Java源码解析之可重入锁ReentrantLock(一)

本文基于jdk1.8进行分析。

ReentrantLock是一个可重入锁,在ConcurrentHashMap中使用了ReentrantLock。

首先看一下源码中对ReentrantLock的介绍。如下图。ReentrantLock是一个可重入的排他锁,它和synchronized的方法和代码有着相同的行为和语义,但有更多的功能。ReentrantLock是被最后一个成功lock锁并且还没有unlock的线程拥有着。如果锁没有被别的线程拥有,那么一个线程调用lock方法,就会成功获取锁并返回。如果当前线程已经拥有该锁,那么lock方法会立刻返回。这个可以通过isHeldByCurrentThread方法和getHoldCount方法进行验证。除了这部分介绍外,类前面的javadoc文档很长,就不在这里全部展开。随着后面介绍源码,会一一涉及到。

/**
 * A reentrant mutual exclusion {@link Lock} with the same basic
 * behavior and semantics as the implicit monitor lock accessed using
 * {@code synchronized} methods and statements, but with extended
 * capabilities.
 *
 * <p>A {@code ReentrantLock} is <em>owned</em> by the thread last
 * successfully locking, but not yet unlocking it. A thread invoking
 * {@code lock} will return, successfully acquiring the lock, when
 * the lock is not owned by another thread. The method will return
 * immediately if the current thread already owns the lock. This can
 * be checked using methods {@link #isHeldByCurrentThread}, and {@link
 * #getHoldCount}.

首先看一下成员变量,如下图。ReentrantLock只有一个成员变量sync,即同步器,这个同步器提供所有的机制。Sync是AbstractQueuedSynchronizer的子类,同时,Sync有2个子类,NonfairSync和FairSync,分别是非公平锁和公平锁。Sync,NonfaireSync和FairSync的具体实现后面再讲。

    /** Synchronizer providing all implementation mechanics */
    private final Sync sync;

下面看一下构造函数。如下图。可以看到,ReentrantLock默认是非公平锁,它可以通过参数,指定初始化为公平锁或非公平锁。

    /**
     * Creates an instance of {@code ReentrantLock}.
     * This is equivalent to using {@code ReentrantLock(false)}.
     */
    public ReentrantLock() {
        sync = new NonfairSync();
    }

    /**
     * Creates an instance of {@code ReentrantLock} with the
     * given fairness policy.
     *
     * @param fair {@code true} if this lock should use a fair ordering policy
     */
    public ReentrantLock(boolean fair) {
        sync = fair ? new FairSync() : new NonfairSync();
    }

下面看一下ReentrantLock的主要方法。首先是lock方法。如下图。lock方法的实现很简单,就是调用Sync的lock方法。而Sync的lock方法是个抽象的,具体实现在NonfairSync和FairSync中。这里我们先不展开讲,而是先读一下lock方法的注释,看看它的作用。lock方法的作用是获取该锁。分为3种情况。

1,如果锁没有被别的线程占有,那么当前线程就可以获取到锁并立刻返回,并把锁计数设置为1。

2,如果当前线程已经占有该锁了,那么就会把锁计数加1,立刻返回。

3,如果锁被另一个线程占有了,那么当前线程就无法再被线程调度,并且开始睡眠,直到获取到锁,在获取到到锁时,会把锁计数设置为1。

lockInterruptibly方法与lock功能类似,但lockInterruptibly方法在等待的过程中,可以响应中断。

    /**
     * Acquires the lock.
     *
     * <p>Acquires the lock if it is not held by another thread and returns
     * immediately, setting the lock hold count to one.
     *
     * <p>If the current thread already holds the lock then the hold
     * count is incremented by one and the method returns immediately.
     *
     * <p>If the lock is held by another thread then the
     * current thread becomes disabled for thread scheduling
     * purposes and lies dormant until the lock has been acquired,
     * at which time the lock hold count is set to one.
     */
    public void lock() {
        sync.lock();
    }
    public void lockInterruptibly() throws InterruptedException {
        sync.acquireInterruptibly(1);
    }

