字典的定义与特性
字典是Python语言中唯一的映射类型。
定义：｛key1:value1,key2:value2｝
1、键与值用冒号“：”分开；
2、项与项用逗号“，”分开；
特性：
1.key-value结构
2.key必须可hash、且必须为不可变数据类型、必须唯一
3.可存放任意多个值、可修改、可以不唯一
4.无序
字典的创建与常见操作
字典的创建
person = {"name": "alex", 'age': 20}
#或
person = dict(name='seven', age=20)
#或
person = dict({"name": "egon", 'age': 20})
#或
person = dict((['name','苑昊'],['文周',18]))
{}.fromkeys(seq,100) #不指定100默认为None
#注意
>>> dic={}.fromkeys(['k1','k2'],[])
>>> dic
{'k1': [], 'k2': []}
>>> dic['k1'].append(1)
>>> dic
{'k1': [1], 'k2': [1]}
字典的常见操作
键、值、键值对 1、dic.keys() 返回一个包含字典所有KEY的列表； 2、dic.values() 返回一个包含字典所有value的列表； 3、dic.items() 返回一个包含所有（键，值）元祖的列表； 4、dic.iteritems()、dic.iterkeys()、dic.itervalues() 与它们对应的非迭代方法一样，不同的是它们返回一个迭代子，而不是一个列表； 新增 1、dic['new_key'] = 'new_value'； 2、dic.setdefault(key, None) ,如果字典中不存在Key键，由 dic[key] = default 为它赋值；_ 删除 1、dic.pop(key[,default]) 和get方法相似。如果字典中存在key，删除并返回key对应的vuale；如果key不存在，且没有给出default的值，则引发keyerror异常； 2、dic.clear() 删除字典中的所有项或元素； 修改 1、dic['key'] = 'new_value',如果key在字典中存在，'new_value'将会替代原来的value值； 2、dic.update(dic2) 将字典dic2的键值对添加到字典dic中 查看 1、dic['key']，返回字典中key对应的值，若key不存在字典中，则报错； 2、dict.get(key, default = None) 返回字典中key对应的值，若key不存在字典中，则返回default的值（default默认为None） 循环 1、for k in dic.keys() 2、for k,v in dic.items() 3、for k in dic 长度 1、len(dic)
字典的工厂函数
class dict(object):
"""
dict() -> new empty dictionary
dict(mapping) -> new dictionary initialized from a mapping object's
(key, value) pairs
dict(iterable) -> new dictionary initialized as if via:
d = {}
for k, v in iterable:
d[k] = v
dict(**kwargs) -> new dictionary initialized with the name=value pairs
in the keyword argument list. For example: dict(one=1, two=2)
"""
def clear(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
""" D.clear() -> None. Remove all items from D. """
pass
def copy(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
""" D.copy() -> a shallow copy of D """
pass
@staticmethod # known case
def fromkeys(*args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
""" Returns a new dict with keys from iterable and values equal to value. """
pass
def get(self, k, d=None): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
""" D.get(k[,d]) -> D[k] if k in D, else d. d defaults to None. """
pass
def items(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
""" D.items() -> a set-like object providing a view on D's items """
pass
def keys(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
""" D.keys() -> a set-like object providing a view on D's keys """
pass
def pop(self, k, d=None): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
"""
D.pop(k[,d]) -> v, remove specified key and return the corresponding value.
If key is not found, d is returned if given, otherwise KeyError is raised
"""
pass
def popitem(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
"""
D.popitem() -> (k, v), remove and return some (key, value) pair as a
2-tuple; but raise KeyError if D is empty.
"""
pass
def setdefault(self, k, d=None): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
""" D.setdefault(k[,d]) -> D.get(k,d), also set D[k]=d if k not in D """
pass
def update(self, E=None, **F): # known special case of dict.update
"""
D.update([E, ]**F) -> None. Update D from dict/iterable E and F.
If E is present and has a .keys() method, then does: for k in E: D[k] = E[k]
If E is present and lacks a .keys() method, then does: for k, v in E: D[k] = v
In either case, this is followed by: for k in F: D[k] = F[k]
"""
pass
def values(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
""" D.values() -> an object providing a view on D's values """
pass
....略....