGBA2YUV_YV12 = 133,
CV_BGRA2YUV_YV12 = 134,
// Edge-Aware Demosaicing
CV_BayerBG2BGR_EA = 135,
CV_BayerGB2BGR_EA = 136,
CV_BayerRG2BGR_EA = 137,
CV_BayerGR2BGR_EA = 138,
CV_BayerBG2RGB_EA = CV_BayerRG2BGR_EA,
CV_BayerGB2RGB_EA = CV_BayerGR2BGR_EA,
CV_BayerRG2RGB_EA = CV_BayerBG2BGR_EA,
CV_BayerGR2RGB_EA = CV_BayerGB2BGR_EA,
CV_COLORCVT_MAX = 139
};