下面,详细看一下非公平锁和公平锁中对lock函数的实现。如下图。下图同时列出了公平锁和非公平锁中lock的实现逻辑。从注释和代码逻辑中,都可以看出,非公平锁进行lock时,先尝试立刻闯入(抢占),如果成功,则获取到锁,如果失败,再执行通常的获取锁的行为,即acquire(1)。

        /**
         * 非公平锁中的lock
         * Performs lock.  Try immediate barge, backing up to normal
         * acquire on failure.
         */
        final void lock() {
            if (compareAndSetState(0, 1))
                setExclusiveOwnerThread(Thread.currentThread());
            else
                acquire(1);
        }
        //公平锁中的lock
        final void lock() {
            acquire(1);
        }

那么,我们首先了解下,非公平锁“尝试立刻闯入”,究竟做了什么。稍后再继续讲解通常的获取锁的行为。下图是立即闯入行为compareAndSetState(0, 1)的实现。从compareAndSetState函数的注释中,可以知道,如果同步状态值与期望值相等,那么就把它的值设置为updated值。否则同步状态值与期望值不相等,则返回false。这个操作和volatile有着相同的内存语义,也就是说,这个操作对其他线程是可见的。compareAndSetState函数注释里描述的功能,是通过unsafe.compareAndSwapInt方法实现的,而unsafe.compareAndSwapInt是一个native方法,是用c++实现的。那么继续追问,c++底层是怎么实现的?C++底层是通过CAS指令来实现的。什么是CAS指令呢?来自维基百科的解释是,CAS,比较和交换,Compare and Swap,是用用于实现多线程原子同步的指令。它将内存位置的内容和给定值比较,只有在相同的情况下,将该内存的值设置为新的给定值。这个操作是原子操作。那么继续追问,CAS指令的原子性,是如何实现的呢?我们都知道指令时CPU来执行的,在多CPU系统中,内存是共享的,内存和多个cpu都挂在总线上,当一个CPU执行CAS指令时,它会先将总线LOCK位点设置为高电平。如果别的CPU也要执行CAS执行,它会发现总线LOCK位点已经是高电平了,则无法执行CAS执行。CPU通过LOCK保证了指令的原子执行。

现在来看一下非公平锁的lock行为,compareAndSetState(0, 1),它期望锁状态为0,即没有别的线程占用,并把新状态设置为1,即标记为占用状态。如果成功,则非公平锁成功抢到锁,之后setExclusiveOwnerThread,把自己设置为排他线程。非公平锁这小子太坏了。如果抢占失败,则执行与公平锁相同的操作。

    /**
     * Atomically sets synchronization state to the given updated
     * value if the current state value equals the expected value.
     * This operation has memory semantics of a {@code volatile} read
     * and write.
     *
     * @param expect the expected value
     * @param update the new value
     * @return {@code true} if successful. False return indicates that the actual
     *         value was not equal to the expected value.
     */
    protected final boolean compareAndSetState(int expect, int update) {
        // See below for intrinsics setup to support this
        return unsafe.compareAndSwapInt(this, stateOffset, expect, update);
    }
    public final native boolean compareAndSwapInt(Object var1, long var2, int var4, int var5);

下面看一下公平锁获取锁时的行为。如下图。这部分的逻辑有些多,请阅读代码中的注释进行理解。

    /**
     * 公平锁的lock
     */
    final void lock() {
        acquire(1);
    }
    /**
     * Acquires in exclusive mode, ignoring interrupts.  Implemented
     * by invoking at least once {@link #tryAcquire},
     * returning on success.  Otherwise the thread is queued, possibly
     * repeatedly blocking and unblocking, invoking {@link
     * #tryAcquire} until success.  This method can be used
     * to implement method {@link Lock#lock}.
     *
     * @param arg the acquire argument.  This value is conveyed to
     *        {@link #tryAcquire} but is otherwise uninterpreted and
     *        can represent anything you like.
     */
    public final void acquire(int arg) {
        /**
         * acquire首先进行tryAcquire()操作。如果tryAcquire()成功时则获取到锁,即刻返回。
         * 如果tryAcquire()false时,会执行acquireQueued(addWaiter(Node.EXCLUSIVE), arg)
         * 操作。如果acquireQueued(addWaiter(Node.EXCLUSIVE), arg)true时,则当前线程中断自己。
         * 如果acquireQueued(addWaiter(Node.EXCLUSIVE), arg)false,则返回。
         * 其中tryAcquire()操作在NonfairSync中和FairSync中实现又有所区别。
         */
        if (!tryAcquire(arg) &&
                acquireQueued(addWaiter(Node.EXCLUSIVE), arg))
            selfInterrupt();
    }

    /**
     * NonfairSync中的tryAcquire。
     * @param acquires
     * @return
     */
    protected final boolean tryAcquire(int acquires) {
        return nonfairTryAcquire(acquires);
    }
    /**
     * Performs non-fair tryLock.  tryAcquire is implemented in
     * subclasses, but both need nonfair try for trylock method.
     */
    final boolean nonfairTryAcquire(int acquires) {
        final Thread current = Thread.currentThread();
        //首先获取当前同步状态值
        int c = getState();
        if (c == 0) {
            //c为0,表示目前没有线程占用锁。没有线程占用锁时,当前线程尝试抢锁,如果抢锁成功,则返回true。
            if (compareAndSetState(0, acquires)) {
                setExclusiveOwnerThread(current);
                return true;
            }
        }
        else if (current == getExclusiveOwnerThread()) {
            //c不等于0时表示锁被线程占用。如果是当前线程占用了,则将锁计数加上acquires,并返回true。
            int nextc = c + acquires;
            if (nextc < 0) // overflow
                throw new Error("Maximum lock count exceeded");
            setState(nextc);
            return true;
        }
        //以上情况都不是时,返回false,表示非公平抢锁失败。
        return false;
    }
    /**
     * Fair version of tryAcquire.  Don't grant access unless
     * recursive call or no waiters or is first.
     * 这个是公平版本的tryAcquire
     */
    protected final boolean tryAcquire(int acquires) {
        final Thread current = Thread.currentThread();
        int c = getState();
        if (c == 0) {
            //c=0时表示锁未被占用。这里是先判断队列中前面是否有别的线程。没有别的线程时,才进行CAS操作。
            //公平锁之所以公平,正是因为这里。它发现锁未被占用时,首先判断等待队列中是否有别的线程已经在等待了。
            //而非公平锁,发现锁未被占用时,根本不管队列中的排队情况,上来就抢。
            if (!hasQueuedPredecessors() &&
                    compareAndSetState(0, acquires)) {
                setExclusiveOwnerThread(current);
                return true;
            }
        }
        else if (current == getExclusiveOwnerThread()) {
            int nextc = c + acquires;
            if (nextc < 0)
                throw new Error("Maximum lock count exceeded");
            setState(nextc);
            return true;
        }
        return false;
    }
    /**
     * Acquires in exclusive uninterruptible mode for thread already in
     * queue. Used by condition wait methods as well as acquire.
     * 当抢锁失败时,先执行addWaiter(Node.EXCLUSIVE),将当前线程加入等待队列,再执行该方法。
     * 该方法的作用是中断当前线程,并进行检查,知道当前线程是队列中的第一个线程,并且抢锁成功时,
     * 该方法返回。
     * @param node the node
     * @param arg the acquire argument
     * @return {@code true} if interrupted while waiting
     */
    final boolean acquireQueued(final Node node, int arg) {
        boolean failed = true;
        try {
            boolean interrupted = false;
            for (;;) {
                final Node p = node.predecessor();
                if (p == head && tryAcquire(arg)) {
                    setHead(node);
                    p.next = null; // help GC
                    failed = false;
                    return interrupted;
                }
                if (shouldParkAfterFailedAcquire(p, node) &&
                        parkAndCheckInterrupt())
                    interrupted = true;
            }
        } finally {
            if (failed)
                cancelAcquire(node);
        }
    }

后续接Java源码解析之可重入锁ReentrantLock(二)

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转载自blog.csdn.net/li_canhui/article/details/85006114
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